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Developing tapered implants with the most appropriate angular characteristics requires an improved analysis of the anatomy of premolar roots.The purpose of this observational study was to analyze the 3D anatomy of premolar roots by determining the tapered slope and convergent angle (TS/CA), to transform the TS/CA patterns into those in which the tapered implants mimic natural tooth roots, and to provide TS/CA references for future investigations.A total of 73 human single-rooted premolars were surveyed and analyzed by microcomputed tomography and an associated software program. The 3D root surface area (RSA), the radius/diameter (R/D) at the planned first to tenth millimeter levels apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and the TS/CA at corresponding levels were calculated. The results were statistically analyzed by using an independent samples t test to assess the general differences of tested parameters between maxillary and mandibular premolars. A paired t test was used to examine the significant intragroup TS/CA differences between sequential coronoapical levels. One-way ANOVA was applied to study the general significance of developmental patterns in maxillary and/or mandibular groups. Two-way ANOVA was used to inspect the TS/CA significance at various measurements coronoapically between the maxillary and mandibular premolars (α=.05).Generally, the RSA, root length, R/D, and TS/CA parameters examined for the maxillary premolar roots differed significantly from those for the mandibular roots at the evaluated levels (P.05). According to the measurements, the maxillary premolar roots generally exhibited nonsignificant RSA and R/D reduction patterns, with a decreasing angle of TS=13.44 degrees and CA=24.53 degrees coronoapically. However, mandibular premolar roots exhibited a significant reduction pattern, with TS=11.25 degrees and CA=21.06 degrees coronoapically according to both individual and general evaluations.Based on the developmental patterns of the evaluated TSs/CAs, tapered implants imitating premolar root anatomy should have a conical rather than a cylindrical shape, and the R/D of these models should be reduced to half at the apical third. However, further studies are warranted to identify more TS/CA characteristics related to the tapered implants, including the TSs/CAs of other tooth types.

Introduction There have been many studies evaluating the role of probiotics in the management of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), yet few studies related to the role of probiotics in the management of neonatal jaundice. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of utilizing probiotics in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Methods This study was a single blinded randomized clinical trial conducted on 2–28 day old term and near-term infants (35–42 weeks gestational age) that were hospitalized with neonatal jaundice in Bandar Abbas, Iran in 2016. The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the duration of hospitalization in neonates with neonatal jaundice. Secondary outcomes were to determine the percentage of infants who needed phototherapy on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th days of admission. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistics and Chi-square and independent samples t-test. Results One hundred and twenty-six (126) breastfed infants were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to one of two groups. The non-probiotic group included 61 (48.4%) patients and the probiotic group included 65 (51.6%) patients. Duration of hospitalization was 3.10 ± 0.569 days in the non-probiotic group versus 3 ± 0.901 in the probiotic group (p = 0.469). The percentage of patients discharged in the probiotic group was significantly higher in comparison to the non-probiotic group on the 3rd day of admission (p = 0.008) and Discharged early. The percentage of patients discharged were similar between the two groups on the 2nd, 4th, and 5th days of admission (p > 0.05). Conclusion Probiotics are not effective in lowering the duration of phototherapy in infants with hyperbilirubinemia. Although probiotics can increase the rate of discharge on the 3rd day of admission in infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, the rate of hospital discharge was not different in the probiotic and non-probiotic groups on the 2nd, 4 th, and 5 th days of admission. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03266913.

This multi-level meta-analysis tested if evidence-based trauma treatment was effective in reducing trauma symptoms and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. Based on eight independent samples and 75 effect sizes, results indicated that Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) had a large and significant overall effect ( d = 0.909) on reducing trauma symptoms and externalizing behavior problems. Trauma treatment significantly decreased trauma symptoms (large effect) and externalizing behavior problems (medium effect). Age and type of control group moderated treatment effects. Treatment was more effective in older adolescents. Trauma treatment for adolescents with externalizing behavior problems had a larger effect compared to no treatment, but not compared to treatment as usual. It seems important to provide a broad treatment offer for adolescents with severe externalizing behavior problems, in which, besides trauma treatment, attention is paid to reducing relevant individual risk factors for behavior problems.

Endocrowns have been reported to be successful restorations for endodontically treated molars. However, comparisons between maxillary and mandibular molars, with different pulp chamber configurations are lacking. Information on the influence of venting on the adaptation of endocrowns is also lacking.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the adaptation of endocrowns in maxillary and mandibular molars by means of microcomputed tomography (μCT).Mandibular and maxillary first molars were divided into 4 groups (n=10): ManE: mandibular endocrown; ModManE: modified mandibular endocrown; MaxE: maxillary endocrown; and ModMaxE: modified maxillary endocrown. Endocrowns were produced by using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM). Modification was carried out on the part of the endocrown that extended into the pulp chamber by preparing vents. The specimens were cemented and scanned by using μCT, the images reconstructed, and the internal and marginal adaptation examined. Statistical analyses were performed by using a 3-way ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA, and the independent samples t test (α=.05).ManE displayed better mean ±standard deviation internal adaptation (182 ±59 μm) than MaxE (215 ±55 μm) (P.01). Regardless of the groups, the pulpal floor was the area with the poorest fit (P.001). The marginal gap of mandibular molars (91 ±20 μm) was lower than that of maxillary molars (110 ±26 μm) (P.05). The effect of modifying endocrowns on the marginal gap was not found to be statistically significant (P.05).Internal and marginal adaptation of endocrowns differ between maxillary and mandibular molars.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the physical fitness characteristics of Chinese single-handed dinghy and 470 sailors, predict the single-handed dinghy sailors’ physical factors on the performance by equation to guide the training. Methods: The sample of this study consisted of one hundred and sixty-seven Chinese sailors who participated in the 2020 China National Sailing Championships, K Independent Samples Test was used to analyze the differences of different classes sailors, and the performance of Laser and Laser Radial sailors were analyzed by step multivariate linear regression. Results: The results showed that the 470 helmsmen are shorter, lighter and have a lower BMI, 470 crew are similar in height to the single-handed dinghy sailors, but lower in weight and BMI. Laser sailors have better strength and flexibility than the ones of male 470. There is no significant difference in the physical fitness characteristics between the Laser Radial sailors and the female 470 crew, they both had better upper and lower body strength than female 470 helmsmen. The regression equation is possible to explain 65.5% of the performance of the sailors in Laser = 90.963-1.33 × sailing experience-0.461 × bench press-0.018 × cycling peak power out; The regression equation is possible to explain 76.7% of the performance of the sailors in Laser Radial = 27.433-0.391 × sailing experience+0.351 × vertical jump-0.329 × pull-up-0.027 × cycling peak power out. Conclusions: Performance in laser and Laser Radial sailors will be determined by the technique and tactics (sailing experience) as well as physical fitness.

