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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of iron homeostasis and the ferroptosis pathway for yolk sac atrophy during late embryogenesis. To study the mechanism of yolk sac atrophy, 100 eggs were used. Further, 500 eggs were randomly divided into five treatments and in ovo feeding with different iron sources, such as FeSO4, ferrous glycinate (Fe‐Gly), or deferoxamine (DFO), to study the effects of free iron content on hatching quality and embryonic development. The results showed that total iron content of yolk decreased, but yolk sac increased from embryonic(E)13 to E19 (p

This study aimed to explore the efficacy of a multimodal analgesic regimen during the perioperative period for male patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. A total of 80 male patients scheduled for elective knee replacement surgery in our hospital’s orthopedic department from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected through digital randomization. They were equally divided into a control group (received a conventional analgesic protocol) and an observation group (treated with a multimodal analgesic protocol that included patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), ultrasound-guided nerve block and physical analgesia). Parameters such as postoperative celecoxib capsule dosage, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores at 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours after surgery, levels of neurotransmitters and stress markers at the time of surgery, 24 hours post-surgery, and 72 hours post-surgery, sleep quality scores, the timing of first ambulation, and the overall incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the groups. After intervention, the observation group showed a statistically significant reduction in the dosage of celecoxib capsules compared to the control group (p < 0.05). VAS scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at all measured time points. Furthermore, levels of substance P (SP), beta-endorphin (β-EP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cortisol (Cor), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) counts in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 24- and 72-hours post-surgery. The incidence of adverse reactions was also significantly lower in the observation group (p < 0.05). We conclude that implementing a multimodal analgesic protocol in the perioperative period could significantly reduce pain, regulate neurotransmitter and stress levels, and enhance sleep quality in the early postoperative phase of male patients undergoing knee replacement surgery.

Femoral neck fractures are a common type of fracture, accounting for approximately 3.58% of total body fractures and about 50% of proximal femoral fractures. They are particularly prevalent in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, especially those aged 65 and older. This study aims to develop and implement a progressive balance training program for elderly femoral neck fracture patients, guided by the behavior change wheel theory. Through literature review and expert consultation, we developed a progressive balance training program using the behavior change wheel theory. We selected 83 patients admitted to our orthopedics department for hip surgery between January 2022 and December 2022 and divided them into a control group (n = 42) and an intervention group (n = 41). The control group followed a standard exercise program, while the intervention group underwent the progressive balance training program. Their rehabilitation outcomes were compared using the Berg Balance Scale, Harris hip joint function assessment, and the Chinese version of the Fall Efficiency Scale at the first bedside standing, as well as at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after the operation. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed statistically significant time-related effects, interaction effects and between-group effects in both groups for the Berg Balance Scale scores (Ftime = 5753.969, Finteraction = 221.20, Fbetween−groups = 1496.285), Harris hip joint function scores (Ftime = 2750.864, Finteraction = 115.315, Fbetween−groups = 760.690), and Fall Efficiency Scale scores (Ftime = 2590.021, Finteraction = 176.961, Fbetween−groups = 625.033) postoperatively. We conclude that the progressive balance training program developed based on the behavior change wheel theory can accelerate the postoperative balance recovery in total hip arthroplasty patients, promote hip joint function recovery, and reduce the fear of falling among patients.

The Huitang duck (HT), a long-domesticated elite local breed from Hunan Province, China, with excellent meat quality, has not had its population genetic structure and genomic selective sweeps extensively studied to date. This study measured the phenotypic characteristics of HT and conducted comparative analysis between HT and 16 different duck breeds, including wild, indigenous, and meat breeds, to characterize its population structure and genetic potential. The results revealed that HT is a dual-purpose indigenous breed with a genetic background closely related to the Youxian sheldrake and Linwu ducks. In the selective sweep analysis between HT and Linwu ducks, genes such as PLCG2, FN1, and IGF2BP2, which are associated with muscle growth and development, were identified near the 27 selection signals. The comparison between HT and Jinding ducks revealed 68 selective signals that contained important genes associated with ovarian development (GRIK4, MAP3K8, and TGIF1) and egg-laying behaviors (ERBB4). Selective sweep analysis between HT and Youxian sheldrake ducks found 93 selective regions covering genes related to both meat (IGF1R and IGFBP5) and egg-production (FOXO3 and ITPR1) traits. Our study may provide novel knowledge for exploring the population structure and genetic potential of HT, offering a theoretical basis for its breeding strategies in the future.

