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Objective: This study investigates the overall pattern and timing of medical diagnoses up to 10 years before an anorexia nervosa (AN) diagnosis and explores differences before and after AN diagnosis aiming to improve early detection., Method: In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we included all patients diagnosed with incident AN from 1987 to 2018 (n = 13,345) and a 1:10 age- and sex-matched general population comparison cohort, using Danish health registries. Using conditional logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) of medical diagnoses up to 10 years before AN diagnosis. Additionally, we calculated crude and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for risk of medical diagnoses after AN diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards model., Results: AN was associated with increased odds of any medical diagnosis up to 10 years before AN diagnosis: OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.2-1.3] and the odds increased during the 12 months preceding AN diagnosis: OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.5-1.7]. The medical diagnoses associated with the highest odds up to 10 years prior AN were malnutrition: OR 5.0 [95% CI 4.0-6.3] anemia: OR 2.9 [95% CI 2.3-3.6], amenorrhea: OR 2.7 [95% CI 2.3-3.2], and irritable bowel syndrome: OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.9-2.4]. The pre-diagnosis pattern mirrored the post-diagnosis pattern., Conclusion: The similarity in diagnosis patterns before and after AN diagnosis suggests that many patients receive medical diagnoses for conditions potentially linked to AN-related restricted eating, malnutrition and progressive weight loss even years prior to a formal AN diagnosis. Identifying these early conditions may enable earlier AN diagnosis and improve treatment outcomes., (© 2025 The Author(s). International Journal of Eating Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The bioimpedances of tissues beyond the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of skin, contain crucial clinical information. Nevertheless, bioimpedance measurements of both the viable skin and the adipose tissue are not widely used, mainly because of the complex multilayered skin structure and the electrically insulating nature of the stratum corneum. Here, a theoretical framework is established for analyzing the impedances of multilayered tissues and, in particular, of skin. Then, strategies are determined for the system-level design of electrodes and electronics, which minimize 4-wire (or tetrapolar) measurement errors even in the presence of a top insulating tissue, thus enabling non-invasive characterizations of tissues beyond the stratum corneum. As an example, non-invasive measurements of bioimpedances of living tissues are demonstrated in the presence of parasitic impedances which are much (e.g., up to 350 times) higher than the bioimpedances of the living tissues beyond the stratum corneum, independently on extreme variations of the barrier (tape stripping) or of the skin-electrode contact impedances (sweat). The results can advance the development of bioimpedance systems for the characterization of viable skin and adipose tissues in several applications, including transdermal drug delivery and the assessment of skin cancer, obesity, dehydration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, and multipotent adult stem cells., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Endothelial shear stress is a tangential stress derived from the friction of the flowing blood on the endothelial surface of the arterial wall and is expressed in units of force/unit area (dyne/cm2). Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that generate low or oscillatory endothelial shear stress, which impairs glycocalyx integrity, cytoskeleton arrangement and endothelial junctions (adherens junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions), thus increasing endothelial permeability. The lipoproteins and inflammatory cells penetrating intima due to the increased endothelial permeability characterizes the pathological changes in early stage of atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress, however, the mechanisms by which the complex shear stress regulate endothelial permeability in atherosclerosis remain unclear. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the endothelial permeability induced by low or oscillatory shear stress, which will shed a novel sight in early stage of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to examine the cognitive profile in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and its association with traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD. In addition, resemblance in the cognitive profile between youths with AN and their parents was explored., Methods: Adolescent females with acute AN (n = 20) and a healthy comparison group (n = 28) completed neuropsychological tasks of set-shifting (Trail making test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and central coherence (Rey Complex Figures Task, Group Embedded Figures Test, object assembly subtest). In the AN group, mothers and fathers (n = 31) also completed the neuropsychological tasks. Traits of ASD and ADHD were assessed. The AN group was reassessed after weight gain., Results: Weight-restored AN adolescents scored higher on the Group Embedded Figures Test than a comparison group (p < 0.001). No other set-shifting and central coherence differences were found across groups. A father-child correlation emerged in the object assembly subtest (r = 0.53, p = 0.035). ASD and ADHD traits were common in the AN group and not only related to starvation. No associations were found between neuropsychological deficits and traits of ASD and ADHD., Conclusions: Scant support was found for weaker central coherence in weight-recovered adolescents with AN. Set-shifting impairments could not be observed in young females with acute AN or after weight recovery., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Eating Disorders Review published by Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: This study aimed to identify biochemical, hematological, and endocrinological