As the use of digital tools and the Internet becomes widespread and easier, the age of use is also decreasing. The decrease in the age of use makes opportunities as well as risks an important factor in digital environments. Children who are not aware of the risks in these environments may be exposed to various risks, especially as the age of Internet usage decreases. Parents are primarily responsible for protecting their children from risks in these environments. Parents can protect their children if they use digital media consciously and safely. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the parent’s conscious and safe use of the Internet across Turkey. In accordance with this purpose, the study was designed as a survey study and the data of the study were collected from 9581 parents from 26 provinces with the Conscious and Safe Use of the Internet questionnaire developed by the researchers in the study. Descriptive statistics (%, f, X ̅, SS), t-test for independent samples, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation were used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was determined that the parents’ use of the Internet on weekdays and weekends was similar, but this situation differed in children. It has also been determined that the leading situations that worry parents in digital environments are the harmful and illegal content and excessive time spent in these harmful and illegal environments.

OBJECTIVE: First and second violinists in orchestras use identical instruments, but the motor patterns used to execute the different notes may vary between the two groups and the biomechanical gestures may influence musculoskeletal complaints. The primary objective of this study was to compare the pain intensity and interference in musical performance of first and second violinists of professional youth chamber orchestras. Second, to investigate the correlation between pain and the musical practice profile in this population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 74 violinists, aged 12 to 17 years, from three professional youth chamber orchestras in Brazil. Participants completed a validated self-administered questionnaire, the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity and Interference Questionnaire for Musicians–Brazilian version (MPIIQM-Br). Variables related to musical practice profiles were also recorded. Data analysis applied t-tests for independent samples and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The sample of first violinists (n=39) presented 23 males and 16 females, and the second violinists (n=35) included 23 females and 12 males. The mean age was 13.9 yrs (SD 1.1) and 14.1 yrs (1.0) for the first and second violinist groups, respectively. Most participants (n=66, 89%) reported pain in at least one moment of their career, and 54 (76%) reported pain at the time of data collection. A higher pain prevalence was identified in the right shoulder (37.7%), in 28.2% of the second violinists and 9.4% of the first. The second violinists presented higher scores for most variables related to pain intensity and pain interference in performance (p < 0.05). A correlation was observed between time working at a professional level and the number of affected areas on the body pain map (r=0.30; 95% CI 0.23–0.42) and between the hours of daily practice and the number of affected areas on the body pain map (r=0.39; 95% CI 0.29–0.45). CONCLUSION: Second violinists had more complaints of pain and difficulty in playing their instrument compared to the first violinists. The study also found a correlation between the number of body areas with pain complaints and variables linked to the violinists’ practice profile.

OBJECTIVE Laughter conveys important information that supports social communication and bonding. Research suggests that unique acoustic properties distinguish laughter that promotes affiliation from laughter that conveys dominance, but little is known about potential individual differences in laughter interpretation or contagion based on these specified social functions of laughter. Psychopathy is associated with both affiliative deficits (e.g., lack of empathy and impaired social bonding) and behaviors that assert social dominance (e.g., manipulativeness). Thus, relationships between psychopathic traits and impaired laughter interpretation or contagion could give insight into etiological pathways to psychopathy. METHOD In two studies conducted with four independent samples (total N = 770), participants categorized laughter clips that varied in the degree of affiliation or dominance conveyed. RESULTS Participants overall drew rich and accurate social inferences from dominant and affiliative laughter and modulated their interest in joining in with laughter based on the type and degree of affiliation and dominance conveyed. However, individuals higher in psychopathic traits failed to distinguish between laughter types and did not modulate their level of engagement based on laughter features. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a potential mechanism that underlies the broader social difficulties associated with psychopathic traits.

This study was an investigation to find out the effect of audiolingual (ALM)-based versus communicative language teaching (CLT)-oriented techniques on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ listening comprehension ability. To do this, sixty EFL learners in intermediate level from Shokouh Institute in Lahijan, Iran were selected randomly and assigned to two groups; namely the experimental group and control group; 30 participants in each group were selected based on their performance using the oxford placement test (OPT). A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. A listening audio text extracted from the book “Four Corners” was administered as pre-test and post-test. The researchers taught the students of both groups for 10 sessions. The CLT techniques were used as treatment in the experimental group while the control group received no treatment and just used ALM techniques. After 10 sessions, the listening passages extracted from the book “Four Corners” were administered as post-test in order to compare the results of the scores of two groups and decide about the effectiveness of the treatment. Finally, the data were analyzed via running an Independent Samples T-test and a series of Paired Samples T-tests. The results showed that Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension skill has been significantly improved as a result of using CLT techniques at the significance level of .05. It was concluded that the use of CLT techniques was highly effective in Iranian learners’ listening comprehension improvement.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the effect of physical activity and metabolic parameters on irisin levels in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods Ninety-six patients with schizophrenia and 63 healthy controls comprised the study population. The participants were separated into three groups: inactive, low activity, and sufficiently active according to International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). We measured irisin levels using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. We also calculated exercise levels by using the IPAQ-SF for each individual. The independent samples ttest was used in the data analysis to compare irisin levels according to the activity levels of the patients with schizophrenia and controls. Results The levels of irisin were higher in the healthy controls (p < 0.001) compared to schizophrenia groups. When the activity levels of the schizophrenia and healthy control groups were compared, the irisin levels of the low activity and sufficiently active groups with schizophrenia were found to be lower than those of the low activity and sufficiently active groups in the healthy controls (respectively p = 0.014; p < 0.001). Conclusion Irisin levels could be affected by physical activity and these results must be supported with new studies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) program and also Autogenic Relaxation (AGR) on improving mood in high jump beginners. The design in this study is a pretest-posttest control group design, which is a design that has a pretest before being given treatment. The participants used were high jump beginner athletes with an average age of 17-20 years. The total participants were 38 people. Then they are randomized and divided into 2 groups (PMR and AGR). A total of 20 samples were in the PMR group and 18 samples were in the AGR group. The results of the study are based on the calculation of independent samples test. It is known that the value of Sig (2-tailed) is 0.000 0.05. So, it can be concluded that the variance of the N-Gain data (%) for the PMR and AGR groups is the same (no difference). It was further explained that the value of the independent samples test of significance (Sig) (2-tailed) was 0.000 or

