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Purpose/Objective(s) A United States (US) radiation oncology (RO) curriculum, developed by key stakeholders using best practices for curriculum inquiry, is needed to guide residency education and qualifying examinations. Competency-based training, including entrustable professional activities (EPAs), provides an outcomes-based approach to modern graduate medical education. This study developed the first list of US RO EPAs and curricular content domains (CDs) to guide resident training and assessment in the modern era. Materials/Methods The Radiation Oncology Education Collaborative Study Group (ROECSG) Core Curriculum Project Leadership Committee (LC) developed initial EPAs and CDs. Following recruitment of stakeholders, a Delphi process was used for consensus. In the first Delphi, EPAs and CDs were reviewed for inclusion/exclusion, clarity, level of training (EPAs only), and time allocation (CDs only). Participants submitted additional EPAs/CDs for consideration. Any EPA or CD one standard deviation below the median underwent LC review. All participants completing the first Delphi were invited to the second. New EPAs or EPAs undergoing major revisions were re-reviewed. Percent allocated curriculum time was finalized for CDs and for a single subdomain (SD). Results 186 participants representing diverse RO stakeholder groups volunteered to participate. 114 completed the first Delphi (61.3%): 6/9 CDs met consensus, 1 CD was removed, 2 CDs were combined (Table 1). Of 114 invited, 77 participants completed the second Delphi (67.5%). Of 55 initial EPAs, 52 final EPAs met consensus. 4 SDs of a single CD (Applied Sciences) were reviewed and met consensus. Consensus on percent time allocated per CD and SD was reached (Table 1). Conclusion Deliberative curriculum inquiry was successfully used to develop a consensus on US RO CDs/SDs and EPAs. These data can guide educational time in training programs and help inform weighting for qualifying examinations. CDs are not exclusive; educators must ensure all CDs are considered when delivering curriculum content, regardless of the primary CD. RO-specific EPAs can guide clinical training and resident assessment. The Delphi should be used to reach consensus recommendations for SD content breakdown. Given the evolving nature of RO and the need for curriculum renewal, the Delphi process will be repeated on an interval basis.

Generation X directors are slowly replacing Baby Boomers on U.S. corporate boards and will eventually dominate corporate boardrooms in the U.S. and around the world. We provide the first robust evidence of a significantly positive effect of Generation X directors on corporate performance. The positive effect is not driven by other director attributes such as age, sex, ethnicity, or professional expertise, and is robust to endogeneity checks using instrumental variables. Part of the improvement in firm performance can be attributed to the commitment of Generation X directors to corporate social responsibility and to the inclusion of women on corporate boards.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, neither government officials nor members of the news media fully grasped what was happening in the Latino community. Underreporting of COVID-19 cases led to a systematic neglect of the Latino population and resulted in disproportionately high rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. Illinois Unidos was formed to engage in community mobilization, health communication, advocacy, and policy work in response to inequalities exacerbated by COVID-19 in Latino communities in Illinois. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S204–S207. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306407 )

Abstract. Background: Although a wide range of studies discuss prevalence and risk factors associated with self-harm, protective factors that are equally important are rarely explored. Moreover, much of our understanding of young individuals who engage in self-harm come from studies conducted in Western countries with very little emphasis on marginalized groups. Aim: This scoping review identifies research on resilience among marginalized youth and youth living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) who show evidence of self-harm. Method: A scoping review following Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework was conducted. This effort included drawing upon peer-reviewed research published between January 2000 and September 2020 to identify protective factors and coping strategies that are employed by individuals 10–29 years old with self-harming tendencies. Results: A total of 15 original papers met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the LMIC publications were from China. Social support, positive youth development, and religiosity were the most frequently reported protective factors. Conclusion: Despite widespread concern about self-harm, there are few peer-reviewed articles that look at resilience or recovery among youth in LMICs and among marginalized young people. In addition to various internal and external protective factors, this scoping review identifies gaps in our understanding of resilience to self-harm among youth belonging to these groups.

Industry 4.0 is a revolutionizing concept which has a more significant implication to numerous industries of various sectors worldwide. Industry 4.0 acts as a technical catalyst in accelerated growth through systematic adaptation and new-generation cutting-edge engineering tools. IoT, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, 3D printing, Big-data analytics, cloud-computing are some of the primary technologies which work in join hand to make the vision of Industry 4.0 successful. In addition, it promotes autonomous industry, which in turn considerably reduces human intervention, thus resulting in efficient working and safeguard companies' interests. Due to the faster adaption of Industry 4.0, authors have attempted to define each and every concept related to it and to explore a futuristic roadmap, special focusing on its implication in the contemporary market. In the 21st century Industry, 4.0 is the need of the hour, so it has become essential to understand the state-of-the-art technologies involved.

La inclusión social y educativa es el componente clave para lograr un verdadero cambio a nivel global, nacional y local; este indispensable factor requiere de una organización, legalización y estructuración que lo impulse hacia el éxito y real desenvolvimiento de todas aquellas personas que se identifiquen con este pensamiento universal, un estilo de vida que demuestra la diversidad y percepción del mundo que tienen sus miembros; además, el papel que desempeñan en la sociedad y como ésta avanza en mecanismos legales y educativos que reflejen sus necesidades y características esenciales. Por ello, este artículo recoge las concepciones teóricas más relevantes de autores reconocidos internacionalmente, identificando las perspectivas y las tendencias actuales en materia legal que se manejan desde diferentes instituciones y países en el fortalecimiento de una vida digna para personas con cualquier tipo de discapacidad. Por lo cual, se realizó una revisión sistémica de varios trabajos y textos científicos donde se abordan las temáticas desde sus experiencias docentes. Finalizando, con apreciaciones y sugerencias que influyen positivamente en la cultura inclusiva y el compromiso del personal docente.

The Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology journal was examined based on authorship and gender from 2007 to 2020. Data were calculated for total authorship by gender (women and men), authorship as first author by gender, articles with at least one woman as an author, articles with at least one man as an author, and collaborative articles. There were 3,442 listed authors across 794 articles. Women and men accounted for 43.3% and 55.5% authorship, respectively, irrespective of authorship order. Women were listed as first authors 48.3%, and men were listed as first authors 51.5%. Editorial boards were also examined based on gender from 2006 to 2021. The total number (and percentage) of women on editorial boards increased across editorial terms, with the present term showing the highest inclusion of women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Humans have a fundamental need to belong and affiliate with others. The term inclusion motivation, coined here, represents the drive of the individual toward an active attempt to be included, at least as equally as others, in social interactions. It is postulated to be triggered by social exclusion and further influenced by personal traits and other stable conditions. To assess inclusion motivation, we developed the active inclusion task (AIT), which is based on the cyberball paradigm. The AIT allows participants for the first time to actively influence their inclusion during conditions of fair play and exclusion, by waving a virtual hand controlled by keyboard presses. In the first step of our study, we examined how different levels of required effort affect the performance of participants (N = 154) by using two versions of the AIT that differ in the magnitude of influence generated by each keypress. Using basic measures of motivation, we found that behavioral inhibition predicted lower numbers of keypresses during exclusion compared with fair play, only when high effort was required. Conversely, higher behavioral activation predicted higher numbers of keypresses across conditions. In the second step of our study, we tested whether loneliness accounts for differences in inclusion motivation. Results show that higher loneliness score predicted higher number of keypresses during exclusion compared with fair play, only when low effort was required. Collectively, we propose that inclusion motivation should be considered as a prominent facet of motivation with the potential to explain social behavior in health and in psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Decentralisation plays a key role in Rwanda’s efforts to overcome the violence and instability of the past by fostering national unity and by bringing governance closer to the people. This paper examines the impact of decentralisation on the feelings of inclusion of Rwanda’s most marginalised group, the Batwa. Drawing on a 4-year empirical project, our findings suggest that, despite impressive improvements in the living standards of the poorest and efforts to encourage participation in local decision making, many Twa do not feel included. This suggests that the government has not yet succeeded in creating downward accountability. We attribute this to two factors: continuing economic inequality and poor communication.

OBJECTIVE Community-engaged research (CEnR) is an approach to inquiry that centers scientist-community partnerships characterized by mutuality and reciprocity, and is well-aligned with trauma-informed principles, such as trustworthiness, transparency, and fostering empowerment. METHOD The current paper considers definitions and applications of CEnR, highlighting examples from the trauma literature, from the formulation of research questions to the dissemination of research findings. CONCLUSION To realize CEnR's promise to contribute to innovation, scientific understanding, and increased impact in the trauma field will require a shift in training and institutions. Fortunately, a growing interest in advocacy, public psychology, and diversity, equity, and inclusion presents an opportunity for synergy. Practical guidance is offered for supporting CEnR by preparing students, investing in faculty, and building infrastructure. Clinical Impact Statement: Community-engaged research (CEnR) focuses on equitable scientist-community partnerships in research, and shares principles with trauma-informed work. By prioritizing community collaboration, CEnR has the potential to lead to innovation, scientific understanding, and increased impact in the trauma field. For example, CEnR approaches emphasize dissemination to public audiences, which could help educate the public and policymakers about trauma and its impact. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Many women stop breastfeeding earlier than what they intended prior to birth. Although there are many studies that focus on the factors that influence women’s antenatal breastfeeding decisions, the factors that influence women’s decisions during the continuum of antenatal and postnatal period are less known. Aim To understand and synthesise the contemporary factors that influence women’s decisions on infant feeding from the antenatal period and across the breastfeeding continuum. Method Five online databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. We included original search articles that were published since 2015 to August 2021 and were available in English. The framework of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. Out of the 872 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of our study. We used theory of birth territory and midwifery guardianship to synthesise the interactions between the themes. Findings Five main themes were identified: (a) Women’s own views, (b) Family and friend’s preferences and advice, (c) Health professional’s preference, advice and practice, (d) Sociocultural norms, and (e) Media representation. The interaction between the themes was explained based on women’s intrinsic and extrinsic power outlined in the birth territory and midwifery guardianship theory. Conclusion The factors that influence women’s decisions towards infant feeding methods are complex and multi-dimensional. Promoting and supporting women towards breastfeeding need to focus on the factors that are tailored for a woman within her social network where she can feel safe about her breastfeeding decisions.

The gender gap is a significant concern facing the software industry as the development becomes more geographically distributed. Widely shared reports indicate that gender differences may be specific to each region. However, how complete can these reports be with little to no research reflective of the Open Source Software (OSS) process and communities software is now commonly developed in? Our study presents a multi-region geographical analysis of gender inclusion on GitHub. This mixed-methods approach includes quantitatively investigating differences in gender inclusion in projects across geographic regions and investigate these trends over time using data from contributions to 21,456 project repositories. We also qualitatively understand the unique experiences of developers contributing to these projects through a survey that is strategically targeted to developers in various regions worldwide. Our findings indicate that gender diversity is low across all parts of the world, with no substantial difference across regions. However, there has been statistically significant improvement in diversity worldwide since 2014, with certain regions such as Africa improving at faster pace. We also find that most motivations and barriers to contributions (e.g., lack of resources to contribute and poor working environment) were shared across regions, however, some insightful differences, such as how to make projects more inclusive, did arise. From these findings, we derive and present implications for tools that can foster inclusion in open source software communities and empower contributions from everyone, everywhere., 19 pages, 16 tables, 3 figures, Includes appendices

Objective The insights of Latinx/@ immigrants are essential to developing interventions that better address complex multilevel phenomena impacting mental health. Despite important advances in methods that genuinely embody participatory research practices, attention to collaborative data collection, analysis, and dissemination are limited. Our aim is to describe the development and implementation of research practices to address these gaps through an emphasis on and understanding of the centrality of language in collaborative research processes. Method Guided from the outset by community-based participatory research principles, our community-academic research partnership recognized the importance of developing and intentionally studying our collaborative processes. As part of an ethnographic interview study with 24 Latinx/@ immigrants, a community-university research team developed innovative methods, including practices related to research team meetings, data collection, analysis, and dissemination, which we documented through ongoing discussion and reflection. Results The resulting participatory research processes were grounded in a theoretical framework of praxis and language and included six innovative and iterative stages: (a) Establishing the research team, (b) planning the interview process/data collection, (c) developing the data analysis methodology, (d) interpreting findings to adapt the intervention, (e) integrating results of the participatory process into the analysis, and (f) data analysis for dissemination. Conclusions A focus on praxis and language revealed how the language of research structures' power, meaning, feeling, collaboration, analysis, and transformation. We also found that bilingual participatory analytic processes have important implications with respect to achieving genuine inclusion in rigorous research that moves toward equity for Latinx/@ immigrants and other populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

