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La Ley Orgánica 1/2015 incorporó los llamados delitos de odio en el Código Penal español. Para las personas LGTBI+ la implementación de estas medidas legales de protección ha significado una oportunidad para combatir la discriminación, pero también ha dejado al descubierto algunos límites y desafíos. En la investigación que presentamos en este artículo mostraremos las experiencias de delitos de odio narradas por las personas LGTBI+ y las pondremos en relación con los recursos e intervenciones legales y las perspectivas criminológicas críticas. Para ello, se han realizado entrevistas semiestructuradas a 10 personas LGTBI+ y a 10 a profesionales de atención a víctimas. Los resultados apuntan a que los delitos de odio contribuyen a una representación de las violencias anti-LGTBI+ como una cuestión individualizada y desconectada de un contexto estructural cisheterocentrado y LGTBI+fóbico. De igual modo los resultados obtenidos muestran la tendencia a trasladar los conflictos sociales a las salas de lo penal en lugar de abordarlos desde otras formas de administración de justicia como la justicia restaurativa.

Este artículo examina los haikus y tankas escritos por Feliu Formosa, los textos que le han servido como punto de partida y aquellos en los que comenta estas formas de origen japonés. La conclusión es que este poeta reintrodujo el haiku en la poesía catalana a mediados de los años setenta partiendo del esquema métrico fijado por Carles Riba y de textos de Octavio Paz y Alan W. Watts, y que su cultivo de esta forma ha sido muy coherente a lo largo de toda su trayectoria. En el caso del tanka, que empezó utilizando como forma derivada del haiku, también ha conseguido llegar a una formulación muy madura y personal en L’incert encontre, su última obra publicada.

This work evaluates the experimental test results regarding the operational performance of a free-float capable tension leg platform with a 10 MW wind turbine. It covers the platform dynamics in the selected installation area: Ribadeo, Spain. The model and the facility are initially presented, along with the experimental setup and the load cases. The testing campaign includes a software-in-the-loop method to emulate the rotor thrust and the aerodynamic and gyroscopic moments in pitch and yaw. The result sets are structured to start from basic information from system identification cases and continue with responses against regular and irregular waves accompanied by steady and stochastic wind scenarios. The performance in operational and extreme conditions is assessed as well as fault scenarios. The experiments demonstrate auspicious motion dynamics and mooring line behavior when examined against class society rules.

Growing numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as controversial discussions on cost, scarcity and the environmental and social sustainability of primary raw materials that are needed for battery production together emphasize the necessity for battery recycling in the future. Nonetheless, the market for battery recycling is not fully understood and captured in data today. The underlying reasons are found in both market size and various parameters such as the battery-technology mix, the resulting material demand and expected battery lifetime. In consequence, the question of when secondary-material availability from battery recycling is sufficient to satisfy the global cobalt demand for EV applications has not yet been clarified. To address this question, this study estimates the global battery raw-material demand together with the expected amount of the recycled materials by 2035, taking into account a number of parameters affecting future battery material flows. While focusing on cobalt, nickel, lithium, and manganese, the results indicate that the global cobalt demand can be satisfied from secondary sources by the early 2030s in three out of four different technology forecast scenarios. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis highlights the amount of waste occurring during battery production and battery lifetime as the main drivers for secondary-material availability by 2035.

Most Western countries address violence against LGBTQ individuals through a hate crime paradigm rooted in retributive justice, which emphasizes punishing the offender. In contrast, restorative justice offers an alternative approach focused on repairing the harm caused. This article analyses the experiences and perspectives of individuals who have suffered LGBTQphobic violence in Spain, particularly in relation to the hate crime paradigm and restorative justice. First, it examines their views on the institutional framework addressing hate crimes and the effectiveness of punitive measures in restoring the harm done to victims. Next, it assesses the awareness among LGBTQ individuals regarding restorative justice, as well as their opinions on the potential benefits and limitations of this judicial alternative. The analysis reveals that, while many respondents believe restorative justice can contribute to fully redressing the harm caused, others fear revictimization by having to confront the offender and relive the traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, local government administrations in Spain have strengthened their commitment to putting into effect policies that favour the well-being of LGBTQ+ people. This has happened not only in large cities, but in small rural municipalities as well. Based on the discourses, representations and practices of professionals in health and social services, this article is organised around two interrelated axes of analysis. First, we assess the extent of knowledge regarding public policies among professionals and LGBTQ+ people. And second, we examine the rural area as a specific setting for the application of LGBTQ+ policies. This leads us to the conclusion that such legal changes are important but not sufficient in themselves to ensure the well-being of LGBTQ+ people. Moreover, LGBTQ+ policies need to consider local contexts and avoid transferring the rationale of the big city into rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to support the development of Spain’s Ozone Mitigation Plan by evaluating the present-day spatial variation (2015–2019) and trends (2008–2019) for seven ground-level ozone (O3) metrics relevant for human/ecosystems exposure and regulatory purposes.Results indicate that the spatial variation of O3 depends on the part of the O3 distribution being analyzed. Metrics associated with moderate O3 concentrations depict an increasing O3 gradient between the northern and Mediterranean coasts due to climatic factors, while for metrics considering the upper end of the O3 distribution, this climatic gradient tends to attenuate in favor of hotspot regions pointing to relevant local/regional O3 formation. A classification of atmospheric regions in Spain is proposed based on their O3 pollution patterns, to identify priority areas (or O3 hotspots) where local/regional precursor abatement might significantly reduce O3 during pollution episodes.The trends assessment reveals a narrowing of the O3 distribution at the national level, with metrics influenced by lower concentrations tending to increase over time, and those reflecting the higher end of the O3 distribution tending to decrease. While most stations show no statistically significant variations, contrasting O3 trends are evident among the O3 hotspots. The Madrid area exhibits the majority of upward trends across all metrics, frequently with the highest increasing rates, implying increasing O3 associated with both chronic and episodic exposure. The Valencian Community area exhibits a mixed variation pattern, with moderate to high O3 metrics increasing and peak metrics decreasing, while O3 in areas downwind of Barcelona, the Guadalquivir Valley and Puertollano shows no variations. Sevilla is the only large Spanish city with generalized O3 decreasing trends.The different O3 trends among hotspots highlight the need for mitigation measures to be designed at a local/regional scale to be effective. This approach may offer valuable insights for other countries developing O3 mitigation plans.

