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Nickel-rich layered Li transition metal oxides are the most promising cathode materials for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. However, they exhibit rapid capacity degradation induced by transition metal dissolution and structural reconstruction, which are associated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) generation from lithium hexafluorophosphate decomposition. The potential for thermal runaway during the working process poses another challenge. Separators are promising components to alleviate the aforementioned obstacles. Herein, an ultrathin double-layered separator with a 10 μm polyimide (PI) basement and a 2 μm polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) coating layer is designed and fabricated by combining a non-solvent induced phase inversion process and coating method. The PI skeleton provides good stability against potential thermal shrinkage, and the strong PI–PVDF bonding endows the composite separator with robust structural integrity; these characteristics jointly contribute to the extraordinary mechanical tolerance of the separator at elevated temperatures. Additionally, unique HF-scavenging effects are achieved with the formation of –CO···H–F hydrogen bonds for the abundant HF coordination sites provided by the imide ring; hence, the layered Ni-rich cathodes are protected from HF attack, which ultimately reduces transition metal dissolution and facilitates long-term cyclability of the Ni-rich cathodes. Li||NCM811 batteries (where “NCM” indicates LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2) with the proposed composite separator exhibit a 90.6% capacity retention after 400 cycles at room temperature and remain sustainable at 60 °C with a 91.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles. By adopting a new perspective on separators, this study presents a feasible and promising strategy for suppressing capacity degradation and enabling the safe operation of Ni-rich cathode materials.

Abstract A novel multispectral smart window has been proposed, which features dynamic modulation of light transmittance and effective shielding against electromagnetic microwave radiation. This design integrates liquid crystal dynamic scattering and dye doping techniques, enabling the dual regulation of transmittance and scattering within a single-layer smart window. Additionally, the precise control of conductive film thickness ensures the attainment of robust microwave signal shielding. We present a theoretical model for ion movement in the presence of an alternating electric field, along with a novel approach to manipulate negative dielectric constant. The proposed model successfully enables a rapid transition between light transparent, absorbing and haze states, with an optimum drive frequency adjustable to approximately 300 Hz. Furthermore, the resistive design of the conductive layer effectively mitigates microwave radiation within the 2−18 GHz range. These findings offer an innovative perspective for future advancements in environmental construction.

Abstract The dynamic control of electromagnetic waves is a persistent pursuit in modern industrial development. The state-of-the-art dynamic devices suffer from limitations such as narrow bandwidth, limited modulation range, and expensive features. To address these issues, we fuse origami techniques with metamaterial design to achieve ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation. Through a folding process, our proposed metamaterial achieves over 10-dB modulation depth over 4.96 – 38.8 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 155% and tolerance to incident angles and polarizations. Its ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation performance is verified through experiments and analyzed through multipole decomposition theory. To enhance its practical applicability, transparent conductive films are introduced to the metamaterial, achieving high optical transparency (>87%) from visible to near-infrared light while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Benefiting from lightweight, foldability, and low-cost properties, our design shows promise for extensive satellite communication and optical window mobile communication management.

ABSTRACTWith increasing demand for scratch-resistant flexible electronics, the development of transparent coatings with good scratch resistance and self-healing properties has emerged as a key research topic. In this study, a high-strength self-healing poly(urethane – urea) (PUU)-based nanocomposite coating was prepared by introducing functionalized nanodiamond (ND) into a PUU matrix via solution blending. The PUU matrix had hard-segment repeating units and was constructed using isophorone diamine and isophorone isocyanate. The ND particles were modified using a silane coupling agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, to obtain well-dispersed KH-ND nanoparticles. KH-ND promoted microphase separation in the PU matrix, inducing the formation of dense and homogeneous hard domains that dissipated stress, prevented further crack development, and improved the mechanical properties and scratch resistance of the coating. In addition, the coating exhibited excellent self-healing properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the self-healing and hardening mechanisms of the coating. The environmentally friendly PUU/KH-ND coating is easy to prepare and has broad application prospects in transparent and anti-scratch coatings for flexible electronics, automobiles, and home appliances.

The nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers are a solid-state quantum system with the ability to maintain long coherence times at room temperatures. NV centers have potential applications in quantum detection, which necessitates their positioning at minimal distances from surfaces. However, the existing methods for fabricating NV centers are cumbersome, expensive, and difficult to control. This study investigates the etching mechanism of transition metals on diamond under plasma conditions and develops a method for producing shallow NV centers on the surface of high pressure and high temperature diamond. Our proposed method enables the production of shallow NV centers below the surface in the longitudinal direction, while simultaneously allowing precise control over the lateral distribution. Moreover, the operating costs associated with our technique are significantly lower than those of ion implantation and electron irradiation. This research contributes to the advancement of iron-etching diamond processing technology, and the proposed method facilitates the more portable preparation of shallow color centers in specific regions, enabling the realization of locally controllable and scalable coupled quantum systems.

The difficulty of reducing the diameter of lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) continuous fibers below 50 μm not only limits the flexibility of the sample but also seriously affects their application and development in high-energy lasers. In this work, a Lu-containing precursor with high ceramic yield was used as raw material, fiberized into precursor fibers by dry spinning. The pressure-assisted water vapor pretreatment (PAWVT) method was creatively proposed, and the effect of pretreatment temperature on the ceramization behavior of the precursor fibers was studied. By regulating the decomposition behavior of organic components in the precursor, the problem of fiber pulverization during heat treatment was effectively solved, and the Lu2O3 continuous fibers with a diameter of 40 μm were obtained. Compared with the current reported results, the diameter was reduced by about 50%, successfully breaking through the diameter limitation of Lu2O3 continuous fibers. In addition, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexibility, and temperature resistance of Lu2O3 continuous fibers were researched for the first time. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of Lu2O3 continuous fibers were 373.23 MPa and 31.55 GPa, respectively. The as-obtained flexible Lu2O3 continuous fibers with a limit radius of curvature of 3.5–4.5 mm had a temperature resistance of not lower than 1300 ℃, which established a solid foundation for the expansion of their application form in the field of high-energy lasers.

With the development of optical technology, LCs with intelligent light protection function become more and more important. This paper discusses the research progress and challenges of LCs for light protection.

As one of the representatives of carbon-based semiconductors, diamond is called the “Mount Everest” of electronic materials. To maximize its properties and realize its industrial applications, the fabrication of wafer-scale high-quality diamonds is critical. To date, heteroepitaxy is considered as a promising method for the growth of diamond wafers with considerable development. In this review, fundamentals of diamond heteroepitaxy is firstly introduced from several perspectives including nucleation thermodynamics and kinetic, nucleation process at the atomic level, as well as the interplay between the epitaxial film and substrate. Second, the bias enhanced nucleation (BEN) method is reviewed, including BEN setup, BEN process window, nucleation phenomenology (mainly on Iridium), nucleation mechanism by ion bombardment, and large-scale nucleation realization. Third, the following textured growth process is presented, as well as grain boundary annihilation, and dislocation and stress reduction technologies. Fourth, the applications of diamonds in electronic devices are studied, showing its excellent performances in the future power and electronic devices. Finally, prospects in this field are proposed from several aspects.

Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have become a major component of current clean energy technologies. Accounting for nearly half the cost of a commercial fuel cell stack, Pt‐based catalysts are the main choices for both anode and cathode in PEMFCs. However, catalytical activity and operating life of Pt‐based catalysts are still unsatisfactory. High cost and scarcity of Pt further hinder the development of PEMFCs. Constructing core‐shell structure for Pt‐based catalysts is a promising strategy to enhance the catalytic activity and reduce the cost. In this review, we overview recent advances in Pt‐based core‐shell catalysts according to catalytic reaction types involved in PEMFCs. Furthermore, we discuss the working principle of core‐shell catalysts from the perspective of coupling between core and shell. In the end, we conclude the recent progress and discuss the future developments and facing challenges.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which generally possesses a graphene-like two-dimensional layered structure and unique physicochemical and electrical properties, is an emerging material to next-generation high-energy-density storage beyond the reach of current anode technologies. However, pristine layered MoS2 suffers from low conductivity and poor cycle stability, thus hindering its development in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we prepare a self-assembled MoS2 nano-particle structure induced by 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) through a bottom-up approach. The superior rate and high capacity of LIBs are attributed to the large specific surface area (64.29 m2 g−1) and short internal distance, giving rise to the pseudocapacitance and diffusion-controlled process in the electrochemical behavior, respectively. In situ Raman, Density Function Theory (DFT) calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verify the conversion from MoS2 to Mo in the lithiation process, and the strong binding energy between Mo and LiF contributes to a stable solid electrolyte interphase during Li+ intercalation/de-intercalation reversible process. The cell using MoS2 nano-particles anode delivers a preferable discharge capacity of 600 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 1.0 A g−1 than commercial and recently reported MoS2 anodes. This work inspires the development of nano-structure for resistance to large-volume expansion/shrinkage and high stability.