HIV incidence remains high among US youth, especially among sexual minority youth. However, only half of youth with HIV are aware of their status. One potential explanation for low HIV testing rates is that restrictive policies may prevent minors from access HIV testing due to parental consent requirements. Using pooled data from the local Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we assessed whether state HIV testing laws, including age restrictions and explicit inclusion of HIV in STI testing consent laws, were associated with differences in HIV testing rates; differences by sexual behavior were also examined. Among female youth, policies were not associated with HIV testing. However, among male youth, both the presence of age restrictions and explicit inclusion in STI services were significantly associated with increased odds of HIV testing. Results indicate that policy changes may be effective at increasing testing among male youth who have sex with other males.

The Covid-19 pandemic has greatly impacted physical therapy services. In the context of the physical distancing strategy, physical therapy services at health care centers are very limited. Telemedicine or telerehabilitation offers a solution that is expected to be realized by physical therapy services so that it can be accessed by patients with impaired function and movement from home and can reduce the risk of the getting Covid-19 virus infection during this pandemic. This study aims to systematically review the effectiveness of physical therapy services through telemedicine or telerehabilitation during Covid-19 pandemic. The method used is a systematic review done by searching for articles from Science Direct, Scopus, and Proquest with the keywords "Effective AND Physical Therapy AND Telemedicine OR Telerehabilitation AND Coronavirus". The inclusion criteria are articles published from April 2020 to April 2021, full-text articles, and in English. Research subjects are physical therapy patients who use telemedicine or telerehabilitation. The exclusion criteria were articles that had topics outside of physical therapy services through telemedicine or telerehabilitation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The literature search yielded 30 potential articles and 8 of them met the eligibility criteria. All selected studies show that physical therapy services through telemedicine or telerehabilitation have a good result on the recovery process of movement and body function of patients with cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromuscular disorders during the Covid-19 pandemic. This method of remote health care delivery allows patients to carry out an exercise program at home and reduces their risk of getting Covid-19 virus infection.

The increasing use of automated systems for decision-making and decision support in public administration is forming new practices and challenging public values since public services must be impartially accessible and designed for everyone. New robotistic process automation (RPA) systems are generally designed based on back-office structures. This requires clients to submit relevant data correctly in order for these services to function. However, not all potential or intended users of these services have the competence and the capacity to submit accurate data in the correct way. Front-line case workers at public agencies play critical roles in supporting those who have problems using the services due to the aforementioned accessibility requirements and thereby work in bridging digital divides. This article analyses strategies used by front-line case workers to complement RPA and improve the inclusion of all clients in the services. It builds on qualitative case studies at two Swedish authorities, including in-depth interviews and observations. The study shows that the discretion of the front-line case workers is limited by the RPA systems, and they also have limited discretion to support clients in their use of the digital services. Instead, they develop strategies in line with more service- and socially-oriented values; duty-oriented values are integrated into the RPA. The analysis shows the importance of forming new support structures for inclusion when public services are automated to maintain the core public values of inclusion and democratic legitimacy.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy (EBP) for repeated suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury and Borderline Personality Disorder. There has been little research on the effectiveness or implementation of DBT via telehealth. However, literature has demonstrated that other EBPs delivered via telehealth are just as effective as in person. DBT differs from these EBPs in complexity, inclusion of group sessions, length of treatment, and focus on individuals at high risk for suicide. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused mental health care services across the country and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to transition to telehealth to reduce infection risk for patients and providers. This transition offered an opportunity to learn about implementing DBT via telehealth on a national scale. We conducted a survey of DBT team points of contact in VA (N = 32) to gather information about how DBT via telehealth was being implemented, challenges and solutions, and provider perceptions. The majority reported that their site continued offering the modes of DBT via telehealth that they had offered in person. The predominant types of challenges in transitioning to telehealth were related to technology on the provider and patient side. Despite challenges, most providers reported their experience was better than expected and had positive perceptions of patient acceptability. Skills group was the more difficult mode to provide via telehealth. Providers endorsed needing additional tools (e.g., means to get diary card data electronically). Multiple benefits of DBT via telehealth were identified, such as addressing barriers to care including distance, transportation issues, and caregiving and work responsibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Disability is an important facet of diversity. Although diversity in clinical training in health service psychology has improved considerably, training often neglects accessibility and inclusion for individuals with sensory disabilities. The limited research to date documents that trainees with sensory disabilities (TSD) report extensive barriers and are consistently under-represented in clinical settings. Further, few resources have been developed to guide accommodating TSD in clinical training. Accordingly, our goals in this article are two-fold: (1) to highlight the barriers in clinical training faced by TSD and (2) to provide recommendations for trainees, supervisors, clinical leadership, and directors of clinical training to improve accessibility and inclusion for TSD. We offer vignettes to illustrate barriers faced by TSD and suggest guidelines to improve access for TSD.

In many cities, incentives and regulations lead developers to integrate low-income housing into market-rate buildings. How cost-effective are these policies? I study take-up of a tax incentive in New York City using a model in which developers trade off between tax savings and pre-tax income. Estimating the model using policy variation and microdata on development from 2003 to 2015, I find a citywide marginal fiscal cost of $1.6 million per low-income unit. Differences in neighborhoods, not developer incidence, explain the cost premium over other housing programs. Weighing costs against estimates of neighborhood effects, I conclude middle-class neighborhoods offer “opportunity bargains.”

This paper takes a critical interactional sociolinguistic approach to examine the construction of interculturality (e.g., Nishizaka 1995; Mori 2003) through the use of vocatives in the discourse of a multi-cultural graduate student project group at a large American university. Interviews and descriptive information contextualize the analysis to demonstrate that the use of vocatives achieves a tight linking of inclusion but also inequality in the group talk that involves the Japanese member. The group’s vocatives show a shared interest in bringing the Japanese member into the interaction, but they also construct unequal rights to the floor. They contribute to an interculturality of subordination and an artificial sense of intimacy, characteristics consistent with the institutional setting of the group and attitudes members held about each other. In this environment, the status quo of power identities and a deficit view of the Japanese member goes largely uncontested and limits the ability of American members to learn from their Japanese partner.

