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Abstract The design of the reactant gas flow field structure in bipolar plates significantly influences the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, we introduced four innovative U-shaped flow field designs, namely: In-Out Multi-U, Out-In Multi-U, Distro In-Out Multi-U, and Distro Out-In Multi-U. To investigate the impact of these various flow fields on PEMFC performance, we conducted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations, validated through model experiments. Our results indicate that the Distro Out-In Multi-U flow field offers notable advantages compared to the conventional parallel flow field (CPFF) and conventional serpentine flow field (CSFF). These benefits include reduced inlet and outlet pressures, lower liquid water content, more uniform liquid water distribution, and a more even current density distribution. Furthermore, the Distro Out-In Multi-U design demonstrates improved efficiency, consuming less H2 (91.9%) than the CSFF while achieving a higher net power density output (10.1%). As a result, for the same power output, the Distro Out-In Multi-U utilizes only 83.5% of the H2 consumed by the CSFF. In summary, the U-shaped structured flow field exhibits superior output performance, enhanced energy efficiency, and improved resistance to flooding. These findings suggest that the U-shaped flow field design holds significant potential as a reactive flow field for PEMFCs.

Abstract Protective layer mining is the most effective and economical technical measure to prevent coal and gas outburst accidents. At present, in the study of multiple concentrated coal layer stress, plastic damage and mining pressure discharge range, there are problems such as less research on the protection effect of protective layer and less measured measurement points resulting in large experimental error. In view of the above problems, taking the 2305 working face of a Shanxi mine as the test mine, the crack evolution characteristics of downhole drilling were detected by this method, by means of the deep base point technology, and study the plastic damage, pressure relief characteristics and expansion characteristics in the mining process of protective layer, the findings suggest that, the crack development of the protective layer is mainly characterized by small width and quantity, after protective exploitation, the number of width and number of cracks were significantly increased, the injection is three times higher than before the protective mining, the degree of fissure development is greatly improved. The settlement change of each rock layer on the basic top presents periodic and nonlinear changes, divided into the initial deformation, violent deformation, deformation and decline of the three periods; the plastic damage area, pressure relief curve and expansion curve of protective layer are “saddle type”, the overall pressure discharge rate of the protected layer has decreased by 60%, to meet the requirements of the critical value of expansion rate in the detailed rules for preventing coal and gas outburst, the protective layer mining technology applies to other working faces of the coal mine.

Tumor hypoxia diminishes the effectiveness of traditional type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to oxygen consumption. Type I PDT, which can operate independently of oxygen, is a viable option for treating hypoxic tumors. In this study, we have designed and synthesized JSK@PEG-IR820 NPs that are responsive to the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance type I PDT through glutathione (GSH) depletion. Our approach aims to expand the sources of therapeutic benefits by promoting the generation of superoxide radicals (O2−.) while minimizing their consumption. The diisopropyl group within PEG-IR820 serves a dual purpose: it functions as a pH sensor for the disassembly of the NPs to release JSK and enhances intermolecular electron transfer to IR820, facilitating efficient O2−. generation. Simultaneously, the release of JSK leads to GSH depletion, resulting in the generation of nitric oxide (NO). This, in turn, contributes to the formation of highly cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO−.), thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of these NPs. NIR-II fluorescence imaging guided therapy has achieved successful tumor eradication with the assistance of laser therapy.

The advances in research on the explosion load characteristics of the fuel–air mixture in vented chambers are reviewed herein. The vented explosion loads are classified into three typical types based on this comprehensive literature research. These models are the accumulation load model, attenuation load model, and interval jump load model. The characteristics of the three different typical vented explosion load models are analyzed using Fluidy-Ventex. The research results show that overpressure is largely determined by methane concentrations and vented pressure. The turbulent strength increased from the original 0.0001 J/kg to 1.73 J/kg, which was an increase of 17,300 times, after venting in the case of a 10.5 v/v methane concentration and 0.3 kPa vented pressure. When the vented pressure increased to 7.3 kPa, the turbulent strength increased to 62.2 J/kg, and the overpressure peak correspondingly increased from 69 kPa to 125 kPa. In the case of the interval jump load model, the explosion overpressure peak tends to ascend when the intensity of the fluid disturbance rises due to the venting pressure increasing at a constant initial gas concentration. When the venting pressure reaches tens of kPa, the pressure differential increases sharply on both sides of the relief port, and a large amount of combustible gas is released. Therefore, there is an insufficient amount of indoor combustible gas, severe combustion is difficult to maintain, and the explosion load mode becomes the attenuation load model.

