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Space tourism is a rapidly developing form of tourism in the 21st century thanks to innovation and digitalization, and high-income travelers ready for a crazy adventure compete for a breathtaking journey they have never tasted in their lives. In this race, there is fierce competition between private space tourism companies from developed countries. At the beginning of the 21st century, British billionaire Richard Branson and his team made the first civilian private space travel in July 2021 with the Virgin Galactic space plane. Then, Jeff Bezos (Amazon founder) made a suborbital trip with three people next to him with the rocket named New Shepard, designed by the private spaceflight company Blue Origin, about a week after Branson. However, the first person to receive the title of space tourist is Denis Tito, an American billionaire who went to the orbiting International Space Station in 2001. However, Denis Tito went to the International Space Station with a Russian Soyuz rocket, not with a spacecraft developed by his own space company, such as British Richard Branson and US Jeff Bezos. This article, while briefly reviewing the history and development process of space tourism, which can be considered as special interest tourism separate from traditional tourism, examines the effects of technological innovations on space travel, a private initiative in the space race, space tourism economy, and future expectations. The research has been linked by scanning academic research, theses, news, and publications related to space tourism and combining them with World Bank, OECD, and UNCTAD publications. Thus, the importance of the shift from orbital space travel to suborbital space travel for the expanding techno-industrial world and the difficulties in making space tourism a reality are revealed., Uzay turizmi, 21.yüzyılda inovasyon ve dijitalleşme sayesinde hızla gelişen ve daha önce tatmadıkları çılgın bir maceraya hazır yüksek gelirli seyyahlara nefes kesen bir seyahat için yarışan turizm şeklidir. Bu yarışta, gelişmiş ülkelerin özel uzay turizmi şirketleri arasında kıyasıya bir rekabet vardır. 21.yüzyılın başlarında İngiliz milyarder Richard Branson ve ekibi Virgin Galactic uzay uçağı ile 2021 yılı Temmuz ayında ilk sivil özel uzay seyahatini gerçekleşmiştir. Ardından Jeff Bezos (Amazon kurucusu) Blue Origin isimli özel uzay uçuşu şirketi tarafından tasarlanan New Shepard isimli roketle yanındaki üç kişiyle yörünge altı seyahatini Branson’dan yaklaşık bir hafta sonra gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak ilk uzay turisti unvanını alan kişi 2001 yılında yörüngedeki Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonuna giden Amerikalı Denis Tito isimli milyarderdir. Bununla beraber, Denis Tito, İngiliz Richard Branson ve ABD’li Jeff Bezos gibi kendi uzay şirketi tarafından geliştirilen bir uzay aracı ile değil Rus Soyuz roketi ile yörüngedeki Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu’na gitmiştir. Apollo 11’in 1969’da aya inmesiyle başlayan uzay yarışı, hızlanarak sürmektedir. Nasa’nın 2021’de açıkladığı Artemis isimli aya iniş programı için SpaceX firmasını görevlendirmesi ile gelen hamle, uzay yarışında özel girişimi, kamunun önüne geçirmiştir. Bu makale, geleneksel turizmden ayrı bir özel ilgi turizmi olarak değerlendirilebilecek uzay turizminin tarihini ve gelişim sürecini kısa bir şekilde gözden geçirirken, teknolojik yeniliklerin uzay seyahatlerine etkilerini, uzay yarışında özel girişimi, uzay turizmi ekonomisi ve gelecekteki beklentileri incelemektedir. Araştırma,uzay turizmi ile ilgili akademik araştırmalar, tezler, haberler, yayınlar taranarak ve Dünya Bankası, OECD, UNCTAD yayınları ile birleştirilerek ilişkilendirilmiştir. Böylelikle yörüngesel uzay seyahatlerinden yörünge altı uzay seyahatlerine doğru yönelişin genişleyen tekno endüstriyel dünya için önemi ve uzay turizminin gerçeğe dönüşmesindeki güçlükler ortaya konmuştur.