OBJECTIVE Translation and cross-cultural adaptation to the Spanish context of the Place Standard tool to undertake participatory evaluations in place-based communities. METHOD A back-translation method was used to obtain an adapted version of the original Place Standard tool. The translated version was reviewed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts and validated using the Delphi method. RESULTS The final version of the adapted Place Standards tool (Entornos de Vida in Spanish) consists of 14 dimensions and 99 items. 21% of the items presented semantic difficulties during the translation. Total consensus through the Delphi panel was reached on 72% of the items. The analysis resulted in changes to the wording, and organization of the items, and the inclusion of new or modified questions to reflect the characteristics of the Spanish context. CONCLUSIONS The validation of the Entornos de Vida tool will enable the evaluation of place-based communities characteristics/physical and socio-economic contexts in a participatory and equitable manner that focuses on social determinants of health. Its application in scenarios that take into account processes of local health action will support the practice of health promotion and equity, and centre the attention and action on the physical and socio-economic contexts with the aim to learn how places and municipal policies can affect health and well-being.

Objective We sought to systematically review the literature on values and preferences regarding contraception among individuals within selected key populations. Study design As part of a larger set of reviews on patients’ and providers’ values and preferences related to contraception globally, we searched ten electronic databases for articles from January 1, 2005 to July 27, 2020. No language restrictions were applied. Data was independently abstracted by two authors and study rigor was assessed using an 8-item measure developed by the Evidence Project for quantitative studies and an adapted CASP checklist for qualitative studies. Results We identified 12 studies that met our inclusion criteria examining selected key populations, including sex workers, transmasculine individuals, people who inject drugs, or those living in humanitarian contexts. Seven key themes that spoke to values and preferences emerged related to: autonomy, perceived effectiveness and safety, birth spacing and family outcomes, impacts on sexual experience, hormonal effects (e.g. desire for non-hormonal method or perception that the method is more natural as compared to hormonal methods), physical attributes (e.g. appearance and/or ease of use), and stigma. Six studies were of high rigor, five were of moderate rigor, and one was of low rigor. One study described the values and preferences of two of the selected key populations. The research available on the values and preferences of sex workers regarding methods of contraception was limited to female condoms. Conclusion Consideration of the values and preferences of individuals within selected key populations can inform providers, programme managers and policy makers participating in the delivery of contraceptive care. Contraceptive research among sex workers, transmasculine individuals, people who inject drugs, or those living in humanitarian contexts is quite limited; further research is needed to better understand the values and preferences of these populations.

Objective We sought to systematically review the literature on contraceptive values and preferences of pregnant women, postpartum women, women seeking emergency contraception, and women seeking abortion services, globally. Study design We searched ten electronic databases for articles from January 1, 2005 through July 27, 2020 regarding users’ values and preferences for contraception. Results were divided into four sub-groups. Results Twenty-three studies from 10 countries met the inclusion criteria. Values and preferences across all four sub-groups were influenced by method effectiveness, access, availability, convenience, cost, side effects, previous experience, partner approval, and societal norms. Similarities and differences were evident across sub-groups, especially concerning contraceptive benefits and side effects. No contraceptive method had all the features users deemed important. Many studies emphasized values and preferences surrounding long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), including convenience of accessing LARCs and concerns about side effect profiles. Discussion Individuals must have access to a full range of safe and effective modern contraceptive options, allowing people to make decisions based on evolving contraceptive preferences over time. Future contraception guideline development, policy, and programmatic implementation should continue considering the added influence of these specific reproductive experiences on contraceptive values and preferences of users to improve access, counseling, and method choice.

Objective Gynecological cancer (GC) survivors have unmet needs when they complete primary cancer treatment. Despite this, no known research has summarized these needs and survivors’ suggestions to address them. We conducted a scoping review to fill these gaps and develop a model useful to guide clinical discussions and/or intervention. Methods English, full length, and accessible primary studies describing the needs of GC survivors were included. No restrictions on date nor country of publication were applied. Two reviewers extracted data, which was verified by a third reviewer. Results Seventy-one studies met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Results were thematically grouped into seven dimensions: physical needs, sexuality-related concerns, altered self-image, psychological wellbeing, social support needs, supporting the return to work, and healthcare challenges and preferences. After consulting with a stakeholder group (a GC survivor, clinicians, and researchers), the dimensions were summarized into a proposed model to guide clinical assessments and/or intervention. Conclusion Results illuminate the diverse needs of GC survivors as they complete primary cancer treatment and their recommendations for care to meet these needs. Practice Implications The resulting model can be used to guide assessments, discussions and/or interventions to optimally prepare GC survivors for transition out of primary cancer treatment.

Recruiting and promoting women and racial/ethnic minorities could help enhance diversity and inclusion in the academic cardiothoracic (CT) surgery workforce. However, the demographics of trainees and faculty at US training programs have not yet been studied.Traditional, integrated (I-6), and fast-track (4+3) programs listed in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) public database were analyzed. Demographics of trainees and surgeons, including gender, race/ethnicity, subspecialty, and academic appointment (if applicable), were obtained from ACGME Data Resource Books, institutional websites, and public profiles. Chi-square and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were performed.In July 2020, 78 institutions had at least 1 CT surgery training program; 40 (51%) had only a traditional program, 20 (26%) traditional and I-6, 6 (8%) all 3 types of program, and 4 (5%) only I-6. The proportion of female trainees increased significantly from 2011 to 2019 (19% vs 24%, P.001), with female I-6 trainees outnumbering female traditional trainees since 2018. Significant increases by race/ethnicity were observed overall and by program type, notably for Asian and Hispanic individuals in I-6 programs and Black individuals in traditional programs. Finally, of the 1175 CT surgeons identified, 633 (54%) were adult cardiac surgeons, 360 (37%) assistant professors, 116 (10%) women, and 33 (3%) Black.The demographic landscape of CT surgery trainees and faculty across multiple training pathways reflects increasing representation by gender and race/ethnicity. However, we must continue to work toward equitable representation in the workforce to benefit the diverse patients we treat.