In everyday life, the stream of affect results from the interaction between past experiences, expectations and the unfolding of events. How the brain represents the relationship between time and affect has been hardly explored, as it requires modeling the complexity of everyday life in the laboratory setting. Movies condense into hours a multitude of emotional responses, synchronized across subjects and characterized by temporal dynamics alike real-world experiences. Here, we use time-varying intersubject brain synchronization and real-time behavioral reports to test whether connectivity dynamics track changes in affect during movie watching. The results show that polarity and intensity of experiences relate to the connectivity of the default mode and control networks and converge in the right temporoparietal cortex. We validate these results in two experiments including four independent samples, two movies and alternative analysis workflows. Finally, we reveal chronotopic connectivity maps within the temporoparietal and prefrontal cortex, where adjacent areas preferentially encode affect at specific timescales.

This study examines the predictive effect of parental attitudes on high school students’ academic motivation and personal responsibility levels. In this research predictive correlation model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used. 368 students attending the 10th grade in 6 different high schools participated in the study. Parental Attitudes Scale, Academic Motivation Scale and Personal Responsibility Scale were used as data collection tools. Independent samples t-test and MANOVA were performed to determine gender effect on parental attitudes, academic motivation and personal responsibility and Pearson Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression were performed to determine the relationship between parental attitudes, academic motivation and personal responsibility. According to the results, parental attitudes are a significant predictor of personal responsibility and academic motivation of high school students. Democratic parental attitude predicts personal responsibility levels by 31.2% and academic motivation level by 25.7%. In this context, it can be said that the support of parents with democratic attitude provides a positive contribution to students’ academic success, social and personal competencies.

This study investigated the effects of instructional and administrative text messages on student academic achievement and sense of learning. Ninety-eight Food, Nutrition, and Wellness students in grades 9th through 12th were involved in this study. In this quasi-experimental study, there was an experimental group and a comparison group. Students in the experimental group received instructional and administrative text messages three times a week for a total of nine weeks. A one-way ANCOVA and independent samples t-test were used for data analyses. The study found a statistically significant difference in academic achievement and sense of learning with students in the experimental group scoring higher as compared to students in the control group. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference with females in the treatment group scoring higher than males in the treatment group.

Abstract. Risk-taking is a long-standing area of inquiry among psychologists and economists. In this paper, we examine the personality profile of risk-takers in two independent samples. Specifically, we examined the association between the Big Five facets and risk-taking propensity across two measures: The Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) and the General Risk Propensity Scale (GRiPS). At the Big Five domain level, we found that extraversion and agreeableness were the primary predictors of risk-taking. However, facet-level analyses revealed that responsibility, a facet of conscientiousness, explained most of the total variance accounted for by the Big Five in both risk-taking measures. Based on our findings across two samples ( n = 764), we find that the personality profile of a risk-taker is extraverted, open to experiences, disagreeable, emotionally stable, and irresponsible. Implications for the risk measurement are discussed.

This study aimed to explore parents' perceptions regarding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on their children, with and without disabilities, from psychological, academic and social aspects. The study sample comprised 310 parents of children in Saudi Arabia both with and without disabilities. A questionnaire was prepared for the purpose of exploring parents' perspectives toward such impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological, academic and social aspects of their children. Several statistical techniques were applied in order to answer the study questions, such as frequencies, percentages, Cronbach's alpha test, means, standard deviations and independent samples (T) test. The results revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has serious psychological effects on children, whether they are with or without disabilities. However, from the social and academic aspects, the impacts of the pandemic were generally moderate. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences at level of (α≥0.05) were found between children with and without disabilities. This study emphasized the importance of raising awareness among families on the management of the problems that arise during times of global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, both consciously and responsibly, by arranging appropriate training courses and workshops for them. © 2021 Eskisehir Osmangazi University. All rights reserved.

Despite its importance, there is no clear understanding of the impact of small firms’ capabilities (networking, innovation, and marketing) on their export performance. This article attempts to address this issue with a meta-analysis of 74 recent empirical studies comprising 76 independent samples and covering more than 30 countries. We found that innovation, marketing, and networking capabilities positively influence export performance of small firms. However, the context-dependent nature of these relationships demands a more fine-grained examination. The variations in the ES of these relationships are explained by the role of external business environmental factors prevailing in the country of origin of the firm (developing/developed country and individualism/collectivism culture). We examined the divergent results provided by empirical studies using the moderator analysis. The findings of this article shed light on the role of small firms’ capabilities in enhancing export performance in different contextual settings.

In China, rural–urban migration is one of major influences on the mental health of migrant and left-behind children. Literature suggests that the perception of discrimination is an important factor that influences the mental health of these children. The present research explores (1) whether migrant children and left-behind children are different in the relationship between the perception of discrimination and mental health, and (2) whether the relationship between the perception of discrimination and mental health of these children is moderated by gender and age. Using a meta-analytic technique, the authors included 26 studies (generating 48 independent samples) with a total sample size of 28,883 participants. Results showed that the perception of discrimination of migrant children was negatively correlated with positive indicators of mental health, and it has a stronger effect than left-behind children; the perception of discrimination of migrant children was positively correlated with negative indicators of mental health, and it has a weaker effect than left-behind children. Additionally, gender moderated the relationship between the perception of discrimination and the positive indicators of mental health among left-behind children, while age moderated such relationship among migrant children.

This study aims to describe the assertive behavior of male and female students' assertive behavior to reject the invitation to drugs abuse. The population used was the tenth and eleventh graders of Vocational School Student of Bandar Pacitan in the academic year of 2020/2021 with a population of 212 students and samples were taken using saturated sampling techniques. The data collection method used an assertive behavior questionnaire. The validity of the instrument used the product moment formula and its reliability used the Alpha formula. Data analysis used percentage descriptive and quantitative analysis using statistical formula t-test or independent samples t-test. The validity, reliability, and data analysis were assisted by the SPSS 21 for Windows program. The results of the analysis showed that assertive behavior to refuse the invitation to drug abuse by female students was higher with an average of 80.17% compared to male students who obtained an average of 72.68%. The conclusion of this study was that there was a significant difference in the assertive behavior of male and female students to reject the invitation to drugs abuse. Keywords: Assertive behavior; Drugs and Youth.