Scabies is a highly contagious, parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. There are some reports which claim the incidence of scabies has increased during COVID-19 lockdown. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of scabies between March to September 2020 - the first six months of the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey - and March to September 2019 - the same period in the previous year. Case number percentages were compared month-over-month and by total numbers for each specified period. Pearson-s chi-squared test was the comparison tool used. We checked the records of 36,469 patients who were admitted to Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology Department, a tertiary healthcare center, between March and September 2019, and out of this number, 258 patients had been diagnosed with scabies. The overall scabies case percentage was 0.71% and the range of monthly prevalence was 0.57%-0.83%. During the corresponding period in 2020, 26,219 dermatology patients were admitted, and 465 of those patients were diagnosed with scabies. The overall scabies case percentage was 1.77% and the range of monthly prevalence was 1.37%-3.46%. Scabies prevalence percentages were statistically significantly higher in all months and in the overall total in 2020 (P

Teledermatology is a remote method of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of the patient with visual communication technologies. It has been a research subject for many years, but its reliability has not been fully explained. With the emergence of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2019, the need for teledermatology increased.This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of teledermatology. Material and Method: A total of 595 lesions of 546 patients who visited the dermatology outpatient clinic were included in the study. Two physicians evaluated the patients, one face-to-face and the other via multimedia messaging, and the diagnoses were compared with each other. Diagnoses were in total agreement if the first diagnoses were the same, in partial agreement if the second and third diagnoses were the same, and in no agreement if all diagnoses differed. The first diagnoses of Physicians 1 and 2 matched in 468 (total agreement rate: 76.8%) patients, and the second and third diagnoses matched in 44 and 8 patients, respectively (partial agreement rate: 8.7%). There was no agreement in the diagnoses of 75 patients (12.7%). In total, an agreement was reached in 520 patients (87.3%). Common diseases in dermatology practice, such as papulopustular and urticarial lesions, nails and hair diseases, infectious diseases, erythematous squamous diseases, those with pruritus, and skin malignancies, were diagnosed teledermatologically at a high rate of accuracy. In contrast, eczematous diseases, premalignant lesions, and other groups of diseases were less accurately diagnosed. In the last year, the importance of teledermatology has greatly increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study shows that the store and forward (asynchronous) method of teledermatology can diagnose dermatological diseases with a high rate of accuracy.

The World Bank is the financial catalyst that has provided direct and indirect loans for development after beginning its operation. Since the 1950s, it has been encouraging countries' infrastructure investments and touristic superstructure investments. Bank supports vulnerable groups, mostly women, against the crisis caused by the rapid decline in the tourism sector and the loss of employment by accelerator effect of the Covid-19. Tourism destinations around the world face to excessive energy consumption, carbon emission, chemical use which cause environmental pollution, fires and floods, are in danger. Progress in information technologies begin to affect entering the 21st century, the development of tourism differently. Players of new mass tourism such as Airbnb, Booking.com, Ryanair, Tripadvisor facilitate transactions such as secure connections of screenshots and visa programs at airports and cruise ship terminals, while also handling many transactions of accommodation, payment, comparison, research and navigation. Thus digital tourism platforms that enable people to easily rent their homes, lands and cars and buy touristic products are growing in a way that could threaten the tourism superstructure. This article examines the relationship between development, the World Bank, sustainable tourism and digital tourism platforms where individuals sell their touristic products without intermediaries., Dünya Bankası, kuruluşundan bugüne kalkınma için doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak kredi sağlayan finansal katalizördür. 