abnormalities in a sample of children and adolescents with underweight AN and atypical AN and to compare these results between the two groups., Method: Based on the 5th BMI-percentile admission, adolescents with underweight AN (n = 520) and atypical AN (n = 255) were included and medical records were reviewed., Results: Low prealbumin (35%) and neutropenia (39%), and several abnormalities in endocrinological parameters (50%) were the most common alterations found in the whole sample. Compared to the atypical AN group, the underweight AN group had significantly higher frequencies of elevated cholesterol (OR = 2.50; p < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (OR = 0.22; p = 0.005) and of reduced insulin-like growth (IGF) factor-1 (OR = 0.29; p < 0.001), T3 (OR = 0.46; p < 0.001), luteinizing hormone (OR = 0.24; p < 0.001), follicle stimulating hormone (OR = 0.58; p = 0.004), and 17b-estradiol (OR = 0.39; p < 0.001). However, other blood parameters showed similar alterations in both groups., Discussion: Both groups showed abnormalities in the same blood parameters, but some abnormal parameters were more common in the underweight AN group. These results suggest that atypical AN and underweight AN could present similar risks of certain medical complications., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019. A metabolic disorder is a contributing factor to deaths from COVID‐19. However, the underlying mechanism of metabolic dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients and the potential interventions are not elucidated. Here targeted plasma metabolomic is performed, and the metabolite profiles among healthy controls, and asymptomatic, moderate, and severe COVID‐19 patients are compared. Among the altered metabolites, arachidonic acid and linolenic acid pathway metabolites are profoundly up‐regulated in COVID‐19 patients. Arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways are significantly disturbed in asymptomatic patients. In the comparison of metabolite variances among the groups, higher levels of l‐citrulline and l‐glutamine are found in asymptomatic carriers and moderate or severe patients at the remission stage. Furthermore, l‐citrulline and l‐glutamine combination therapy is demonstrated to effectively protect mice from coronavirus infection and endotoxin‐induced sepsis, and is observed to efficiently prevent the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and central nervous system damage. Collectively, the data reveal the metabolite profile of asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients and propose a potential strategy for COVID‐19 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is gaining popularity in wildlife studies as a portable technology for immediate and nondestructive predictions of body composition components, such as fat-free and fat masses. Successful application of BIA for field-based research requires the identification and control of potential sources of error, as well as the creation of and adherence to a standardized protocol for measurement. The aim of our study was to determine sources of error and to provide a standardization protocol to improve measurement precision of BIA on juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas ; n = 35). We assessed the effects of altered environmental temperature (20°C–30°C), postprandial state (2–72 h), and time out of the water (2 h) on five impedance parameters (resistance at infinite frequency [ R inf], resistance at zero frequency [ R 0], resistance at 50 kHz [ R 50], phase angle at 50 kHz [PhA50], and intracellular resistance [ R i]) using a bioimpedance spectroscopy device. Technical reproducibility of measurements and interanimal variability were also assessed. We found an inverse exponential relationship between change in environmental temperature and impedance parameters R inf, R 0, and R 50. Postprandial state significantly increased R inf and R i 72 h after feeding. BIA measurements were reproducible within individual juvenile green turtles at temperatures from 20°C to 30°C. Significant variation in impedance values was found between animals at all temperatures, sampling times, and postprandial states, but the relative differences (%) were small in magnitude. Our study suggests that measurement precision is improved by measuring animals at consistent environmental temperatures close to their preferred thermal range. We propose a standardized protocol of measurement conditions to facilitate laboratory and field use of BIA for body composition assessment studies in turtles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal ion‐gated organic electrochemical transistor (IGT) demonstrates volume‐dependent transconductance with the unprecedented advantages of high speed and self‐(de)doping capability among ion‐based transistors. The novel characteristics have albeit rendered IGT a promising platform for integrated bioelectronics, its potential in high‐frequency applications has yet been fully harnessed. Moreover, a study from a material's point of view is especially needed for this recently emerged platform as the necessity of maintaining the internal ion reservoir has posed difficulties in processing hydrated poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with electronically favorable morphologies. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of the structural and functional properties of ion‐embedded PEDOT:PSS modified by different annealing temperatures is performed and correlated to the IGT performance. A short‐time high‐temperature annealing treatment is found effective in facilitating the formation of compact microstructures without significantly influencing film hydration. The structural improvement enhances the film's conductivity and hole mobility, with the corresponding IGTs exhibiting higher gain, higher conductance, and high cut‐off frequency consistently in a batch. This study also successfully demonstrates the first use of electrochemical transistors like IGTs in high‐frequency applications through proof‐of‐concept experiments simulating fluid estimation in 50 kHz bioimpedance analysis. This work contributes to the development of high‐performance IGTs for extensive biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]