Introducción: La caracterización de la técnica deportiva entre atletas de diferentes niveles posibilita perfeccionar a futuro el movimiento motriz especializado, dada la posibilidad de confeccionar metodologías que mejoran el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Objetivo: Caracterizar el movimiento técnico de arranque (snatch) en halterofilia, identificando cuáles son las diferencias existentes entre deportistas de elite y novatas de la Federación Deportiva del Carchi. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva-correlacional, estudiando los Ángulos en cada fase (Posición inicial, Primer halón, Segundo halón, Entrada y Recuperación), el Pico de velocidad máxima estimada en m/s (Primer halón, segundo halón, Entrada y Recuperación) y el Centro de gravedad (Posición inicial, Primer halón, Segundo halón, Entrada y Recuperación), así como la Trayectoria de la barra, en dos muestras independientes del género femenino, categoría 13-18 años (Grupo 1 - Elites: 12 sujetos. Grupo 2 - Novatas: 13 sujetos). Resultados: Se determinaron los valores individuales y las medias de cada variable, no estableciéndose diferencias significativas en todos los datos, excepto en las variables Ángulo del Segundo Halón de la Rodilla (p=0.011) y el Pico de Velocidad Máxima en el Primer Halón (p=0.046). Conclusiones: Se caracteriza biomecánicamente la técnica de snatch en deportistas elites y novatas, recomendando a futuro establecer una investigación mayor de tipo explicativa para analizar metodológicamente las causas y efectos en las diferencias significativas y las pequeñas diferencias detectadas en los rangos promedios obtenidos en la presente investigación.

Skewed distributions and inferences concerning quantiles are common in the health and social science researches. And most standard simultaneous inference procedures require the normality assumption. For example, few methods exist for comparing the medians of independent samples or quantiles of several distributions in general. To our knowledge, there is no easy-to-use method for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for multiple contrasts of quantiles in a one-way layout. In this paper, we develop an asymptotic method for constructing such intervals both for differences and ratios of quantiles and extend the idea to that of right-censored time-to-event data in survival analysis. Small-sample performance of the proposed method and a bootstrap method were assessed in terms of coverage probabilities and average widths of the simultaneous confidence intervals. Good coverage probabilities were observed for most of the distributions considered in our simulations. The proposed methods have been implemented in an R package and are used to analyze two motivating datasets.

Objective. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the masticatory ability subjectively between ball and Cendres+Métaux Locator (CM-LOC) attachment for a single implant retained mandibular overdenture throughout a 24-month follow-up period. Materials and Methods. Eighty completely edentulous patients were recruited. All patients received new complete dentures, and masticatory ability was recorded using a questionnaire (baseline record). All patients received a single implant in the midline of the completely edentulous mandible. After 3-month healing period, patients were randomized using sealed envelopes into two groups: ball or CM-LOC attachment. The same masticatory ability questionnaire was used to record masticatory ability for both groups after 2 weeks of pickup and 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Comparison between the study groups was done using Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples. Two-sided P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. The mean masticatory scores improved for both attachments, with no statistically significant difference between them throughout the 24-month follow-up. The CM-LOC attachment group showed a greater improvement change in masticatory ability after 6- and 12-month follow-up (−12.47 ± 12.006, −11.46 ± 14.625; P = 0.826 ), while the ball attachment group showed a slight improvement after the 24-month follow-up (−11.72 ± 12.368, −10.88 ± 11.963; P = 0.778 ). Conclusion. Single implant retained mandibular overdenture improved masticatory ability subjectively with no significant difference between both attachments used although the ball attachment showed better masticatory ability scores after 24-month follow-up.

Certain events, termed potentially morally injurious events, can transgress an individual’s existing moral framework and elicit morally injurious outcomes, which, in turn, can be associated with negative mental health outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis (Prospero ID-CRD42018104621) aimed to examine the relationship between moral injury outcomes and mental health. Fifty-nine articles, representing 50 independent samples, were reviewed, including for methodological quality. We found statistically significant relationships between all moral injury outcomes and mental health, with predominately moderate–large effect sizes observed. Relationships were typically stronger if studies measured moral injury outcomes only, compared with studies that included measurement of both exposure and outcomes. The Moral Injury subscales (Self, Others, and Betrayal) were also significantly related to poorer mental health. Overall, the meta-analytic results support reliable associations between moral injury outcomes and poorer mental health. Future research needs to diversify into nonmilitary populations, consider measurement tool selection, and strive for greater consensus regarding theoretical frameworks to direct this emerging research area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

This study aims to examine the difference in the influence between SE teaching and conventional teaching on student sports orientation using basketball. The research method in this study uses experiment with the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The participants were 48 students of the PJKR study program at STKIP Nahdlatul Ulama Indramayu. The research instrument uses Sport Orientation Questionnaire for students majoring in sports. The research data were analyzed using independent samples t-test. The results of the study concluded that there were differences in the influence between SE teaching and conventional teaching on student sports orientation using basketball. In order to carry out further research using other sports besides basketball and to conduct further investigations at the end of season tournament using SE.

Introduction Age-related declines in multiple facets of sexuality in later life are well documented. However, most studies have been cross-sectional with data collected at one point in time, leaving questions about cohort differences and interrelated historical changes in physical health and psychosocial functioning unanswered. Methods We examined cohort differences in perceived importance and enjoyment of sexuality in late midlife using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) obtained 20 years apart, 1992–1993 (N = 718) and 2012–2013 (N = 860), from two independent samples aged 55 to 65 years (both samples: Mage ≈ 60, 52–53% women). Results Later-born adults in late midlife reported attributing slightly higher importance to sexuality than their earlier-born peers and experiencing their sex life as slightly less pleasant. Effect sizes were small at the sample level (d d = .56). When controlling for socio-demographic, physical health, and psychosocial factors, cohort differences in perceived importance of sexuality remained significant, but those for enjoyment did not. Conclusions Late-midlife sexuality undergoes historical changes. Specifically, reported perceived importance of sexuality has increased over historical time, especially in particular population segments. Policy implications We discuss whether our findings represent historical changes in actual behavior, perception, or the willingness to report on one’s sex life.