1950’li yıllardan günümüze ülkelerin alt yapı yatırımlarını ve turistik üst yapı yatırımlarını teşvik etmektedir. 2016’da turizmi resmi bir sektör olarak kabul eden Banka, küresel sürdürülebilir turizm üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Yoksulluğun azaltılmasında küresel turizmin önemi vurgulayan Banka, turizm sektöründe hızlı düşüş ve istihdam kaybına zemin hazırlayan Kovid-19 krizine karşı çoğunu kadınların oluşturduğu kırılgan grupları proje kredileriyle desteklemektedir. Ancak aşırı enerji tüketimi, karbon salınımı, kimyasal kullanımı çevresel kirlenmeye, yangınlara, sellere neden olurken dünyanın pek çok yerinde turizm destinasyonlarının sürdürülebilirliği tehlikededir. 21.yüzyılın başında enformasyon teknolojilerinde artan ilerlemeler, turizmin gelişimini farklı şekilde etkilemektedir. Airbnb, Booking.com, Ryanair, Tripadvisor gibi yeni kitle turizminin oyuncuları, havaalanları ve yolcu gemisi terminallerinde güvenlik ekranı görüntüsü ve visa programları gibi işlemleri kolaylaştırırlarken, aynı zamanda konaklama, ödeme, karşılaştırma, araştırma gibi pek çok işlemleri yürütmektedirler. Nitekim turizm alanında yaşanan bu hızlı dijitalleşme, kullanıcıları dijital platform üzerinde hem alıcı hem satıcı konumuna getirmektedir. Böylece kişilerin evlerini, arsalarını ve arabalarını rahatlıkla kiralamalarına ve turistik ürün satın almalarına aracılık eden dijital platformlar turizm üst yapısını tehdit edebilir nitelikte büyümektedir. Bu makale, kalkınma, Dünya Bankası, sürdürülebilir turizm ve bireylerin aracısız olarak turistik ürünlerinin satışlarını yaptıkları dijital turizm platformları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir.

Dijital teknolojilerin tüm dünyaya tanıtılması, yayılması ve özümsenmesiyle birlikte bir sosyoekonomik dönüşüm gerçekleşmiştir. Böylece dijital medyanın (İnternet, cep telefonları ve diğer tüm bilgi toplama, depolama, analiz etme ve iletme araçları) ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte, verileri dijital biçimde hızlı, doğru ve verimli bir şekilde çoğaltmak, dağıtmak ve bilgi “infüzyonlarını” yönetmek mümkün hale gelmiştir. Açıkçası bu teknoloji, temel insan duygularıyla ve toplumun geniş bir kesiminin ihtiyaçlarıyla uyumlu faydalar sağlamaktadır. Nitekim geleneksel medyanın önemi gençler arasında azalırken, sosyal medya her kullanıcının kendi içeriğini üretmesini ve günün her saatinde geniş bir kesime iletilmesine imkân sağladı. Hayatımınız birçok alanını tamamlayan Youtube, Meta, Twitter, TikTok, Instagram ile diğer birçok sosyal ağ sitesi, kullanıcıların çevrimiçi içeriği paylaşmasına ve bunlarla etkileşime girmesine ve benzer düşünen insanlarla bağlantı kurmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Günümüzde sosyal medya, kişisel düşünce, fikir ve yaşam öykülerini ile deneyimleri iletmek üzere yaygın olarak kullanılması ile insanların genel iletişim biçimi üzerinde derin bir değişim ve etki oluşturmaktadır. Devam eden KOVID-19 bulaşıcı virüsü, 21. yüzyılın başında en ölümcül küresel sağlık felaketlerinden birine neden olmuştur. KOVID-19 virüsüne bağlı küresel salgın, asemptomatik vakalar, hastane krizi, ekonomik kayıp başta olmak üzere çevresel etkiler, sosyal damgalama gibi büyük zorluklar ile yönetim sorunlarına neden olmuştur. Sosyal medya platformları, sağlık bilgisi arayan halka sosyal destek içeriği sağlamaktadır. Sağlık kaygıları içindeki tüm dünya halkına bu süreçte sosyal medya çevrimiçi bilgiler sunmuştur. Bu makale, Kovid-19 bulaşıcı hastalığının ürettiği kaygıların sosyal ağlara yansıması ve sosyal medyanın insanlara sağladığı sosyal desteğin ruh sağlığı ve bireysel tercihler üzerindeki rolünü incelemektedir. Tüm dünyada, sosyal medya yoluyla sağlanan sağlık desteğinin etkileri hususunda yapılmış olan amprik çalışmaların önemli bir kısmı incelenerek sosyal medya yoluyla sunulan sağlık mesajlarının avantaj ve dezavantajları ile güvenilirliliği sorgulanmıştır., By accessing, enhancing, infusion, and spreading personal thoughts and experiences through digital technologies, a socioeconomic