Background Women who were born overseas represent an increasing proportion of women giving birth in the Australian healthcare system. Problem Women from migrant and refugee backgrounds have an increased risk of poor pregnancy and birth outcomes, including experiences of care. Aim To understand how women from migrant and refugee backgrounds perceive and experience the continuum of maternity care (pregnancy, birth, postnatal) in Australia. Methodology We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis, searching MEDLINE, CIHAHL, and PsycInfo for studies published from inception to 23/05/2020. We included studies that used qualitative methods for data collection and analysis, that explored migrant/refugee women’s experiences or perceptions of maternity care in Australia. We used a thematic synthesis approach, assessed the methodological limitations of included studies, and used GRADE-CERQual to assess confidence in qualitative review findings. Results 27 studies met the inclusion criteria, representing women in Australia from 42 countries. Key themes were developed into 24 findings, including access to interpreters, structural barriers to service utilisation, experiences with health workers, trust in healthcare, experiences of discrimination, preferences for care, and conflicts between traditional cultural expectations and the Australian medical system. Conclusion This review can help policy makers and organisations who provide care to women from migrant and refugee backgrounds to improve their experiences with maternity care. It highlights factors linked to negative experiences of care as well as factors associated with more positive experiences to identify potential changes to practices and policies that would be well received by this population.

Web-based technology has proven itself indispensable in education, especially in distance education and in developing countries. Technological advances and the Covid-19 pandemic have forced higher education institutions to be innovative in delivering education in their countries. This paper seeks to demonstrate the role and value of e-portfolios as an alternative teaching and learning tool in distance education and the online environment, especially in developing countries. A systematic review of peer-reviewed academic studies of e-portfolios between 2010 and 2020 was conducted. A total of 18 papers were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The review shows that the use of e-portfolios is still a relatively new trend in developing countries. The study also revealed that e-portfolios can infuse important skills such as self-directed learning, critical thinking and lifelong learning. These results have the potential to help institutions to creatively design appropriate support tools and strategies alongside the implementation of e-portfolios in their contexts.

Recently, Social Media (SM)’s adoption as educational instruments in Higher Education (HE) has been gaining popularity among researchers and practitioners. Nonetheless it has been adopted to support various learning approaches such as Cooperative Learning (CL). Despite the growing research in this field, few studies have proposed a comprehensive SM integration framework as well as empirical studies to evaluate its effectiveness. This paper examines how SM is being used as a pedagogical tool in HE and identifies major factors that drives SM’s inclusion in HE classrooms. In addition, the paper investigates the effectiveness of a previously proposed integration framework which was developed to promote CL using a popular SM platform, LinkedIn. A survey was administered to collect data from students in different subjects at a university in Australia. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was adopted for data analysis using IBM’s SPSS26 and AMOS26. One of the notable results of this study is the significant positive relation found between the use of the adopted integration framework and CL, SM challenges’ mitigation, students’ intention to use SM and their learning process. The findings of this study have important implications for practice and pave the way for future empirical studies.

Aim To explore studies related to team teaching in undergraduate nursing education and to identify its implications for practice. Background Team teaching is a pedagogical approach that has been used in a wide variety of settings since the mid-twentieth century. This approach aims to encourage critical thinking through exposure to a multifocal teaching approach. Incorporating various teaching approaches is crucial to cultivating knowledge and practical ability among future nurses. Despite its apparent potential as a pedagogy, peer-reviewed literature contains little evidence regarding the implementation of team teaching in undergraduate nursing education. Design Scoping review strategy was used in this review to examine the extent and range of available literature on team teaching in undergraduate nursing education. Methods : The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used as the reporting guideline for this review. Literature search was conducted using six databases in addition to grey literature search. Results Six papers met the inclusion criteria, and all were conducted in high income countries. Four main themes were evident in included studies. These were study approach, student perspectives, teacher perspectives and broad recommendations. The majority (96%) of participants in the studies were students. Positive findings revealed that team teaching is of benefit to students’ active learning, reflection skills, leadership skills, and student-teacher bonding. Team teaching that pairs academics with frontline clinicians was also suggested as one way to address the gap between theory and practice often cited as a weakness of modern-day nursing training. Challenges identified by studies included, students' experiences observing personality clashes between teachers, and extra time demands being placed on teachers due to intensive planning. Conclusions This review highlights that any level of teaming and/or collaboration is better, in many aspects, than solo teaching in undergraduate nursing education. A clear need was identified for research exploring the perspective of nurse educators and managers regarding their perceptions of team teaching.

Globally, 5–30% of children have eczema which could be partly attributable to skin cleansing routines. Evidence-based international guidance on this topic is lacking and dated national UK guidelines may not reflect best practices. We conducted a mixed method, UK-wide (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) cross-sectional survey to investigate parental cleansing of their newborn's skin; 973 responses were suitable for inclusion. Sixty percent (60%) of participants delayed the first cleansing after birth for 48 h and 79.4% of participants cleansed their newborn's nappy area with each change. Participants from Scotland were more likely to cleanse their newborn within the first 48 h (X22 = 29.3, p