Furandicarboxylic acid is considered one of the most representative biomass matrix platforms and has been widely used to synthesize various novel biomaterials. In this study, a series of copolymerized poly (aryl ether ketone) resins with excellent properties have been prepared by combining the nonlinear structure of furan ketone with the weakly polarized cyclohexane structure. And the relationship between the structure and properties of the resins has been systematically studied. The results showed that the synthesized resins had excellent thermal properties, and the 5% thermal decomposition temperature could reach up to 478 °C. In addition, the resin exhibits good solubility and can be dissolved in the most common solvents. Its water absorption is deficient, at only 0.71%. At 10 GHz, the lowest dielectric constant of the resin is 3.05. Most importantly, using bio-based monomers in this study provides an environmentally friendly strategy for material design and synthesis, providing a green way to develop high-performance low-dielectric materials.

Redox electrolytes are highly attractive to bring conventional carbon-based supercapacitors the additional pseudocapacitance; however, shuttling of redox species remains a severe issue restricting the potential applications of redox electrolytes. Here, we report a new phosphotungstic acid-containing redox electrolyte for carbon-based supercapacitors, which shows the shuttling-free feature by locking the polyoxometalate mediators in the porous carbon electrode. Impressively, the porous carbon electrode affords a remarkable specific capacitance of 885.7 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 in the phosphotungstic acid-added electrolyte, triple that in the additive-free H2SO4 electrolyte (290.2 F g−1). Profiting from the unique Grotthuss proton conduction of phosphotungstic acid, the porous carbon electrode achieves the dramatic rate capability in our redox electrolyte (i.e., 567.7 F g−1 at 200 mV s−1). Moreover, the assembled supercapacitor device affords a specific energy of 52.3 Wh kg−1 and long-term cycling stability (93.7% over 5000 cycles). This study highlights the superiority of the polyoxometalate additive for redox electrolytes in developing advanced supercapacitors integrating high energy density, excellent rate performance, and electrochemical durability.

The signal-in-space (SIS) anomaly of BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) is an important factor affecting its high accuracy SIS quality assessment. Detecting and eliminating SIS anomaly is not only an important method to build SIS fault model of BDS, but also helps to guarantee the integrity of BDS navigation and positioning. Based on the problem that the traditional empirical threshold method cannot accurately identify the start and end times of anomalies in anomaly detection, which leads to anomaly detection leakage, a combined detection method based on autoregressive distributed lag model and empirical threshold is proposed in this paper. Before the calculation, the spurious anomalies of SIS are removed by data cleaning. The high-precision SIS ranging error (SISRE) is recovered by Space State Representation (SSR) correction number, and then projected to the user’s line of sight direction, and the anomaly detection threshold is determined by using the combined threshold of empirical threshold and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method were analyzed by using the data collected in 2021. The test results show that compared with the traditional threshold method, the proposed method can more accurately detect the start and end points of SIS anomalies caused by clock anomalies, thereby improving the detection accuracy. In addition, the anomaly detection method proposed in this paper is used to count the anomalies throughout the year, and the results show that the highest frequency of anomalies is found in geostationary orbit (GEO) and inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), and these anomalies are mainly caused by satellite clocks.

The relationship between metabolite changes and biological endpoints in response to cadmium (Cd) stress remains unclear. Fountain grass has good Cd enrichment and tolerance abilities and is widely used in agriculture and landscaping. We analyzed the metabolic responses by detecting the metabolites through UPLC-MS and examined the relationships between metabolite changes and the characteristics of morphology and physiology to different Cd stress in fountain grass. Our results showed that under Cd stress, 102 differential metabolites in roots and 48 differential metabolites in leaves were detected, with 20 shared metabolites. Under Cd stress, most of the carbohydrates in leaves and roots decreased, which contributed to the lowered leaf/root length and fresh weight. In comparison, most of the differential amino acids and lipids decreased in the leaves but increased in the roots. Almost all the differential amino acids in the roots were negatively correlated with root length and root fresh weight, while they were positively correlated with malondialdehyde content. However, most of the differential amino acids in the leaves were positively correlated with leaf length and leaf fresh weight but negatively correlated with malondialdehyde content. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that Cd significantly affects seven and eight metabolic pathways in the leaves and roots, respectively, with only purine metabolism co-existing in the roots and leaves. Our study is the first statement on metabolic responses to Cd stress and the relationships between differential metabolites and biological endpoints in fountain grass. The coordination between various metabolic pathways in fountain grass enables plants to adapt to Cd stress. This study provides a comprehensive framework by explaining the metabolic plasticity and Cd tolerance mechanisms of plants.