The authors demonstrate compact spectral light-field imaging by using a transversely dispersive metalens array and a monochrome imaging sensor. They show that 4D images can be obtained in a single shot, and demonstrate discrimination of visually indistinguishable objects.

Large size single crystal diamond (SCD) wafer has been strongly desired for various of advanced applications, while two major potential approaches, including mosaic growth and heteroepitaxy based on chemical vapor deposition method, are both stuck with respective technical barriers. This paper reveals and summarizes the essential commonality of the two schemes, and denominates the concept of “coessential-connection” (CC) growth. Such generalized concept involved the nature of the single crystal and polycrystalline diamond film deposition with similar mechanism and processes. The principle of CC growth process with detailed classification was elaborated, and influence of nucleus size and orientation mismatch was clarified, which is regarded as the core problem of large area SCD film growth via coessential-connection process.

Abstract Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are generally referred to the carbides, nitrides, and borides of the transition metals, with the Group IVB compounds (Zr & Hf) and TaC as the main focus. The UHTCs are endowed with ultra-high melting points, excellent mechanical properties, and ablation resistance at elevated temperatures. These unique combinations of properties make them promising materials for extremely environmental structural applications in rocket and hypersonic vehicles, particularly nozzles, leading edges, and engine components, etc. In addition to bulk UHTCs, UHTC coatings and fiber reinforced UHTC composites are extensively developed and applied to avoid the intrinsic brittleness and poor thermal shock resistance of bulk ceramics. Recently, highentropy UHTCs are developed rapidly and attract a lot of attention as an emerging direction for ultra-high temperature materials. This review presents the state of the art of processing approaches, microstructure design and properties of UHTCs from bulk materials to composites and coatings, as well as the future directions.

Abstract Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have aroused extensive interest in the field of energy storage owing to the ultrahigh anode capacity. However, strong solvation of Li+ and slow interfacial ion transfer associated with conventional electrolytes limit their long‐cycle and high‐rate capabilities. Herein an electrolyte system based on fluoroalkyl ether 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropyl ether (THE) and ether electrolytes is designed to effectively upgrade the long‐cycle and high‐rate performances of LMBs. THE owns large adsorption energy with ether‐based solvents, thus reducing Li+ interaction and solvation in ether electrolytes. With THE rich in fluoroalkyl groups adjacent to oxygen atoms, the electrolyte owns ultrahigh polarity, enabling solvation‐free Li+ transfer with a substantially decreased energy barrier and ten times enhancement in Li+ transference at the electrolyte/anode interface. In addition, the uniform adsorption of fluorine‐rich THE on the anode and subsequent LiF formation suppress dendrite formation and stabilize the solid electrolyte interphase layer. With the electrolyte, the lithium metal battery with a LiFePO4 cathode delivers unprecedented cyclic performances with only 0.0012% capacity loss per cycle over 5000 cycles at 10 C. Such enhancement is consistently observed for LMBs with other mainstream electrodes including LiCoO2 and LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2, suggesting the generality of the electrolyte design for battery applications.

High-voltage lithium metal batteries (HVLMBs) have been arguably regarded as the most prospective solution to ultrahigh-density energy storage devices beyond the reach of current technologies. Electrolyte, the only component inside the HVLMBs in contact with both aggressive cathode and Li anode, is expected to maintain stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces (EEIs) and facilitate reversible Li+ transference. Unfortunately, traditional electrolytes with narrow electrochemical windows fail to compromise the catalysis of high-voltage cathodes and infamous reactivity of the Li metal anode, which serves as a major contributor to detrimental electrochemical performance fading and thus impedes their practical applications. Developing stable electrolytes is vital for the further development of HVLMBs. However, optimization principles, design strategies, and future perspectives for the electrolytes of the HVLMBs have not been summarized in detail. This review first gives a systematical overview of recent progress in the improvement of traditional electrolytes and the design of novel electrolytes for the HVLMBs. Different strategies of conventional electrolyte modification, including high concentration electrolytes and CEI and SEI formation with additives, are covered. Novel electrolytes including fluorinated, ionic-liquid, sulfone, nitrile, and solid-state electrolytes are also outlined. In addition, theoretical studies and advanced characterization methods based on the electrolytes of the HVLMBs are probed to study the internal mechanism for ultrahigh stability at an extreme potential. It also foresees future research directions and perspectives for further development of electrolytes in the HVLMBs.