espanolUn grupo de personas con VIH participaron en una intervencion grupal, de base cognitivo conductual de 48 horas, dividida en cuatro talleres, uno cada mes (26 iniciaron el programa y 18 lo terminaron y contestaron en el seguimiento cuatro meses despues). Tras el tratamiento se consiguieron mejorias significativas en estigma declarado, estigma interiorizado, depresion y ansiedad estado. Todas estas mejorias se mantuvieron en la medicion de seguimiento cuatro meses despues, mejorando en esta ultima medida tambien la ansiedad rasgo. Se compararon sus resultados con un grupo de control de personas con VIH (24 contestaron a la primera bateria de test y 16 a la ultima). Se evaluo la evolucion de este grupo, asi como las diferencias entre ambos grupos para cada momento: preintervencion, posintervencion y seguimiento. Las comparaciones intragrupales e intergrupos se evaluaron con las pruebas t de Student para muestras relacionadas y para muestras independientes respectivamente. Ademas, se calculo el tamano de efecto para cada comparacion. Los resultados avalan la eficacia de la intervencion grupal presentada EnglishA number of people with HIV participated in a 48-hour cognitive behavioral group intervention, divided into four monthly workshops. Twenty-six participants started the program and 18 completed it and responded at the four-month followup. After treatment, significant improvement was achieved in declared stigma, internalized stigma, depression and state anxiety. All these improvements were maintained at the follow-up measurement four months later, with trait anxiety also improving in this last measure. Participants’ results were compared with an HIV control group. Twenty-four respondents completed the first test battery and 16 completed the last. The evolution of this group was assessed, as well as the differences between both groups at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up. Intragroup and inter-group comparisons were examined with the Student t-tests for related samples and for independent samples respectively. In addition, the effect size was calculated for each comparison. The results support the efficacy of the group intervention presented.

Whether and how music influences the performance of surgical procedures such as laparoscopy is unclear and can be feasibly determined using laparoscopic box training tools under standardized conditions. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the effect of different genres of music on the performance of laparoscopic novices.Between May 2018 and December 2018, n = 82 students (38 male, 44 female) from Heidelberg University Medical School performed 3 different laparoscopic exercises (A, B, C) from the "Luebecker Toolbox" with 2 repetitions each under standardized conditions. Time was recorded for each exercise. The students were assigned either to one of four groups, each of which was exposed to a compilation of music from 1 genre (hip hop, classical, rock, or mixed radio music), or to a fifth, control group, without exposure to music. The music was played at a constant sound pressure level of 70 decibels . Each group was compared with the others using a t-test for independent samples.Exposure to music generally led to better performance compared with the control group. Compared with exposure to mixed radio music or to rock, significantly better performance could be demonstrated for exposure to classical music in Exercise B, with an average exposure time of 127 s needed (± 21.4; p0.05). No significant differences could be demonstrated for Exercise A, though for classical music, best performance was possible with 120 s (±17.3) of exposure. In Exercise C, hip hop triggered significantly better performance than rock or radio music (p0.05).At an sound pressure level of 70 decibels, exposure to classical music or hip hop appears to have beneficial effects on training performance for surgical novices under standardized conditions.

This qualitative research contributes to the telework research literature by identifying and categorizing employee motives for teleworking. Motives for telework contextualize teleworking behavior, represent proximal telework outcomes, and serve as potential boundary conditions for telework-outcome relationships. Role identity theory (Burke & Tully Social Forces, 55(4), 881-897, 1977) and the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis (Hogg & Terry Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140, 2000) suggest that motives may be driven by role salience and the ability to meet work and nonwork demands. In this research, we sought to identify a comprehensive list of motives as well as reconcile the wide range of categories and labels given to telework motives in the literature. We asked two independent samples of workers comprised of two subsamples of teleworkers (n1 = 195; n2 = 97) and a subsample of nonteleworkers (n3 = 947) why they telework or would like to telework. A total of 2504 reasons were gathered across the three subsamples. Most respondents reported multiple reasons, especially when encouraged to list all of their reasons. After distinguishing preconditions from motives to telework, ten categories emerged from the qualitative data with “avoid commute” emerging as the most frequently reported motive. Other frequently reported motives included “tend to family demands” and “productivity.” Additional motives are discussed along with implications for telework research and policy development and implementation.

Naturalistic imaging paradigms, in which participants view complex videos in the scanner, are increasingly used in human cognitive neuroscience. Videos evoke temporally synchronized brain responses that are similar across subjects as well as within subjects, but the reproducibility of these brain responses across different data acquisition sites has not yet been quantified. Here we characterize the consistency of brain responses across independent samples of participants viewing the same videos in fMRI scanners at different sites (Indiana University and Caltech). We compared brain responses collected at these different sites for two carefully matched datasets with identical scanner models, acquisition, and preprocessing details, along with a third unmatched dataset in which these details varied. Our overall conclusion is that for matched and unmatched datasets alike, video-evoked brain responses have high consistency across these different sites, both when compared across groups and across pairs of individuals. As one might expect, differences between sites were larger for unmatched datasets than matched datasets. Residual differences between datasets could in part reflect participant-level variability rather than scanner- or data-related effects. Altogether our results indicate promise for the development and, critically, generalization of video fMRI studies of individual differences in healthy and clinical populations alike.

In the present work, we evaluated reciprocal, within-dyads associations between parents’ and adolescents’ depressive symptoms across two independent samples ( N = 327 and N = 435 dyads; approximately 85% biological mothers) assessed every 3 months for 2 years (Study 1) to 3 years (Study 2). Results of random intercept cross-lagged panel models converged to support positive contemporaneous patterns of cofluctuation in parental and adolescent depression such that within-persons deviations in parental depression were associated with same-direction within-persons deviations in adolescent depression at the same time point. In contrast, within-persons fluctuations in parental depression did not prospectively predict within-persons fluctuations in adolescent depression, or vice versa, across the follow-up period. Results held across boys and girls, as well as dyads with and without a parental history of depressive disorder. Overall, findings advance knowledge by demonstrating that after accounting for between-persons/dyads variance, parental and adolescent depression demonstrate contemporaneous cofluctuations but do not demonstrate within-dyads reciprocity over time.

This chapter presents the inferential methods for making comparisons between the parameters of two populations. The comparison of two populations results in a single easily understood statistic—the difference between sample means. It discusses two distinct methods for collecting data on two populations, or equivalently, designing an experiment for comparing two populations— (1) independent samples and (2) dependent or paired samples. These two methods are illustrated with a hypothetical experiment designed to compare the effectiveness of two migraine headache remedies. The procedures for making inferences on differences in the proportions of successes using independent as well as dependent samples from two binomial populations are also provided. The assumptions underlying the various procedures for comparing two populations are also explained including a brief discussion on the detection of violations and some alternative methods. The estimate of a common variance from two independent samples is obtained by “pooling,” which is simply the weighted mean of the two individual variance estimates with the weights being the degrees of freedom for each variance.