Polybutene-1 with form I crystals exhibits excellent creep resistance and environmental stress crack resistance. The filaments of polybutene-1 and its random copolymer with 4 mol% ethylene co-units were produced via extrusion melt spinning, which are expected to be in form I states and show outstanding mechanical properties. The variances in microstructure, crystallization–melting behavior, and mechanical properties between homopolymer and copolymer filaments were analyzed using SEM, SAXS/WAXD, DSC, and tensile tests. The crystallization of form II and subsequent phase transition into form I finished after the melt-spinning process in the copolymer sample while small amounts of form II crystals remained in homopolymer filaments. Surprisingly, copolymer filaments exhibited higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus than homopolymer filaments, while the homopolymer films showed better mechanical properties than copolymer films. The high degree of orientation and long fibrous crystals play a critical role in the superior properties of copolymer filaments. The results indicate that the existence of ethylene increases the chain flexibility and benefits the formation of intercrystalline links during spinning, which contributes to an enhancement of mechanical properties. The structure–property correlation of melt-spun PB-1 filaments provides a reference for the development of polymer fibers with excellent creep resistance.

Metabolomics is an effective tool to test the response of plants to environmental stress; however, the relationships between metabolites and biological endpoints remained obscure in response to drought stress. Carex breviculmis is widely used in forage production, turf management, and landscape application and it is particularly resistant to drought stress. We investigated the metabolomic responses of C. breviculmis to drought stress by imposing a 22-day natural soil water loss. The results showed that water-deficit restrained plant growth, reducing plant height, leaf fresh weight, and total weight, however, increasing soluble protein content and malondialdehyde content. In total, 129 differential metabolites in the leaves were detected between drought and control using the Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-MS) method. Drought enhanced most of the primary and secondary metabolites in the differential metabolites. Almost all the sugars, amino acids, organic acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, phenylpropanoids and polyketides in the differential metabolites were negatively correlated with plant height and leaf fresh weight, while they were positively correlated with soluble protein content and malondialdehyde content. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, TCA cycling, starch and sucrose metabolism. Our study is the first statement on metabolomic responses to drought stress in the drought-enduring plant C. breviculmis. According to the result, the coordination between diverse metabolic pathways in C. breviculmis enables the plant to adapt to a drought environment. This study will provide a systematic framework for explaining the metabolic plasticity and drought tolerance mechanisms of C. breviculmis under drought stress.

Hydrogel coatings that can endow various substrates with superior properties (e.g., biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and lubricity) have wide applications in the fields of oil/water separation, antifouling, anti-bioadhesion, etc. Currently, the engineering of multifunctional hydrogel-coated materials with superwettability and water purification property using a simple and sustainable strategy is still largely uninvestigated but has a beneficial effect on the world. Herein, we successfully prepared poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) hydrogel/β-FeOOH-coated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF/PAMPS/β-FeOOH) membrane through free-radical polymerization and the in situ mineralization process. In this work, owing to the combination of hydrophilic PAMPS hydrogel coating and β-FeOOH nanorods anchored onto PVDF membrane, the resultant PVDF/PAMPS/β-FeOOH membrane achieved outstanding superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity. Moreover, the membrane not only effectively separated surfactant-stabilized oil/water emulsions, but also possessed a long-term use capacity. In addition, excellent photocatalytic activity against organic pollutants was demonstrated so that the PVDF/PAMPS/β-FeOOH membrane could be utilized to deal with wastewater. It is envisioned that these hydrogel/β-FeOOH-coated PVDF membranes have versatile applications in the fields of oil/water separation and wastewater purification.

With the rapid development of high-frequency communication and large-scale integrated circuits, insulating dielectric materials require a low dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Poly (aryl ether ketone) resins (PAEK) have garnered considerable attention as an intriguing class of engineering thermoplastics possessing excellent chemical and thermal properties. However, the high permittivity of PAEK becomes an obstacle to its application in the field of high-frequency communication and large-scale integrated circuits. Therefore, reducing the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PAEK while maintaining its excellent performance is critical to expanding the PAEK applications mentioned above. This study synthesized a series of poly (aryl ether ketone) resins that are low dielectric, highly thermally resistant, and soluble, containing cyclohexyl and diphenyl fluorene. The effects of cyclohexyl contents on the properties of a PAEK resin were studied systematically. The results showed that weakly-polarized cyclohexyl could reduce the molecular polarization of PAEK, resulting in low permittivity and high transmittance. The permittivity of PAEK is 2.95–3.26@10GHz, and the transmittance is 65–85%. In addition, the resin has excellent solubility and can be dissolved in NMP, DMF, DMAc, and other solvents at room temperature. Furthermore, cyclohexyl provided PAEK with excellent thermal properties, including a glass transition temperature of 239–245 °C and a 5% thermogravimetric temperature, under a nitrogen atmosphere of 469–534 °C. This makes it a promising candidate for use in high-frequency communications and large-scale integrated circuits.