Abstract Cuproptosis is a newly discovered form of programmed cell death significantly depending on the transport efficacy of copper (Cu) ionophores. However, existing Cu ionophores, primarily small molecules with a short blood half‐life, face challenges in transporting enough amounts of Cu ions into tumor cells. This work describes the construction of carrier‐free nanoparticles (Ce6@Cu NPs), which self‐assembled by the coordination of Cu2+ with the sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), facilitating sonodynamic‐triggered combination of cuproptosis and ferroptosis. Ce6@Cu NPs internalized by U87MG cells induce a sonodynamic effect and glutathione (GSH) depletion capability, promoting lipid peroxidation and eventually inducing ferroptosis. Furthermore, Cu+ concentration in tumor cells significantly increases as Cu2+ reacts with reductive GSH, resulting in the downregulation of ferredoxin‐1 and lipoyl synthase. This induces the oligomerization of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase, causing proteotoxic stress and irreversible cuproptosis. Ce6@Cu NPs possess a satisfactory ability to penetrate the blood‐brain barrier, resulting in significant accumulation in orthotopic U87MG‐Luc glioblastoma. The sonodynamic‐triggered combination of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in the tumor by Ce6@Cu NPs is evidenced both in vitro and in vivo with minimal side effects. This work represents a promising tumor therapeutic strategy combining ferroptosis and cuproptosis, potentially inspiring further research in developing logical and effective cancer therapies based on cuproptosis.

Abstract Increasing immunotherapy response rate and durability can lead to significant improvements in cancer care. To address this challenge, a novel multivalent immune checkpoint therapeutic platform is constructed through site‐specific ligation of anti‐PD‐L1 nanobody (Nb) on ferritin (Ftn) nanocage. Nb‐Ftn blocks PD‐1/PD‐L1 interaction and downregulates PD‐L1 levels via endocytosis‐induced degradation. In addition, the cage structure of Ftn allows encapsulation of indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA‐approved dye. Photothermal treatment with Nb‐Ftn@ICG induces immunogenic death of tumor cells, which improves systemic immune response via maturation of dendritic cells and enhanced infiltration of T cells. Moreover, Nb‐Ftn encapsulation significantly enhances cellular uptake, tumor accumulation and retention of ICG. In vivo assays showed that this nanoplatform ablates the primary tumor, suppresses abscopal tumors and inhibits tumor metastasis, leading to a prolonged survival rate. This work presents a novel strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy using multivalent nanobody‐ferritin conjugates as immunological targeting and enhancing carriers.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (N/r) has received emergency use authorization for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treatment in adult and pediatric patients (aged and weighing at least 12 years and 40 kg, respectively) presenting positive direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing results and a high risk of disease progression to severe COVID-19. However, information remains limited concerning the corresponding drug safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics in patients with severe renal impairment. In this study, we present the case of a 91-year-old Chinese man who, despite exhibiting recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 results and progression to severe COVID-19, was treated with N/r. Due to severe renal impairment and concurrent administration of continuous renal replacement therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration) during medication, we aimed to determine the serum N/r drug concentration in the patient. Our analysis revealed Cmax values of 12.42 and 2.001 μg/mL for nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, respectively. Despite the particularly high serum N/r concentration in this patient, the clinical and laboratory test analyses confirmed that the treatment was safe and effective. Nevertheless, N/r should be used with caution and at lower doses in patients with severe renal impairment to avoid potential high N/r concentration-related adverse reactions and events.

Enzymatic browning reactions, triggered by oxidative stress, significantly compromise the quality of harvested crops during postharvest handling. This has profound implications for the agricultural industry. Recent advances have employed a systematic, multi-omics approach to developing anti-browning treatments, thereby enhancing our understanding of the resistance mechanisms in harvested crops. This review illuminates the current multi-omics strategies, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying browning. These strategies are pivotal for identifying potential metabolic markers or pathways that could mitigate browning in postharvest systems.