Objective: Medication is particularly important to advocates within the mental health recovery movement and this movement is founded upon a resistance to coercive treatment. Given this history, we explored the perspectives of providers and service users engaged in the recovery-oriented practice Person-Centered Care Planning (PCCP) to understand (a). How providers trained in PCCP understand the role of psychiatric medication and (b). How service users receiving services from providers trained in PCCP understand and experience the role of psychiatric medication in treatment. Method: This study comprises data from the qualitative phase of an NIMH-funded randomized trial of PCCP, an evidence-based recovery-oriented practice. Data were collected from 22 focus groups of providers and service users across seven community mental health centers. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Qualitative themes from the provider focus groups included "promoting adherence" and "medication as a precondition." Providers expressed that service users need to be adherent to medication and their symptoms managed before recovery-oriented practices could be pursued. Service user themes included "we were cattle" and medication as "my saving grace." While many experienced medication as helpful, they found providers' focus on adherence to be inflexible and, at times, coercive. Conclusion and Implications for Practice: These results suggest that even within agencies actively implementing recovery-oriented practices, there are aspects of treatment, namely medication management, that are more impervious to recovery principles. Agency level trainings in PCCP and other recovery-oriented practices would benefit from the inclusion of all staff, including psychiatrists and other prescribers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Orthopedic surgery is one of the least diverse medical specialties. Other medical specialties have employed diversity-related initiatives to increase the number of students underrepresented in medicine (URM). Furthermore, with the suspension of visiting student rotations during the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students used residency program Web sites as a main source of program-specific information. Aims/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the extent to which orthopedic surgery residency program Web sites describe diversity and inclusion initiatives. Methods: The Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) was used to identify U.S. orthopedic surgery residency programs. The programs’ Web sites were reviewed, and data on commitments to diversity and inclusion were collected. Descriptive statistics of these data were generated. Results: There were 192 residency programs identified and 3 were excluded from the analysis due to lack of Web sites. Of the remaining 189 residency program Web sites, only 55 (29.10%) contained information on diversity and inclusion. Information on a commitment to improving diversity and inclusion was the most prevalent data point found among program Web sites, although it was found on only 15% of program Web sites. Conclusion: Orthopedic surgery residency programs rarely address topics related to diversity and inclusion on their program Web sites. An emphasis on opportunities for URM students and initiatives related to diversity and inclusion on program Web sites may improve URM outreach and serve as one method for increasing URM matriculation into orthopedic surgery.

Introduction: Smoking activity or behavior is one of the serious problems that can cause dangerous diseases. Methods: This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with three samples that we had selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the sample of this study were moderate and heavy smokers (Brinkman Index >200) and had quit smoking in the last two years. The exclusion criteria of this study were tiral smoker (trial smoker) and having comorbidities that generally make a person stop smoking due to their disease conditions. Interviews were conducted in a structured manner throughout March through the social media voice note chat application. Results: Three respondents in this study started smoking because they joined friends and quit smoking because of the increase in cigarette prices and received family support to quit smoking. Conclusion: The main principle in quitting smoking is to strengthen your intention and fill your daily life with positive activities, be it work or worship. Efforts to quit smoking are not instantaneous, so it needs support and assistance from people around someone who is about to quit smoking.

Despite federal policy changes facilitating the recruitment and retention of international students in Canada, programming at Canadian universities is uneven and has created conditions for the population’s social exclusion. Canadian immigration policy has positioned international students as a desirable cohort of prospective immigrants, due to their age, economic potential, education, and official language skills. Canada’s 2014 International Education Strategy aims to double the number of international students, retaining them as economic migrants, and later permanent residents. However, temporary legal status and limited access to federally funded settlement services positions post- secondary institutions as the population’s primary settlement service provider, compounding the barriers to successful societal integration. As such, international graduates face barriers that mirror those of traditional immigrants. Critically exploring Canadian policy and post-secondary programming relating to international students, this paper applies the social inclusion perspective to recommend policy modifications and service approaches to ensure greater inclusion of international students.

This chapter shows that some of the most shifts in thinking and policy in this important dimension of teachers' initial teacher education programme. It provides the most advice from the Department for Education in England, providing practical, hands-on information to teachers. There has been a noticeable move away from reactive approaches to dealing with unwanted behaviour over the last 20 or more years. The chapter outlines the policy context in England. If teachers are learning to teach outside England, ask their tutors about policy in their context. There has been an increasing emphasis upon the inclusion of a greater diversity of pupils in mainstream schools in the last 20 years. The underpinning ideology of educational inclusion is that the educational needs of all pupils in schools should be met, irrespective of their level of achievement or the nature of their behavior.

Introduction. Today the question of formation of health of children and teenagers is comprehensively considered by the general system of scientific knowledge representing rather independent, purposeful cognitive multilevel activity. Aim is to define and characterize in a projection of the theory of scientific knowledge preconditions of development of the concept of health-forming technologies in the course of adaptive physical education of children of school age with hearing impairments. Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data of special scientific and methodical literature; monitoring of information resources of the Internet; sociological methods (questionnaires); method of copying (review and selection of materials from medical records); pedagogical methods (pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment), methods of mathematical statistics. Results. According to the theory of scientific cognition, based on theoretical and empirical levels and forms of its functioning, we present the structure of definition and scientific evidence base of the prerequisites for the concept of health technologies in the process of adaptive physical education of school-age children with hearing impairments. scientifically-based socio-pedagogical, socio-economic, biological-medical, biological-physiological, ecological-environmental, ecological-cultural, personal-motivational and personal-effective provisions. Conclusions. Turning to the basics of the theory of cognition, we have identified four main categories of prerequisites for the author's concept and hypothesis of its effective implementation, which involves their direct consideration, namely the inclusion of social, biological, environmental and personal principles in the theoretical and methodological foundations of health technologies in adaptive physical education school-age children with hearing impairments

Decision-making for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex, with multiple beneficial medication options available, but with the potential for treatment-related adverse effects and significant economic considerations. Indigenous patients make treatment decisions informed by an interplay of clinical, family, and societal factors. Shared decision-making may represent an approach to support treatment decisions in a culturally congruent manner. Our objective was to identify aspects of arthritis care that Indigenous participants found relevant for shared decision-making and to explore preferences for shared decision-making strategies.A purposive sampling from rheumatology clinics that provide services to Indigenous patients in a Canadian urban center was used to recruit participants for interviews. Seven participants were recruited to reach content saturation. Interview content was coded by 2 individuals, including an Indigenous patient with RA, and the data were analyzed via thematic analysis.Participants were all women ages 37-61 years living with RA. Participants supported the idea that shared decision-making would be beneficial, primarily to support decisions around treatment plans and medication changes. Shared decision-making approaches would need to reflect Indigenous-specific content areas, such as benefits and risks of therapy informed by data from Indigenous patient populations and inclusion of traditional modes of healing. All participants were interested in having a decision coach and preferred that decision aids be in both paper and electronic formats for accessibility.This study advances knowledge in the priority areas and specific content needed in the shared decision-making process and the preferences of shared decision-making strategies relevant and appropriate for urban Indigenous women living with RA in Canada.