Although the fertilized eggs were found to contain microbes in early studies, the detailed composition of yolk microbiota and its influence on embryo intestinal microbiota have not been satisfactorily examined yet. In this study, the yolk microbiota was explored by using 16s rRNA sequencing at different developmental stages of the broiler embryo. The results showed that the relative abundance of yolk microbiota was barely changed during embryogenesis. According to the KEGG analysis, the yolk microbiota were functionally related to amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolisms during chicken embryogenesis. The yolk microbiota influences the embryonic intestinal microbiota through increasing the colonization of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in the intestine, particularly. The intestinal microbes of neonatal chicks showed higher proportions of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Roseburia compared to the embryonic intestinal microbiota. Our findings might give a better understanding of the composition and developmental change of yolk microbiota and its roles in shaping the intestinal microbiota.

The metabolic processes of animals are usually affected by sex. Egg yolk is the major nutrient utilized for the growth and development of a chicken embryo. In this study, we explored the differences of yolk metabolites in male and female chicken embryos by LC–MS/MS. Furthermore, we investigated the mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in chicken embryo liver with different sexes in different embryonic stages. The results showed that the nutrient metabolites in the yolk of female chickens were mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the early embryonic stage, and vitamin metabolism in the late embryonic stage. The male yolk metabolites were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism in the early developmental stage, and amino acids metabolism in the late embryonic stage. There was no significant difference in the expression of LPL or FAS in livers of male and female chicken embryos at different embryonic stages. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the sexual effect on yolk nutrient metabolism during chicken embryonic development.

Single particle analysis is essential for a better understanding of the particle transformation process and predicting its environmental impact. In this study, we developed an aerosol optical tweezer (AOT)-Raman spectroscopy system to investigate the phase state and morphology of suspended aerosol droplets in real time. The system comprises four modules: optical trapping, reaction, illumination and imaging, as well as detection. The optical trapping module utilizes a 532 nm laser and a 100x oil immersion objective to stably trap aerosol droplets within 30 seconds. The reaction module allows us to adjust relative humidity (RH) and introduce reaction gases into the droplet levitation chamber, facilitating experiments to study liquid-liquid phase transitions. The illumination and imaging module employs a high-speed camera to monitor the trapped droplets, while the detector module records Raman scattering light. We trapped sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3-methyl glutaric acid (3-MGA) mixed droplets to examine RH-dependent morphology changes. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurred when RH was decreased. Additionally, we introduced ozone and limonene/α-pinene to generate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles in situ, which collided with the trapped droplet and dissolve in it. To determine the trapped droplet's characteristics, we utilized an open-source program which based on Mie theory to retrieve diameter and refractive index from the observed whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in Raman spectra. It is found that mixed droplets formed core-shell morphology when RH was decreased, and the RH dependence of the droplets phase transitions generated by different SOA precursors varied. Our AOT system serves as an essential experimental platform for in-situ assessment of morphology and phase state during dynamic atmospheric processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase state and morphology of aerosol particles play a critical role in determining their effect on climate. While aerosol acidity has been identified as a key factor affecting the multiphase chemistry and phase transitions, the impact of acidity on phase transition of multicomponent aerosol particles has not been extensively studied in situ. In this work, we employ an aerosol optical tweezer (AOT) to probe the impact of acidity on the phase transition behavior of levitated aerosol particles. Our results reveal that higher acidity decreases the separation relative humidity (SRH) of aerosol droplets mixed with ammonium sulfate (AS) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxy, such as 3-methylglutaric acid (3-MGA), 1,2,6- hexanetriol (HEXT) and 2,5-hexanediol (HEXD) across aerosol pH in atmospheric condition. Phase separation of organic acids was more sensitive to acidity compared to organic alcohols. We found the mixing relative humidity (MRH) was consistently higher than the SRH in several systems. Phase-separating systems, including 3-MGA/AS, HEXT/AS, and HEXD/AS, exhibited oxygen-to-carbon ratios (O:C) of 0.67, 0.50, and 0.33, respectively. In contrast, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) did not occur in the high O:C system of glycerol/AS, which had an O:C of 1.00. Additionally, the morphology of 38 out of the 40 aerosol particles that underwent LLPS was observed to be a core-shell. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the pH-dependent LLPS in individual suspended aerosol droplets and pave the way for future research on phase separation of atmospheric aerosol particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, polyaniline (PANI) is reported loaded on carbon paper to modify the carbon paper-PANI-Pt electrode surface, tailoring the electrocatalytic capability towards the hydrogen evolution reaction and ethanol oxidation reaction. The reasons for the enhancement by the PANI layer are attributed to the hydrophilic electrode surface, uniform dispersion of Pt, and large electrochemical active surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]