Research on the relationship between psychopathy and leadership effectiveness has adopted very different perspectives on psychopathy. To advance this field of research, the current paper introduces an overarching framework of “successful psychopathy” ( Lilienfeld, Watts, & Smith, 2015 ) to the leadership domain, comprising three conceptual models (the differential-severity model, the moderated-expression model, and the differential-configuration model) and their “hybrid” forms, which are combinations of two or three models. We test the three alternative conceptual models and four hybrid models in two independent samples of leader-subordinate dyads (N1 = 178 and N2 = 668) whereby leaders’ self-reported psychopathy is related to a range of subordinate-rated effectiveness criteria, including three performance dimensions and charismatic leadership. A recurrent pattern of findings across both studies provides evidence for differential effects for the various psychopathy subdimensions, whereas little support was found for the models assuming curvilinear and/or moderated effects. Implications for research on leader psychopathy are discussed.

Besides its role as laboratory animals and research models in poultry species, quail is characterized by fast growth, high reproductive performance, short generation intervals, and lower feed requirements. Research has been carried out to evaluate the characteristics of brown and black plumage quail eggs in Balitnak. A total of 99 quail eggs was obtained from Slamet Quail Farm, Sukabumi, consisting of 50 brown plumage quail eggs and 49 black plumage quail eggs. Eggs were incubated in 1 batch in a portable incubator. The variables observed were the weight of the incubated eggs, length and width of egg, shape index of egg, fertility, hatching ability of fertile, and hatchability of total hatching eggs. All data collected were tested using independent samples t-test to compare variants of plumage color. The results showed that all variables observed between brown and black plumage quails were significantly different (P

Duck eggs are a good source of essential nutrients for the human body. However, transportation, processing, and handling can easily cause cracks in the eggshells. These cracks can lead to microbial contamination, reducing the shelf life and compromising food safety. In this study, a method for the nondestructive testing of cracks in duck eggshells was developed. First, the acoustic emission signals of intact and cracked eggshells were measured, and the most significant frequency features were selected to establish a calibration curve for cracked eggshells. Logistic regression using the frequency features was then adopted to predict intact and cracked eggshells. Then, we establish a set of optimal regression models and used independent samples for verification. The overall accuracy rates of the calibration and prediction models using five frequencies of bandwidth (1500, 5000, 6000, 8500, and 10,000 Hz) were 89.7% and 87.6%, respectively. Sound measurement enables a simple and quantitative method for duck egg crack detection and classification. This nondestructive and cost-effective method can be used for duck egg quality screening and can be integrated into duck egg processing machinery.

Background The two-implant retained mandibular overdenture utilizing nonsplinted implants is a proven treatment modality for completely edentulous patients. However, a lacuna still exists regarding the suitability of mini dental implants for this purpose. The purpose of the study was to evaluate implant stability and crestal bone loss in single-piece mini dental implants loaded with immediate or conventional loading protocols to retain a mandibular overdenture. Method Twenty-four completely edentulous patients were rehabilitated using conventional maxillary complete denture and a mandibular two-implant retained overdenture utilizing nonsplinted single piece mini implants. The implants were loaded with immediate or conventional loading protocols. Implant stability (with Periotest TM) and crestal bone loss (with radiovisiograph and radiographic grid) were evaluated at the time of loading and at one, two, and six months after loading. Statistical analysis was done with the Independent Samples “t” test and One-Way ANOVA. Results Mean Periotest Values observed were significantly more negative in implants loaded with the conventional loading protocol. Crestal bone loss was significantly lesser in the immediate loading protocol but was still higher than the requisite 1.5 mm postulated by established criteria. Conclusion Two single-piece nonsplinted mini implants may be sufficient to retain a mandibular overdenture utilizing the immediate loading protocol. Further studies with a longer duration of observation and larger sample size are required.

Instrumentation is a fundamental step in endodontic treatment to promote proper cleaning and shaping of the canal. The objective of this study was to compare the cutting capacity of two reciprocal nickel-titanium systems in simulated canal blocks. Sixty acrylic blocks were used, divided into two groups of reciprocal files (WaveOne Gold - WOG and W-File - WF), each with 30 blocks and divided into 3 groups (n=10) representing the first, second and third uses: WOG1, WOG2, WOG3, WF1, WF2, and WF3, respectively. Ink was injected into the simulated channels, which were covered with laminated paper to avoid affecting the instrumentation. For irrigation, 5mL of saline was used at each instrument change. At the end of instrumentation, the blocks were photographed and analyzed in a computer program to compare the results before and after instrumentation. In the statistical analysis, the tests S Shapiro-Wilk, T for independent samples and Mann Whitney were performed. Under the experimental conditions in which this study was conducted, it is concluded that there were no significant differences in apical transport after the third application. However, the instruments of the W-File group had more conservative preparations with a better centralization capacity compared to the instruments of the WaveOne Gold group, which caused preparations with a larger diameter. La instrumentación es un paso fundamental en el tratamiento de endodoncia para promover la limpieza y el modelado adecuados del conducto. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la capacidad de corte de dos sistemas alternativos de níquel-titanio en bloques de canales simulados. Se utilizaron sesenta bloques acrílicos, que se separaron en dos grupos de limas recíprocas (WaveOne Gold - WOG y W-File - WF) con 30 bloques cada uno, y subdivididos en 3 grupos (n = 10), representando el primero, segundo y tercero. uso: WOG1, WOG2, WOG3, WF1, WF2 y WF3. Se inyectó tinta tinta en los canales simulados, que se cubrieron con papel laminado, para no influir en la instrumentación. Para la irrigación, se utilizaron 5 ml de solución salina en cada cambio de instrumento. Una vez finalizada la instrumentación, los bloques se fotografiaron y analizaron en un programa informático para comparar el pre y posinstrumentación. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron las pruebas S Shapiro-Wilk, T para muestras independientes y Mann Whitney. En las condiciones experimentales en las que se realizó esta investigación, se concluye que luego del tercer uso no hubo diferencias significativas en relación con el transporte apical, sin embargo, los instrumentos del grupo W-File tuvieron preparaciones más conservadoras, con una mejor capacidad de centralización. en comparación con los instrumentos del grupo WaveOne Gold, lo que provocó preparaciones de mayor diámetro. A instrumentação é um passo fundamental no tratamento endodôntico para promover uma adequada limpeza e modelagem do conduto. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a capacidade de corte de dois sistemas reciprocante de níquel-titânio em blocos de canais simulados. Foram utilizados 60 blocos de acrílico, que foram separados em dois grupos de limas reciprocantes (WaveOne Gold - WOG e W-File - WF) com 30 blocos cada, e subdivididos em 3 grupos (n=10), representando o primeiro, segundo e terceiro uso: WOG1, WOG2, WOG3, WF1, WF2 e WF3. Foi injetada tinta nanquim nos canais simulados, os quais foram cobertos com papel laminado, para não haver influência na instrumentação. Para irrigação foram utilizados 5mL de solução salina a cada troca de instrumento. Após o término das instrumentações, os blocos foram fotografados e analisados em um programa de computador para comparar o pré e pós-instrumentação. Na análise estatística foram realizados os testes S Shapiro-Wilk, T para amostras independentes e Mann Whitney. Nas condições experimentais que essa pesquisa foi conduzida, conclui-se que após o terceiro uso não houve diferenças significativa em relação ao transporte apical, porém, os instrumentos do grupo W-File obtiveram preparos mais conservadores, com uma melhor capacidade de centralização em comparação com os instrumentos do grupo WaveOne Gold, que ocasionaram preparos com um maior diâmetro.