transformation has taken place. With the occurrence of digital media (all communication instruments. and all other means of collecting, storing, analyzing, and transmitting information), it has become possible to media literacy and manage information "infusions" of data quickly, accurately, and efficiently in digital form. While the importance of traditional media decreased among young people, social media allowed each user to produce their content and convey it to a wide audience at any time of the day. Complementing many areas of your life, Youtube, Meta, Twitter, TikTok, Instagram, and many other social networking sites allow users to share and interact with online content and connect with similar thought people. With the widespread use of social media today to dominate ideas, individual and professional stories, and experiences, it is not surprising that it profoundly affects the general way people communicate. The ongoing COVID19 contagious virus has caused one of the global fatal diseases at the turn of the 21st century. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major challenges and management problems such as the global health and economic crisis, environmental impacts, and social stigma. This article examines the reflection of the anxieties produced by the Kovid-19 contagious disease on social networks and the role of social support provided by social media on mental health and individual preferences. A significant part of the empirical studies on the effects of social support on mental and physical health provided through social media around the world have been examined and the advantages and disadvantages and trustworthiness of health messages presented via social media have been questioned.

Background: chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurrent wheals and/or angioedema for longer than 6-weeks. Guidelines recommend Omalizumab (Oma) as first-line and Cyclosporine-A (Cs-A) as second-line treatment in antihistamine resistant CSU. This step-wise algorithm might be time-consuming and costly. Objective: to determine indicators of response to Oma or Cs-A in CSU patients. Methods: we retrospectively analyzed data from seven centers in Turkey; the inclusion criteria for patients were to receive both Oma and Cs-A treatment (not concurrently) at some point in time during their follow-up. Clinical and laboratory features were compared between groups. Results: among 110 CSU patients; 47 (42.7%) were Oma-responders, 15 (13.6%) were Cs-A-responders, and 24 (21.8%) were both Oma and Cs-A responders and 24 (21.8%) were non-responders to either drug. High CRP levels were more frequent in Cs-A-responders (72.7% vs. 40.3%; p = 0.055). Oma-responders had higher baseline UCT (Urticaria Control Test) scores (6 vs. 4.5; p = 0.045). Responders to both drugs had less angioedema and higher baseline UCT scores compared to other groups (33.3% vs. 62.8%; p = 0.01 and 8 vs. 5; p = 0.017). Non-responders to both drugs had an increased frequency in the female gender and lower baseline UCT scores compared to other groups (87.5% vs. 61.6%; p = 0.017 and 5 vs. 7; p = 0.06). Study Limitations: retrospective nature, limited number of patients, no control group, the lack of the basophil activation (BAT) or BHRA (basophil histamine release assay) tests. Conclusions: baseline disease activity assessment, which considers the presence of angioedema and disease activity scores, gender, and CRP levels might be helpful to predict treatment outcomes in CSU patients and to choose the right treatment for each patient. Categorizing patients into particular endotypes could provide treatment optimization and increase treatment success., NA

Adult atopic dermatitis (AD), especially adult-onset type appears to have different clinical manifestations. Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor antagonist used in patients with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, aged 12 years and older and it works by inhibiting the IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathway. The purpose of our study is to retrospectively investigate the side effect profile and drug efficacy of thirteen adult patients who received dupilumab treatment and to evaluate the drug use status and the results during the COVID-19 pandemicour stuAdult atopic dermatitis (AD), especially adult-onset type appears to have different clinical manifestations. Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor antagonist used in patients with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, aged 12 years and older and it works by inhibiting the IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathway. The purpose of our study is to retrospectively investigate the side effect profile and drug efficacy of thirteen adult patients who received dupilumab treatment and to evaluate the drug use status and the results during the COVID-19 pandemicAdult atopic dermatitis (AD), especially adult-onset type appears to have different clinical manifestations. Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor antagonist used in patients with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, aged 12 years and older and it works by inhibiting the IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathway. The purpose of dy is to retrospectively investigate the side effect profile and drug efficacy of thirteen adult patients who received dupilumab treatment and to evaluate the drug use status and the results during the COVID-19 pandemicAdult atopic dermatitis (AD), especially adult-onset type appears to have different clinical manifestations. Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor antagonist used in patients with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, aged 12 years and older and it works by inhibiting the IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathway. The purpose of our study is to retrospectively investigate the side effect profile and drug efficacy of thirteen adult patients who received dupilumab treatment and to evaluate the drug use status and the results during the COVID-19 pandemic.Thirteen patients with clinical and/or histopathological diagnoses of atopic dermatitis who received dupilumab treatment and were subsequently followed up in Bezmialem Vakif University dermatology outpatient clinic between April 2019 and October 2021 were included in our study.Patient files were reviewed, and patients were interviewed in-person or by phone to learn about the COVID-19 contagion.Descriptive statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel, and the data obtained were calculated as mean and percentage.All of our patients responded to the treatment after one course of dupilumab injection and also CRP and LDH levels decreased. Conjunctivitis side effect was found at a slightly higher rate than in previous clinical studies. The treatment was continued during the COVID-19 pandemic in most patients. Meanwhile, four patients had COVID-19 infection, but one of them was not using dupixent at that time.We can conclude that dupilumab is an effective and safe therapy for patients with severe AD also in cases of severe infections.

Rosacea is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease and characterized by facial erythema, telangiectasias, papules, and pustules. The disease is more common in women than in men while affecting 2%–10% of the population. Though the pathogenesis of rosacea is not fully understood, oxidative stress is one of the asserted pathogenic factors. In this study, we purposed to assess the oxidative stress and thiol–disulfide homeostasis (TDH) in rosacea disease.Materials and Methods:Forty patients with rosacea and 40 healthy people as a control group, both in ages of 18–70 years, with the same demographic characteristics were included, who were applied to the Istanbul Training and Research Hospital Dermatology Clinic. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), total thiol (TT), and native thiol (NT) levels were evaluated by using the automated and spectrophotometric method according to Erel and Neselioglu. Oxidative stress index (OSI), disulfide (DIS) levels, and NT/TT, DIS/TT and DIS/NT percentages were calculated mathematically.Results:TAS, TT, and NT levels were decreased in rosacea patients compared with the healthy group, whereas TOS, OSI, and DIS levels were increased. Additionally, although DIS/TT and DIS/NT percentages were higher in patients, NT/TT ratio was lower than the healthy group, and these findings were statistically significant (p< 0.001).Conclusion:The results showed that oxidative stress levels were increased in rosacea patients and TDH shifted toward DIS formation. It has been thought that oxidative stress is a parameter that may be utilized in the clinical evaluation of the disease.

