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The increased use of antimicrobials in agricultural practices have shown detrimental effects on ecology and cause disease outbreaks due to resistant pathogenic strains. Currently, biological control agents are rising in popularity as an alternative to conventional chemicals to prevent these negative outcomes. Plant symbiont and mycoparasite Trichoderma is a well-known biological control agent that antagonizes disease agents directly and enhances the plants own defense response. In this study it was investigated how the elicitors produced by Trichoderma induced an increased defense response in the plant against pathogenic microbes. It was shows that Trichoderma induces local defense mechanisms such as calcium influx, MAPK cascades, callose deposition, ROS-related defense and polyphenol synthesis. On the other side, Trichoderma also induces systemic defense in plants along the SA, ET and JA pathways. Lastly, several Trichoderma elicitors are discussed and what is currently known about their mode of action in the host plant. These include, xylanase, chitinase, cellulase, Epl1, 6-PP and peptaibols.

The structure and function of the root microbial community is shaped by plant root activity, enriching specific microbial taxa and functions from the surrounding soil as the plant root grows. Knowledge of bacterial rhizosphere competence traits are important for predictive microbiome modeling and the development of viable bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture solutions. In this work we compared growth rate potential, a complex trait that recently became predictable from bacterial genome sequences, to functional traits encoded by proteins. We analyzed 84 paired rhizosphere- and soil-derived 16S rRNA metabarcoding datasets from 18 different plants and soil types, performed differential abundance analyses and estimated growth rates for each bacterial genus. This analysis revealed that bacteria with a high growth rate potential consistently dominated the rhizosphere. Next, we analyzed the genome sequences of 3270 bacterial isolates and 6707 MAGs from 1121 plant- and soil-associated metagenomes, confirming this trend in different bacterial phyla. We next investigated which functional traits were enriched in the rhizosphere, expanding the catalog of rhizosphere-associated traits with hundreds of new functions. When we compared the importance of different functional categories to the predicted growth rate potential using a machine learning model, we found that growth rate potential was the main feature for differentiating rhizosphere and soil bacteria, revealing the broad importance of this factor for explaining the rhizosphere effect. Together, we contribute new understanding of the bacterial traits needed for rhizosphere competence. As this trait may be inferred from (meta-) genome data, our work has implications for understanding bacterial community assembly in the rhizosphere, where many uncultivated bacteria reside.

Growth-promoting bacteria can boost crop productivity in a sustainable way. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 is a well-studied bacterium that promotes growth of many plant species. Upon colonization, WCS417 affects root system architecture resulting in an expanded root system. Both immunity and root system architecture, are controlled by root-cell-type specific biological mechanisms, but it is unknown how WCS417 affects these mechanisms. Therefore, here, we transcriptionally profiled five Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types following WCS417 colonization. The cortex and endodermis displayed the most differentially expressed genes, even though they were not in direct contact with this epiphytic bacterium. Many of these genes are associated with reduced cell wall biogenesis, possibly facilitating the root architectural changes observed in WCS417-colonized roots. Comparison of the transcriptome profiles in the two epidermal cell types that were in direct contact with WCS417 -- trichoblasts that form root hairs and atrichoblasts that do not -- imply functional specialization. Whereas basal expression levels of nutrient uptake-related genes and defense-related genes are highest in trichoblasts and atrichoblasts, respectively, upon exposure to WCS417 these roles revert. This suggests that root hairs participate in the activation of root immunity, further supported by attenuation of immunity in a root hairless mutant. Furthermore, we observed elevated expression of suberin biosynthesis genes and increased deposition of suberin in the endodermis in WCS417-colonized roots. Using an endodermal barrier mutant we show the importance of endodermal barrier integrity for optimal plant-beneficial bacterium association. Altogether, we highlight the strength of cell-type-specific transcriptional profiling to uncover masked biological mechanisms underlying successful plant-microbe associations.