Aim: In Europe, approximately 150.000 patients are diagnosed with head and neck cancer annually. Dentists play an important role in prevention and detection at an early stage when survival rates are best. This study aims to evaluate content of head and neck cancer education curricula of European dental schools. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire, comprising 20 questions about content of curricula and teaching methods, was distributed to the deans of all 234 members of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. Results: The response rate was 24%. All dental schools included head and neck cancer screening practices in their curricula, two-thirds had their students perform this screening on all patients routinely and education was mostly divided over various courses (65%). A variation in content of education in screening practices and counselling patients about various risk factors was reported. Alcohol and tobacco use were included in most curricula as risk factors for head and neck cancer (98%), gastro-oesophageal reflux was less frequently included (41%). The human papillomavirus (HPV) as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer was included in 94% of curricula and 87% also contained education about strategies to discuss prevention of HPV-related cancer. No association was found between curricula containing strategies about discussing HPV-related cancer and inclusion of the HPV vaccine in national immunisation programmes. Conclusion: Head and neck cancer teaching programmes show a considerable variation across European dental schools. Development of a unified teaching programme suitable for all European dental schools seems warranted.

Introduction Healthcare workers have a high risk of cross-infection during the care of Covid-19 cases. Personal protective equipment can reduce the risk. However, healthcare workers must be trained for the proper use of personal protective equipment to decrease exposure risk. This study aimed to investigate whether videos available on YouTube, presenting procedures of donning and doffing personal protective equipment, can be a useful learning resource for healthcare workers. Methods A search of YouTube was conducted using the keywords “Covid-19, personal protective equipment, donning, doffing”. Two investigators reviewed each video and collected the basic video information. Total videos were assessed independently as educationally useful and non-useful categories using a valid tool. The relationship of each video's usefulness with viewers’ preferences and the upload source were analyzed. Results A total of 300 videos were assessed; 66 (22%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Total video scores of educationally useful videos were higher than non-useful ones; the differences were significant. Healthcare/government agencies and hospitals mostly created educationally useful videos, e-learning platforms, and individuals mainly created non-useful videos. Significant correlations were observed between the video's usefulness and the total view and views per day. Conclusions During a pandemic, YouTube might be a resource for learning donning and doffing of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers if an appropriate selection process applied for determining educationally useful videos.

Objective To provide a review of the current literature surrounding barriers to reproductive medicine and present examples of how resident and fellow education can be used to overcome these barriers. Design A review of relevant literature addressing barriers to reproductive medicine, resident and fellow education, and related materials was completed. Setting Academic medical institutions Patients None Interventions None Main outcome measures Health disparities and barriers in access to care Results Of barriers in access to care, three here are reviewed in detail: cost of healthcare, racial inequities, and marginalization of immigrant communities. Suggested strategies to mitigate these barriers include: reducing racial inequities through improved diversity within reproductive medicine and resident and fellow anti-racism training, opportunities for trainees to engage in advocacy, strengthening REI clinical exposure and educational curriculums in training programs, inclusion of residents and fellows in clinical care, and improving the accessibility of fertility care through implementing approaches to optimize the management of infertility in challenging resource-constrained settings. Conclusions Infertility is one of the most prevalent reproductive health diseases, yet profound disparities and inequities in access to care exist today in the United States. Lower income, minority and immigrant communities are among those most marginalized. Improved access to care begins with broadened OB/GYN and REI trainee education which acknowledges the barriers these communities face and provides strategies to help overcome these obstacles to care.

Background and objective Axial spondyloarthritis is an immune-mediated disease with a high cost, diagnostic delay and associated complications that makes it a particularly important condition. This work aims to establish a certification standard (SpACE Project) for monographic consultations in its diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods Qualitative study of consensus, through the technique of the nominal group. First, a pragmatic review of the literature was carried out. Second, professionals involved throughout the care process (rheumatology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, traumatology, family medicine, physical therapy, and nursing) were included. Results Thirty-seven possible standards were extracted from the pragmatic review of the literature. During the consensus phase only those standards with high feasibility and importance in the care process were prioritized. Finally, the group of 26 experts agreed on the inclusion of 14 standards. Discussion and conclusions SpACE is a consensus-based certification standard that seeks to improve health outcomes and more integrated care.

How does a professional sport organization with a toxic organizational culture transform its workplace to one built around equity, diversity, and inclusion? This article addresses that question in a case study that explores the aftermath of the Dallas Mavericks’ sexual harassment scandal. The case allows students to analyze the crisis the Mavericks faced after a Sports Illustrated article exposed the organization’s corrosive workplace culture. Students will discuss the strategies Mavericks’ chief executive officer Cynthia Marshall deployed to transform the Mavericks’ workplace culture. Furthermore, students will consider how those strategies have broader utility in improving organizational diversity throughout the sport industry. A theoretical framework, a case narrative, and teaching notes are provided to support implementation of the case study in sport management curricula.

