Search

Cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate is an important second messenger molecule that regulates many downstream signaling pathways in cells. Detection of cAMP levels relies on screenings of cell lysates or the use of genetically encoded biosensors for detection in living cells. Genetically encoded biosensors are, however, primarily used for bioimaging and rarely in high-throughput screenings of potential drug candidates. Here, we describe a quantitative fluorescence-based imaging method based on measurements of single living cells. We used a genetically encoded Epac149 biosensor to investigate cAMP production in living cells following ligand stimulation. The study revealed a dependence of the measured cAMP levels on the expression level of the biosensor in transiently transfected cells. While the biosensor maintained linearity of the signal at high expression levels, the linearity of the biosensor was lost at lower expression levels due to a deficit of the biosensor compared to the maximum possible production of cAMP in the cells. This problem was circumvented by establishment of a stable cell line with constitutive expression of the biosensor. We established dose response curves by stimulation with the β1-adrenergic receptor partial agonist denopamine and observed up to 1.48-fold difference in the cellular response as well as up to 4.27-fold difference in LogEC50 values between cells with insufficient and sufficient biosensor expression. Careful characterization and control of the biosensor expression is therefore important in order to conduct quantitative analysis of the cAMP production and it allows the use of genetically encoded biosensor to be applied in high-throughput screenings.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a cell-surface sensor for Ca2+, is the master regulator of calcium homeostasis in humans and is the target of calcimimetic drugs for the treatment of parathyroid disorders1. CaSR is a family C G-protein-coupled receptor2 that functions as an obligate homodimer, with each protomer composed of a Ca2+-binding extracellular domain and a seven-transmembrane-helix domain (7TM) that activates heterotrimeric G proteins. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of near-full-length human CaSR in inactive or active states bound to Ca2+ and various calcilytic or calcimimetic drug molecules. We show that, upon activation, the CaSR homodimer adopts an asymmetric 7TM configuration that primes one protomer for G-protein coupling. This asymmetry is stabilized by 7TM-targeting calcimimetic drugs adopting distinctly different poses in the two protomers, whereas the binding of a calcilytic drug locks CaSR 7TMs in an inactive symmetric configuration. These results provide a detailed structural framework for CaSR activation and the rational design of therapeutics targeting this receptor. Cryo-EM structures of human calcium-sensing receptor reveal intrinsic asymmetry in the receptor homodimer upon activation that is stabilized by calcimimetic drugs adopting distinct poses in the two protomers, priming one protomer for G-protein coupling.