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Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the visual improvement of resin infiltration of white spot lesions (WSL) during orthodontic treatment with the multibracket appliance (MBA) compared to fluoride varnish., Methods: Patients aged 12-17 years with at least one WSL with an International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) score of 1-2 during an active MBA treatment were included and randomized to receive either resin infiltration (Icon) or fluoride application (Flairesse). Standardized digital images were obtained before, one-day, one-week, one-month, three-months and six-months after treatment using a DSLR camera and a matching polarization filter. A grey reference card was used for color standardization. A Matlab routine was used to measure the color difference between adjacent healthy enamel and treated WSL. The independent-samples t-test was used for intergroup and paired-samples t-test for intragroup comparison., Results: Images of 116 teeth from 36 patients were analyzed. The ΔE for the "Icon" treated WSL was smaller (T1 ICON  = 5.0 ± 1.4) than in the fluoride group (T1 Fluoride  = 8.4 ± 3.2). Caries infiltration significantly improved the aesthetic appearance of WSL (p < 0.001), which remained satisfactory at six months (T5 ICON  = 5.2 ± 1.6)., Conclusion: WSL infiltration management during orthodontic treatment was superior to topical fluoridation in not only arresting the enamel lesions but also significantly improving the aesthetic appearance of demineralized regions around the brackets., Clinical Relevance: WSL treatment in orthodontic patients is usually initiated after debonding. Research has shown that the earlier WSL is treated, the better the aesthetic outcome. There is limited data on the efficacy of resin infiltration of WSL during orthodontic treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

On the social scale, the blind mole rat (BMR; Spalax ehrenbergi ) is an extreme. It is exceedingly solitary, territorial, and aggressive. BMRs reside underground, in self-excavated tunnels that they rarely leave. They possess specialized sensory systems for social communication and navigation, which allow them to cope with the harsh environmental conditions underground. This review aims to present the blind mole rat as an ideal, novel neuroethological model for studying aggressive and solitary behaviors. We discuss the BMR's unique behavioral phenotype, particularly in the context of 'anti-social' behaviors, and review the available literature regarding its specialized sensory adaptations to the social and physical habitat. To date, the neurobiology of the blind mole rat remains mostly unknown and holds a promising avenue for scientific discovery. Unraveling the neural basis of the BMR's behavior, in comparison to that of social rodents, can shed important light on the underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders in humans, in which similar behaviors are displayed., Competing Interests: YK, GS, NZ, YY, TK No competing interests declared, (© 2022, Kashash et al.)