In the wake of recent widespread interest in telemedicine during the COVID-19 era, many orthopaedic surgeons may be unfamiliar with clinical examination skills, patients' safety, data security, and implementation-related concerns in telemedicine. We present a bibliometric analysis and review of the telemedicine-related publications concerning orthopaedics care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such analysis can help orthopaedic surgeons become acquainted with the recent developments in telemedicine and its usage in regular orthopaedics practice.We systematically searched the database of Thomson Reuters Web of Science for telemedicine-related articles in orthopaedics published during the COVID-19 pandemic. The selected articles were analysed for their source journals, corresponding authors, investigating institutions, countries of the corresponding authors, number of citations, study types, levels of evidence, and a qualitative review.Fifty-nine articles meeting the inclusion criteria were published in 28 journals. Three hundred forty-two authors contributed to these research papers. The United States (US) contributed the most number of articles to the telemedicine-related orthopaedics research during the COVID-19 era. All articles combined had a total of 383 citations and 66.1% were related to the Economic and Decision-making Analyses of telemedicine implementation. By and large, level IV evidence was predominant in our review.Telemedicine can satisfactorily cover a major proportion of patients' visits to outpatient departments, thus limiting hospitals' physical workload. Telemedicine has a potential future role in emergency orthopaedics and inpatient care through virtual aids. The issues related to patient privacy, data security, medicolegal, and reimbursement-related aspects need to be addressed through precise national or regional guidelines. Lastly, the orthopaedic physical examination is a weak link in telemedicine and needs to be strengthened.في أعقاب الاهتمام الواسع النطاق مؤخرا بالتطبيب عن بُعد خلال حقبة كوفيد-١٩، قد لا يكون الكثير من جراحي العظام على دراية بمهارات الفحص السريري، وسلامة المرضى، وأمن البيانات، والمخاوف المتعلقة بالتنفيذ في التطبيب عن بُعد. نقدم تحليلا ببليومتريا ومراجعة للمنشورات المتعلقة بالتطبيب عن بُعد بشأن رعاية جراحة العظام أثناء جائحة كوفيد-١٩. يمكن أن يساعد هذا التحليل جراحي العظام على التعرف على التطورات الأخيرة في الطب عن بعد واستخدامه في ممارسة جراحة العظام العادية.بحثنا بشكل منهجي في قاعدة بيانات ثومسون رويترز ويب أوف ساينس عن المقالات المتعلقة بالتطبيب عن بعد في جراحة العظام التي نُشرت أثناء جائحة كوفيد-١٩. وتم تحليل المقالات المختارة لمجلات المصدر الخاصة بهم، والمؤلفين المراسلين، ومؤسسات البحث، ودول المؤلفين المراسلين، وعدد الاستشهادات، وأنواع الدراسة. كما تم عمل مراجعة نوعية وملخص لمستويات الأدلة.تم نشر ٥٩ مقالة تلبي معايير التضمين في ٢٨ مجلة. وأسهم ٣٤٢ مؤلفا في هذه الأوراق البحثية. ساهمت الولايات المتحدة بأكبر قدر في أبحاث جراحة العظام المتعلقة بالتطبيب عن بعد خلال حقبة كوفيد-١٩. واحتوت جميع المقالات على مجموع ٣٨٣ اقتباسا. وكان ٦٦.١٪ من الأوراق البحثية متعلقة بالتحليلات الاقتصادية وتحليلات القرار الخاصة بتطبيق التطبيب عن بعد. بشكل عام، كانت أدلة المستوى الرابع هي السائدة في مراجعتنا.يمكن أن يغطي التطبيب عن بعد بشكل مرض نسبة كبيرة من زيارات المرضى لأقسام العيادات الخارجية، وبالتالي يحد من عبء العمل البدني للمستشفيات. هناك دور محتمل للتطبيب عن بعد في رعاية جراحة العظام في حالات الطوارئ ورعاية المرضى الداخليين من خلال الوسائل الافتراضية. كما يجب معالجة القضايا المتعلقة بخصوصية المريض وأمن البيانات والطب القانوني والجوانب المتعلقة بالسداد من خلال الإرشادات الوطنية أو الإقليمية الدقيقة. أخيرا، الفحص البدني لجراحة العظام هو حلقة ضعيفة في التطبيب عن بعد ويحتاج إلى تعزيز.

Colleges and universities should serve as inclusive environments positioned to provide a strong education to all students. However, bias and discrimination mar the college atmosphere for many. Simultaneously, there is a paucity of research that examines student views of diversity and inclusion in both higher education and sport management. Employing mixed methods, this research examined the perceptions of diversity and inclusion among undergraduate students in sport management programs. Data demonstrate that student perceptions differ across measures of sex, race/ethnicity, upbringing, internship experiences, and transfer status. Findings suggest implications for embedding diversity and inclusion topics within sport management curricula to develop competencies crucial to students’ educational success and future in the sport industry.

PURPOSE: The recruitment of underserved patients into therapeutic oncology trials is imperative. The National Institutes of Health mandates the inclusion of minorities in clinical research, although their participation remains under-represented. Institutions have used data mining to match patients to clinical trials. In a public health care system, such expensive tools are unavailable. METHODS: The NYU Clinical Trials Office implemented a quality improvement program at Bellevue Hospital Cancer Center to increase therapeutic trial enrollment. Patients are screened through the electronic medical record, tumor board conferences, and the cancer registry. Our analysis evaluated two variables: number of patients identified and those enrolled into clinical trials. RESULTS: Two years before the program, there were 31 patients enrolled. For a period of 24 months (July 2017 to July 2019), we identified 255 patients, of whom 143 (56.1%) were enrolled. Of those enrolled, 121 (84.6%) received treatment, and 22 (15%) were screen failures. Fifty-five (38.5%) were referred to NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center for therapy. Of the total enrollees, 64% were female, 56% were non-White, and overall median age was 55 years (range: 33-88 years). Our participants spoke 16 different languages, and 57% were non–English-speaking. We enrolled patients into eight different disease categories, with 38% recruited to breast cancer trials. Eighty-three percent of our patients reside in low-income areas, with 62% in both low-income and Health Professional Shortage Areas. CONCLUSION: Prescreening at Bellevue has led to a 4.6-fold increase in patient enrollment to clinical trials. Future research into using prescreening programs at public institutions may improve access to clinical trials for underserved populations.

The study was designed to investigate productivity parameters, egg quality and the cost effectiveness of feeding laying hens with diets where ground wheat was replaced with varying levels of whole hybrid rye grain cv. Brasetto. A total of 396 Hy-Line Brown hens at 34 weeks of age were allocated to three treatment groups with 66 replicates (cages) of two hens each, and were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous pelleted diets for 12 weeks. The diet for control group hens (R0) did not contain rye grain. In diets for hens from groups R100 and R200, ground wheat grain was partially replaced with whole rye grain at 100 g/kg and 200 g/kg, respectively. Whole intact rye grains were included in the diets. The cost of diets containing 10% and 20% of whole rye grain was by approximately 1.0% and 1.9% lower, respectively, compared with the control diet that contained no rye grain. During the entire 12-week feeding period, dietary treatments had no effect on laying rate (95.64% to 97.07%), egg weight (62.51 g to 62.74 g) or egg mass output (5.04 kg to 5.12 kg per hen). The inclusion of whole rye grain in layer diets caused a linear increase in feed intake (P

Achieving health equity requires a diversity of perspectives, values, and insights, yet the composition of the United States’ nursing workforce does not reflect the communities where they practice. Nurse leaders can advance health equity and exemplary clinical outcomes by creating diverse, equitable, and inclusive health care teams. Such teams are well-equipped for organizational learning, a crucial process for advancing health equity. Nurse leaders advance health equity by fostering diversity, equity, inclusion, and thus organizational learning in the workplace.