The biotoxicity and chemotherapeutic resistance of cisplatin (CDDP) pose a challenge for tumor therapy. Practically, the change in the therapeutic response of tumor from resistance to sensitivity are impressive but challenging. To this end, we propose a strategy of “one stone, three birds” by designing a CuPt nanoalloy to simultaneously eliminate GSH, relieve hypoxia, and promote ROS production for effectively reversing the platinum (IV) (Pt(IV), (c,c,t-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OOCCH2CH2COOH)2)) resistance. Notably, the CuPt nanoalloy exhibits ternary catalytic capabilities including mimicking GSH oxidase, catalase and peroxidase. With the subsequent disguise of tumor cell membrane, the CuPt nanoalloy is conferred with homologous targeting ability, making it actively recognize tumor cells and then effectively internalized by tumor cells. Upon entering tumor cell, it gives rise to GSH depletion, hypoxia relief, and oxidative stress enhancement by catalyzing the reaction of GSH and H2O2, which mitigates the vicious milieu and ultimately reinforces the tumor response to Pt(IV) treatment. In vivo results prove that combination therapy of mCuPt and Pt(IV) realizes the most significant suppression on A549 cisplatin-resistant tumor. This study provides a potential strategy to design novel nanozyme for conquering resistant tumor.

Objective To carry out serological and molecular biological identification of B (A) subtype, and discuss the rational blood transfusion strategy. Methods Serological and direct sequencing methods were used to detect serotype and genotype of 7 cases of B (A) subtype, and cross matching was performed by saline medium and anti human globulin card to analyze the red blood cells(RBCs) transfusion strategy. Results The serology results of blood type of 7 samples were similar, with B(A)04/O01 in 3 cases, B(A)04/O02 in 2 cases and B(A)02/O01 in 2 cases. 7 cases of B (A) subtypes were matched with randomly selected blood donors of type O and B on the major side. Conclusion B(A) subtypes should be identified by genotyping techniques. Washed RBCs of type B and O can be used for B(A) blood type transfusion.

With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning is widely used in various industries. At CRYPTO 2019, researchers used deep learning to analyze the block cipher for the first time and constructed a differential neural network distinguisher to meet a certain accuracy. In this paper, a mixture differential neural network distinguisher using ResNet is proposed to further improve the accuracy by exploring the mixture differential properties. Experiments are conducted on SIMON32/64, and the accuracy of the 8-round mixture differential neural network distinguisher is improved from 74.7% to 92.3%, compared with that of the previous differential neural network distinguisher. The prediction accuracy of the differential neural network distinguisher is susceptible to the choice of the specified input differentials, whereas the mixture differential neural network distinguisher is less affected by the input difference and has greater robustness. Furthermore, by combining the probabilistic expansion of rounds and the neutral bit, the obtained mixture differential neural network distinguisher is extended to 11 rounds, which can realize the 12-round actual key recovery attack on SIMON32/64. With an appropriate increase in the time complexity and data complexity, the key recovery accuracy of the mixture differential neural network distinguisher can be improved to 55% as compared to 52% of the differential neural network distinguisher. The mixture differential neural network distinguisher proposed in this paper can also be applied to other lightweight block ciphers.

Thrombocytopenia, characterized by a decrease in platelet count, is commonly observed in sepsis and COVID-19. In sepsis, thrombocytopenia can result from various mechanisms, including impaired platelet production in the bone marrow, accelerated platelet destruction due to increased inflammation, sequestration of platelets in the spleen, immune-mediated platelet destruction, or dysregulated host responses. Similarly, thrombocytopenia has been reported in COVID-19 patients, but the immune-related mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Notably, interventions targeting thrombocytopenia have shown potential for improving outcomes in both sepsis and COVID-19 patients. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.

In this work, a narrow-linewidth linearly polarized fiber amplifier with a record output power of 3.2 kW was achieved based on a homemade polarization-maintaining Yb-doped fiber corresponding to a slope efficiency of 79% and a 3 dB linewidth of 0.2227 nm. By examining various numerical aperture (NA) PMYDFs, the experimental investigation on expanding mode instability (MI) threshold in PM fiber amplifiers was put on display. And the results reveal that the MI threshold is enhanced by more than 370 W for every 0.004 decrease in core numerical aperture. Increasing the seed linewidth from 0.0454 nm to 0.0976 nm by adding 200 m polarization maintaining Ge-doped fiber the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold increased from 805 W to above 3.2 kW. By applying the MI suppression method, a double-eight-shaped aluminum plate was adopted to coil the gain fiber, and the MI threshold increased by more than 1100 W.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most prevalently used brominated flame retardants. Due to its persistence, it is predominantly found in environmental matrices and has the potential to generate multi-generational toxicity. However, knowledge of its adaptive response or long-term residual effect in multi-generations, and molecular mechanisms remain understudied. In the current study, the model animal nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was exposed to TBBPA at environmentally realistic concentrations (0.1–1000 μg L−1) for four consecutive generations (G0 to G3). Degenerative age-related multiple endpoints including lifespan, locomotion behaviors, growth, reproduction, oxidative stress-related biochemical responses, cell apoptosis, and stress related gene expressions were assessed in the continuous exposure generations (G0 and G3) and the discontinuously exposed generations (T3 and T′3). The results showed that changes in degenerative age-related response monitored four generations varied in direction and magnitude depending on the TBBPA concentrations, and the response intensify ranked as G0 > T′3/G3 > T3. TBBPA at 1 μg L−1 dosage was detected as the lowest observed effect concentration in multi-biomarkers. The underlying mechanism of aging phenotypes was that reactive oxygen species accumulation led to cell apoptosis regulated by gene ape-1, and confirmed catalase enzyme and superoxide dismutase activity played a crucial role in the detoxification process of TBBPA at the molecular level. This study provided insights into the underlying mechanism of TBBPA-interfered longevity and its environmental multi-generational potential risks.