Background A broad spectrum of skin diseases, including hair and nails, can be directly or indirectly triggered by COVID-19. It is aimed to examine the type and frequency of hair and nail disorders after COVID-19 infection. Methods This is a multicenter study conducted on consecutive 2171 post-COVID-19 patients. Patients who developed hair and nail disorders and did not develop hair and nail disorders were recruited as subject and control groups. The type and frequency of hair and nail disorders were examined. Results The rate of the previous admission in hospital due to COVID-19 was statistically significantly more common in patients who developed hair loss after getting infected with COVID-19 (P < 0.001). Telogen effluvium (85%) was the most common hair loss type followed by worsening of androgenetic alopecia (7%) after COVID-19 infection. The mean stress scores during and after getting infected with COVID-19 were 6.88 +/- 2.77 and 3.64 +/- 3.04, respectively, in the hair loss group and were 5.77 +/- 3.18 and 2.81 +/- 2.84, respectively, in the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). The frequency of recurrent COVID-19 was statistically significantly higher in men with severe androgenetic alopecia (Grades 4-7 HNS) (P = 0.012; Odds ratio: 2.931 [1.222-7.027]). The most common nail disorders were leukonychia, onycholysis, Beau-s lines, onychomadesis, and onychoschisis, respectively. The symptoms of COVID-19 were statistically significantly more common in patients having nail disorders after getting infected with COVID-19 when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The development of both nail and hair disorders after COVID-19 seems to be related to a history of severe COVID-19.

Introduction: Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common disease that primarily affects females. Although commonly encountered, there is little data on how pregnancy interact with CU. We analysed treatment use by CU patients before, during and after pregnancy as well as outcomes of pregnancy. Material and Methods: PREG-CU was a prospective and retrospective, international, multicentre, study of the Urticaria Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCARE) network. Data were collected via a 47-item-questionnaire completed by CU patients who became pregnant during their disease course. Results: Questionnaires from 288 CU patients from 13 countries were analysed. During pregnancy, most patients (60%) used urticaria medication (standard dose second generation H1-antihistamines [SD-sgAH] (35.1%), first generation H1-antihistamines (7.6%), high-dose sgAH (5.6%), and omalizumab (5.6%). The preterm birth rate was 10.2%, and preterm rates of patients who did and did not receive treatment during pregnancy were similar (11.6% vs 8.7%). Emergency referrals for CU and twin birth were risk factors for preterm birth. The caesarean delivery rate was 51.3%. More than 90% of new-borns. were healthy at birth. There was no link between any patient or disease characteristics or treatments and medical problems at birth. Eight of 10 (78.8%) women with CU breastfed their babies and most (54.3%) used urticaria medication while breastfeeding. Conclusion: Rates of preterm births and medical problems of new-borns in patients with CU were similar to population norms and not linked to treatment used during pregnancy. Emergency referrals increase risk of preterm birth and emphasizes the importance of urticaria control during pregnancy.

Purpose: To search for the utility of DCE-MRP to differentiate between posttreatment enhancement (PT) and tumoral enhancement (TM) in high-grade glial tumors. Materials and methods: Thirty-four patients with glioma (11 grade 3; 23 grade 4) were enrolled. Enhancement in the vicinity of the resection cavity demonstrated by DCE-MRP was taken into consideration. Based on the follow-up scans, reoperation or biopsy results, the enhancement type was categorized as PT or TM. Measurements were performed at the enhancing area near the resection cavity (ERC), nearby (NNA) and contralateral nonenhancing areas (CLNA). Perfusion parameters of the ERC were also subtracted from NNA and CLNA. Intragroup comparison (paired sample t-test) and intergroup comparison (Student's t-test) were made. Results: There were 7 PTs and 27 TMs. In the PT, the subtracted values of Ve and IAUC from the CLNA and NNA and the subtracted value of Kep from NNA were statistically different. In TM, all metrics were significantly different comparing the CLNA and NNA. Comparing PT with TM, Ktrans, IAUC, Kep, and subtracted values of Ktrans and IAUC from both NNA and CLNA were significantly different. Conclusions: In PT, only Ktrans values did not reveal any difference comparing NNA and CLNA. To differentiate PT from TM, Ktrans, Kep, IAUC, and subtracted values of Ktrans and IAUC from NNA and CLNA can be used. These findings are in concordance with literature. 35185410