This study reflects on the perceived failure of entrepreneurship development initiatives to help ignite economic development in Malawi. A cross-sectional survey of 337 enterprises collected top-of-the-mind definitions of entrepreneurship, and innovations and their values carried out. Content analyses, comparison of mean values, 2 independent samples tests and multiple linear regression analyses showed that entrepreneurship is perceived as starting and managing one’s own business; being self-employed. Carrying out innovations is low and of low value, but enterprises which carried out innovations had higher median values than those that did not. The study found opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, limited liability enterprises in the medium-to-large size category to be productive types of enterprises, but there were very few. It is argued that initiatives fail to help ignite economic development because knowledge which guides entrepreneurship development misses the essence of entrepreneurship—carrying out innovations. Secondly, there are no initiatives to support SME innovation and growth through product development, investments in modern production facilities and access to export markets. It is encouraged that key stakeholders adjust their understanding of entrepreneurship to neoclassical economic perspectives, encourage innovative start-ups and provide support to grow the numbers of productive enterprises.

Due to the increasing amount of new information that is emerging about COVID-19, traditional and web-based information sources are commonly used to spread and seek information. This study compared differences in information seeking, trust of information sources, and use of protective behaviors (e.g., mask wearing) among individuals in the US and China during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 722 valid responses in the US and 493 valid responses in China were collected via online surveys in May 2020. Pearson's Chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, and multiple linear regressions were used to conduct the analyses. Results showed that US respondents accessed significantly fewer COVID-19 information sources, rated significantly lower levels of trust in these sources, and reported significantly lower levels of protective behaviors than the Chinese respondents. In both countries, trust in newspapers, radio/community broadcasting, and news portals were significantly positively correlated with protective behaviors. While trust of TV was significant in both populations, in China it was positively correlated, whereas in the US was negatively correlated, with protective behaviors. Findings from this study showed that coordinated and consistent messages from governmental officials, health authorities, and media platforms are important to promote and encourage protective behaviors.

Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication is called a factorial ANOVA with two factors. It is used to test if there is a significant difference between means of several sets of data (groups) dependable on two independent factors. It is applied when we have one measurement variable and two nominal variables (usually called ‘factors’ or ‘main effects’). In this chapter hypotheses and assumptions of the method are given. Then the example of the procedure of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication is described in details. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication is utilized to simultaneously test the effects of varying two variables for a sample which consists of more than one respondent per a certain combination of variables. The example of the procedure of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication is described in details in this chapter. For both procedures the easy to follow examples shows the procedure stepby-step. The practical part includes the guidance for SPSS and for Excel.

How is the impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy in the 2020 (without vaccinations and with non-pharmaceutical interventions) versus 2021 (with a vast roll out of COVID-19 vaccination programs) ? Italy is an interesting case study because was one of first European countries to experience in 2020 higher numbers of COVID-19 related infected individuals and deaths and in 2021 has a high share of people vaccinated against COVID-19.This study answers the question with a comparative analysis of the effects of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. Data of confirmed cases, hospitalizations, admissions to ICUs and fatality rate for 176 days are analyzed with the Independent Samples t-Test that compares the means of two groups concerning values from April to September 2020 (without vaccinations and with non-pharmaceutical measures) and 2021 (with pharmaceutical interventions based on a vast vaccination program). Results suggest that in 2020 and in 2021 the impact of COVID-19 in society is rather similar, except fatality rate (significant level 1%). These findings also reveal that the COVID-19 is driven by seasonal and environmental factors that reduce the negative effects in summer period, regardless vaccination campaign. This study can support appropriate and target policy responses of crisis management for countries to face current and likely future pandemics of similar vital agents.

Background Although recent studies have investigated the risk factors for PSI, few studies have focused on the impact of scoliotic correction on postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI), especially in severe and rigid scoliosis (SRS). The purpose of the study was to study the effect of scoliotic correction on PSI in SRS. Methods The preoperative, postoperative, and minimum 2-year follow-up radiographs of 48 consecutive patients with SRS who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery were evaluated. We regarded radiographic shoulder height (RSH) as a shoulder balance parameter and divided the patients into improved and aggravated groups of PSI from pre- to post-operation and from post-operation to last follow-up, respectively. In addition, patients were divided into nine groups based on the observed changes in PSI after surgery and at follow-up, and the correction rate ratios were calculated among the groups. Independent samples T test and Chi-squared test were performed between the improved and aggravated groups of PSI. Results After surgery, the proximal thoracic curve (PTC) flexibility (P = 0.040), correction rate of the main thoracic curve (MTC) (P = 0.010), and Cobb angle of the lumbar curve (LC) (P = 0.037) were significantly higher, while the ratio of the correction rate of the PTC to the MTC (P = 0.042) was smaller in the aggravated group. At follow-up, the improved group had significantly larger PTC flexibility (P = 0.006), larger ratio of the correction rate of PTC to MTC (P = 0.046), a larger ratio correction rate of PTC to LC (P = 0.027), and a smaller correction rate of LC (P = 0.030). The correction rate ratios of the groups after surgery were as follows: negative to negative (N-N) (1.08) > negative to balance (N-B) (0.96) > negative to positive (N-P) (0.67), B-N (1.26) > B-B (0.94) > B-P (0.89), and P-N (0.34) > P-P (0.83). The order of the correction rate ratio at follow-up was as follows: N-N (0.96) > N-B (0.51), B-B (0.97) > B-P (0.90), and P-B (0.87) > P-P (0.84). Conclusion Harmonizing the correction rate ratio of the PTC, MTC, and LC should be recommended for intraoperative correction and postoperative compensation of PSI. In addition, greater PTC flexibility plays an important role in the spontaneous correction and compensation of PSI in SRS.

