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The identification of novel therapeutic agents using nanomedicine is critical in the fight against diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholic acid (CA) has shown potential in diabetes management, but its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility and stability. To overcome these challenges, CA was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CACNPs). The CACNPs had a negative zeta potential (ZP) of −13.6 ± 5.81 mV, which is an indication of good stability and potential for enhanced uptake by diseased cells. The average particle size (PS) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 169.8 ± 84.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.220, indicating uniform particle size distribution. The drug loading capacity (DL%) of the CACNPs was 60.96 ± 0.9 %, whereas, the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 69.19 ± 1.02 %. The MTT assay on 3 T3-L1 cells revealed a concentration-dependent effect on cell viability, with an IC50 value of 766.0 ± 0.09 µg/ml. Furthermore, CACNPs demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes, while at 500 µg/ml, they inhibited adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a potential role in adipogenesis inhibition. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated positive modulation of glucose metabolism-related genes (PI3K, GLUT4, PPARg) upon treatment with CACNPs. These findings suggest that CACNPs could serve as a novel inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation and may influence key pathways in glucose metabolism, making them promising candidates for the management of DM.

Cancer ranks top as one among the leading cause of non-infectious deaths in humans. Lymphoma occurs as an outcome of uncontrollable proliferation of immune cells. Dalton’s ascites lymphoma (DAL) is a well-established type of non-Hodgkin's T-cell lymphoma of murine models. Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is a phosphate-storage antioxidant present in high volumes among cereals and legumes consumed as a human diet. Based on this background, in the present study, the cytotoxic effects of IP6 were studied in Raji cells, whereas, the antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects were tested in DAL-induced mice. IP6 possessed cytotoxic effects in vitro, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in Raji cells. In vivo, eighteen swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups of six mice each. IP6 was effective in prevention of blood vessel formation. The tumor burden reduced considerably as evidenced by body weight and tumor volume. The hematological and biochemical parameters were revived to near-normal in the treatment groups. The antioxidant profile improved significantly after treatment. Reduction in lipid peroxidation and the levels of cellular metabolites indicate the potential of IP6 in the inhibition of DAL-induced intracellular oxidative stress. Altogether, IP6 possessed cytotoxic effects in vitro with anti-angiogenic and antitumor effects in vivo.