Objective: A protein-based leaking-proof theranostic nanoplatform for dual-modality imaging-guided tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been designed.Impact Statement: A site-specific conjugation of chlorin e6 (Ce6) to ferrimagnetic ferritin (MFtn-Ce6) has been constructed to address the challenge of unexpected leakage that often occurs during small-molecule drug delivery.Introduction: PDT is one of the most promising approaches for tumor treatment, while a delivery system is typically required for hydrophobic photosensitizers. However, the nonspecific distribution and leakage of photosensitizers could lead to insufficient drug accumulation in tumor sites.Methods: An engineered ferritin was generated for site-specific conjugation of Ce6 to obtain a leaking-proof delivery system, and a ferrimagnetic core was biomineralized in the cavity of ferritin, resulting in a fluorescent ferrimagnetic ferritin nanoplatform (MFtn-Ce6). The distribution and tumor targeting of MFtn-Ce6 can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI).Results: MFtn-Ce6 showed effective dual-modality MRI and FLI. A prolonged in vivo circulation and increased tumor accumulation and retention of photosensitizer was observed. The time-dependent distribution of MFtn-Ce6 can be precisely tracked in real time to find the optimal time window for PDT treatment. The colocalization of ferritin and the iron oxide core confirms the high stability of the nanoplatform in vivo. The results showed that mice treated with MFtn-Ce6 exhibited marked tumor-suppressive activity after laser irradiation.Conclusion: The ferritin-based leaking-proof nanoplatform can be used for the efficient delivery of the photosensitizer to achieve an enhanced therapeutic effect. This method established a general approach for the dual-modality imaging-guided tumor delivery of PDT agents.

The tolerance of rice anaerobic germination (AG) is the main limiting factor for direct seeding application, yet the genetics mechanism is still in its infancy. In the study, recombinant inbred lines population of TD70 Japonica cultivar and Kasalath Indica cultivar, was employed to construct a high-density genetic map by whole genome re-sequencing. As a result, a genetic map containing 12,328 bin-markers was constructed and a total of 50 QTLs were then detected for CL(coleoptile length), CD (coleoptile diameter), CSA (coleoptile surface area) and CV (coleoptile volume) related traits in the two stages of anaerobic treatment using complete interval mapping method (inclusive composite interval mapping, ICIM). Among the four traits associated with coleoptile, coleoptile volume had the largest number of QTLs (17), followed by coleoptile diameter (16), and coleoptile length had 5 QTLs. These QTLs could explain phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 0.34% to 11.17% and LOD values ranging from 2.52 to 11.57. Combined with transcriptome analysis, 31 candidate genes were identified. Furthermore, 12 stable QTLs were used to detect the aggregation effect analysis. Besides, It was found that individuals with more aggregation synergistic alleles had higher phenotypic values in different environments. Totally, high-density genetic map, QTL mapping and aggregation effect analysis of different loci related to the anaerobic germination of rice seeds were conducted to lay a foundation for the fine mapping of related genes in subsequent assisted breeding.

Flue-curing of top leaves with stems is a widely applied curing technology. Owing to the presence of stems, the quality of flue-cured leaves was significantly improved. However, the contribution of stems to flue-cured leaves is still unknown. In this study, the differences in physicochemical properties and metabolomics data between separated leaves (stem(-)) and leaves with stems (stem(+)) were investigated. The metabolic profiling of stem(+) was significantly different from that of stem(-), with phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) being one of the most differential metabolites. The presence of stems reduced the rate of water loss in leaves, which led to less ROS accumulation, higher antioxidant enzyme activities and a lower level of membrane lipid peroxidation in stem(+) than in stem(-). The presence of stems also helped maintain the cellular membrane integrity of leaf cells by preventing the accumulation of IAA in leaf cells. Better cellular membrane integrity during flue-curing means a lower risk of leaf browning. In addition, stem(+) had a lower starch content than stem(-) because of a higher level of amylase activity. In summary, these results indicated that the presence of stems caused metabolism changes in leaves, prevented flue-cured leaves from browning and enhanced starch degradation in leaves during flue-curing.