Validated clinical prediction models of short-term remission in psychosis are lacking. Our aim was to develop a clinical prediction model aimed at predicting 4-6-week remission following a first episode of psychosis.Baseline clinical data from the Athens First Episode Research Study was used to develop a Support Vector Machine prediction model of 4-week symptom remission in first-episode psychosis patients using repeated nested cross-validation. This model was further tested to predict 6-week remission in a sample of two independent, consecutive Danish first-episode cohorts.Of the 179 participants in Athens, 120 were male with an average age of 25.8 years and average duration of untreated psychosis of 32.8 weeks. 62.9% were antipsychotic-naïve. Fifty-seven percent attained remission after 4 weeks. In the Danish cohort, 31% attained remission. Eleven clinical scale items were selected in the Athens 4-week remission cohort. These included the Duration of Untreated Psychosis, Personal and Social Performance Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning and eight items from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. This model significantly predicted 4-week remission status (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) = 71.45, P.0001). It also predicted 6-week remission status in the Danish cohort (ROC-AUC = 67.74, P.0001), demonstrating reliability.Using items from common and validated clinical scales, our model significantly predicted early remission in patients with first-episode psychosis. Although replicated in an independent cohort, forward testing between machine learning models and clinicians' assessment should be undertaken to evaluate the possible utility as a routine clinical tool.

This study aimed in determining the effect of mind mapping to the science performance of Grade 5 Pupils of San Juan Elementary School. Two strategies were executed by the researchers in order analyze the performance of 40 pupils. For the direct teaching, the teacher delivered the topic on “Female Reproductive System” with proper procedure – from motivation to evaluation. Another strategy being executed by the teacher is by integrating mind mapping so as to evaluate the students’ understanding using the same topic. The result of evaluation was documented. Using direct teaching using traditional strategy and through multimedia presentation, the 40 pupils obtained a mean of 2.15 and sd 1.66 in a 5-item quiz. On the other hand, peer teaching generated a mean of 3.55 and sd 1.38. Lower coefficient of variation was observed in the result of integrating mind mapping (0.39) than the result of direct teaching (0.77), showing that integrating mind mapping in the teaching process generated a less varied scores than direct teaching. Using t-test for independent samples, assuming equal variances, the t-computed was -4.11 while the t-critical was 1.99. These values showed that integrating mind mapping in the lesson proper has significant effect to the science performance of the pupils. The conclusion is supported by the p-value 0.00. Based on the result of this study, recommendations to Science teachers, school heads, district supervisors and future researchers were given at the end of the study. Promotion of integrating mind mapping in teaching should be one of the foci of educators so as to improve science performance of pupils. The teacher-researchers reflected also on the importance of involving the learners on the process of teaching-learning as they themselves are the center and not the teachers.

There are still controversies around reconstructive surgeries used in POP treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the QoSL after VNTR vs. TVM surgery due to POP via the use of PISQ-12 and FSFI questionnaires. The study included a group of 121 sexually active patients qualified for reconstructive surgery due to symptomatic POP, and 50 control. The average results of PISQ-12 before and after surgery were compared using the t-test. The significance of the mean differences in demographic groups was measured using the t test for independent samples and one-way ANOVA. The results in the demographic groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Fifty-eight women had VNTR, while 63 had TVM. Results of PISQ-12 revealed significant improvement in the sexual life after reconstructive surgery (27.24 vs. 32.43, p &lt, 0.001, t = 8.48) both after VNTR and TVM. There were no significant differences in the assessment of the QoSL according to PISQ-12 and FSFI results between both analyzed groups of patients (PISQ-12: VNTR vs. TVM, t-test p = 0.19 and FSFI: VNTR vs. TVM, Mann–Whitney U test p = 0.54). VNTR is the treatment of choice in the case of uncomplicated primary POP.

This study aimed to determine the effect differences of the Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) learning model and the Direct Instruction (DI) learning model on Pencak Silat learning outcomes. The research method used was an experimental quantitative approach with an intact-group comparison design. Participants from the population included 44 students (23 boys and 21 girls) aged 14-15 years selected using systematic sampling. Data collection techniques used observation and document analysis. The data analysis technique employed the independent samples t-test. The study results concluded that there were differences in the effects of the DI learning model and the STAD learning model on Pencak Silat learning outcomes. Furthermore, the result showed that the STAD learning model was better than the DI learning model. Thus, the STAD learning model can be used to improve Pencak Silat's learning outcomes for Secondary School Students students.

The authors stated that the main objective of the current research is to analyze the relationship between the gender of injured teachers and independent variables, such as age, place of the accident, absence days, and severity of the injury, to improve women's occupational health and safety. Teachers' accidents recorded in Spain (N = 136,702) from 2003 through 2018 were analyzed by calculating their incidence rates, using statistical tools for independent samples. Gender differences were found in some of the variables studied. Women were more likely to suffer an occupational accident. Compensation per lost working day was found to be statistically lower for women, but no differences based on gender were found in the absence days due to occupational accidents suffered by teachers. The salary gap should be addressed to avoid gender economic discrimination among injured teachers. Preventive strategies should be developed to mitigate the negative difference caused by gender variables.

Background and Purpose: The Breastfeeding Relationship Scale (BFRS) was developed to measure mother–infant mutual responsiveness during breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the BFRS. Methods: Construct validity of a 16-item three-factor model (Mother–Infant Breastfeeding Interaction, Perceived Adequate Milk Supply, and Breastfeeding Synchronicity) was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) across two independent samples. Results: CFA of the hypothesized three-factor model demonstrated good fit in both samples (comparative fit index >.90, root mean square error of approximation Conclusion: The BFRS is a valid measure of breastfeeding relations between mother and infant. Reliability was acceptable for all constructs in both samples.