This global study, which has been coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/GAW) programme, aims to understand the behaviour of key air pollutant species during the COVID-19 pandemic period of exceptionally low emissions across the globe. We investigated the effects of the differences in both emissions and regional and local meteorology in 2020 compared with the period 2015–2019. By adopting a globally consistent approach, this comprehensive observational analysis focuses on changes in air quality in and around cities across the globe for the following air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, PMC (coarse fraction of PM), NO2, SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and the total gaseous oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) during the pre-lockdown, partial lockdown, full lockdown and two relaxation periods spanning from January to September 2020. The analysis is based on in situ ground-based air quality observations at over 540 traffic, background and rural stations, from 63 cities and covering 25 countries over seven geographical regions of the world. Anomalies in the air pollutant concentrations (increases or decreases during 2020 periods compared to equivalent 2015–2019 periods) were calculated and the possible effects of meteorological conditions were analysed by computing anomalies from ERA5 reanalyses and local observations for these periods. We observed a positive correlation between the reductions in NO2 and NOx concentrations and peoples’ mobility for most cities. A correlation between PMC and mobility changes was also seen for some Asian and South American cities. A clear signal was not observed for other pollutants, suggesting that sources besides vehicular emissions also substantially contributed to the change in air quality.As a global and regional overview of the changes in ambient concentrations of key air quality species, we observed decreases of up to about 70% in mean NO2 and between 30% and 40% in mean PM2.5 concentrations over 2020 full lockdown compared to the same period in 2015–2019. However, PM2.5 exhibited complex signals, even within the same region, with increases in some Spanish cities, attributed mainly to the long-range transport of African dust and/or biomass burning (corroborated with the analysis of NO2/CO ratio). Some Chinese cities showed similar increases in PM2.5 during the lockdown periods, but in this case, it was likely due to secondary PM formation. Changes in O3 concentrations were highly heterogeneous, with no overall change or small increases (as in the case of Europe), and positive anomalies of 25% and 30% in East Asia and South America, respectively, with Colombia showing the largest positive anomaly of ~70%. The SO2 anomalies were negative for 2020 compared to 2015–2019 (between ~25 to 60%) for all regions. For CO, negative anomalies were observed for all regions with the largest decrease for South America of up to ~40%. The NO2/CO ratio indicated that specific sites (such as those in Spanish cities) were affected by biomass burning plumes, which outweighed the NO2 decrease due to the general reduction in mobility (ratio of ~60%). Analysis of the total oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) showed that primary NO2 emissions at urban locations were greater than the O3 production, whereas at background sites, OX was mostly driven by the regional contributions rather than local NO2 and O3 concentrations. The present study clearly highlights the importance of meteorology and episodic contributions (e.g., from dust, domestic, agricultural biomass burning and crop fertilizing) when analysing air quality in and around cities even during large emissions reductions. There is still the need to better understand how the chemical responses of secondary pollutants to emission change under complex meteorological conditions, along with climate change and socio-economic drivers may affect future air quality. The implications for regional and global policies are also significant, as our study clearly indicates that PM2.5 concentrations would not likely meet the World Health Organization guidelines in many parts of the world, despite the drastic reductions in mobility. Consequently, revisions of air quality regulation (e.g., the Gothenburg Protocol) with more ambitious targets that are specific to the different regions of the world may well be required.