Chenopodium quinoa is a crop with outstanding tolerance to saline soil, but long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) expression profile driven by salt stress in quinoa has rarely been observed yet. Based on the high-quality quinoa reference genome and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), genome-wide identification of LncRNAs was performed, and their dynamic response under salt stress was then investigated. In total, 153,751 high-confidence LncRNAs were discovered and dispersed intensively in chromosomes. Expression profile analysis demonstrated significant differences between LncRNAs and coding RNAs. Under salt stress conditions, 4,460 differentially expressed LncRNAs were discovered, of which only 54 were differentially expressed at all the stress time points. Besides, strongly significantly correlation was observed between salt-responsive LncRNAs and their closest neighboring genes (r = 0.346, p-value < 2.2e-16). Furthermore, a weighted co-expression network was then constructed to infer the potential biological functions of LncRNAs. Seven modules were significantly correlated with salt treatments, resulting in 210 hub genes, including 22 transcription factors and 70 LncRNAs. These results indicated that LncRNAs might interact with transcription factors to respond to salinity stress. Gene ontology enrichment of the coding genes of these modules showed that they were highly related to regulating metabolic processes, biological regulation and response to stress. This study is the genome-wide analysis of the LncRNAs responding to salt stress in quinoa. The findings will provide a solid framework for further functional research of salt responsive LncRNAs, contributing to quinoa genetic improvement.

As oil and chemical spills pose a significant threat to the water environment, the need to develop efficient sorbent materials to remove oil and organic pollutants from water has arisen. This study aimed to develop a simple modification scheme to impart oil and water selective absorption capacity to a common three-dimensional porous material. Commercially available polyurethane sponges were used as the base material, and vinyl silica aerogel particles were loaded onto the sponges using polydimethylsiloxane as an adhesion agent. As a result, the water contact angle of the modified sponge increased from 118° to 149.2°, and the water absorption decreased from 106.5 g/g to 0.2 g/g; it could absorb oil in oil-water mixtures without absorbing water and maintain an excellent level of selective absorption ability after 20 cycles. This modification scheme is easy to operate and robust and is a scheme of practical application.

AES is the most widely used secret-key cryptosystem in industry, and determining the security of AES is a central problem in cryptanalysis. The mixture differential property proposed in Eurocrypt 2017 is an essential property to setup state-of-the-art key recovery attacks on some round-reduced versions of AES. In this paper, we exploit mixture differential properties that are automatically deduced from a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based model to extend key recovery attacks on AES. Specifically, we modify the MILP model toolkit to produce all mixture trails explicitly and test a 5-round secret-key mixture differential distinguisher on small-scale AES experimentally. Moreover, we utilize this distinguisher to do a key recovery attack on 6-round AES-128 that outperforms previous work in the same fashion. We also for the first time utilize a 6-round AES secret-key distinguisher to set up a key recovery attack on 7-round AES-192. This work is a new yet simple cryptanalysis on AES by exploiting mixture differential properties.

Winding fault is one of the most common types of transformer faults. The frequency response method is a common diagnosis method for winding fault detection. In order to improve the feature extraction ability of the frequency response curve before and after the winding fault, this paper proposes a winding fault feature extraction method based on the moving window algorithm to improve the Euclidean distance and correlation coefficient and uses a support vector machine to diagnose winding fault. “Moving window meter algorithm” refers to the fixed moving window width and window moving interval, scanning the entire frequency response curve from the initial point to the end point of the frequency response curve, using the correlation coefficient (CC) and Euclidean distance (ED) to calculate the mathematical index of each window. The mathematical index of each window is used as the characteristic quantity of fault type classification. Finally, the grid search algorithm is used to optimize the support vector machine to classify and identify the type of winding fault. At the same time, the standard support vector machine s(SVM) and back propagation neural network algorithm (BPNN) are compared with the support vector machine optimized by the grid search method to diagnose the fault type. The research shows that the improved correlation coefficient and Euclidean distance using the moving window algorithm are more sensitive to winding faults than the traditional calculation methods. The combination of the two calculation methods makes up for the shortcomings of their respective methods. The fault features obtained meet the requirements of the support vector machine for fault diagnosis, and the grid search method-optimized support vector machine classification algorithm has a good classification and recognition effect on the identification of fault types. The effectiveness and superiority of this method are further illustrated.