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Many patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (LR MDS) require long-term red blood cell (RBC) transfusions to manage anemia. The consequences of RBC transfusions in LR MDS with ring sideroblasts (LR MDS-RS) are not well known. We estimated the association between cumulative RBC dose density and clinical and patient-reported outcomes using data from the MDS-CAN registry for patients enrolled between January 2008 and December 2018. Outcomes included overall survival, hospitalization, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A total of 145 enrolled patients with LR MDS and RS ≥5% had a median follow-up time of 27.1 months; 45 had no transfusions during follow-up, 51 had1 transfusion per month, and 49 had ≥1 transfusion per month. The cumulative density of RBC transfusions was associated with significantly greater mortality, hospitalization, and inferior HRQoL, suggesting that exposure to RBC transfusion may constitute a significant treatment burden in patients with LR MDS-RS.

Patients with lower-risk (LR) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) have better prognosis than those without RS, but how they fare over time is not fully understood. This study's objective was to assess the natural history of LR MDS with RS ≥5% using MDS-CAN registry individual data. Kaplan-Meier estimates and generalized linear mixed models were used to describe time-to-event outcomes and continuous outcomes, respectively. One hundred and thirty-eight patients were enrolled; median times from diagnosis to enrollment and follow-up were 6.6 and 39.6 months, respectively. Within 5 years of enrollment, 65% of patients had ≥1 red blood cell transfusion dependence episode. Within 5 years of diagnosis, 59% developed iron overload, 38% received iron chelation therapy, 14% progressed to acute myeloid leukemia, and 42% died. Patients exhibited inferior health-related quality of life trends. These first real-world data in LR MDS-RS in Canada indicate a high level of morbidity and mortality over a 5-year period.

Background Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by frequent mutations in RNA splicing factor genes. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) regulates the activity of the splicing machinery through methylation of key spliceosome proteins. PRMT5 inhibitors have demonstrated preferential killing of acute myeloid leukemia cells with splicing factor mutations. JNJ-64619178 is a potent, selective, oral PRMT5 inhibitor that causes accumulation of splicing abnormalities in preclinical models. It is hypothesized that inhibition of PRMT5 by JNJ-64619178 may target splicing factor gene mutant MDS clones, leading to recovery of normal hematopoiesis. Here we present Part 2 of a phase 1 study of JNJ-64619178 evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary clinical activity of JNJ-64619178 in adult patients (pts) with lower risk MDS (International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS] score Low or Intermediate-1) who are red blood cell (RBC) transfusion-dependent and relapsed or refractory to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) treatment. Methods Dosing was initiated at 2 mg, 14 days on/7 days off (intermittent) on a 21-day cycle, a tolerable dose from the ongoing dose escalation in solid tumors and lymphomas in Part 1. Confirmation of tolerability followed a modified 3+3 design with de-escalation allowed based on the totality of the data. Enrollment was expanded at the selected, tolerable dose level to further evaluate safety, PK, PD, and preliminary clinical activity. Results As of 29 May 2021, 21 pts were enrolled. Median age was 71 (range 52-85). Revised IPSS score was Very Low (10%), Low (71%) or Intermediate (19%). Pts had a median of 1 prior line of therapy post-ESA (range 0-4), including lenalidomide (33%), hypomethylating agents (29%), and luspatercept (19%). SF3B1 mutations were identified in 71% of pts. Median treatment duration was 3.1 months (range 0.03-6.37). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. While the 2 mg intermittent starting dose was tolerable, lower dose schedules of 1 mg intermittent and 0.5 mg continuous (once daily [QD]) dosing were evaluated to reduce myelosuppression, and enrollment was expanded at 0.5 mg QD (n=13 pts). Fifteen pts (71%) experienced ≥1 treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) that was considered related to the study agent (TRAE). TRAE in >10% of pts were thrombocytopenia (52%), neutropenia (48%), anemia (19%), and dysgeusia (14%). Grade 3 or higher TRAE were reported for 57% of pts. Grade 3 or higher TRAE worsening from baseline in >1 pt were neutropenia (29%); anemia and thrombocytopenia (19.0% each); and diarrhea (9%). TEAEs contributed to treatment interruption, dose reduction, and treatment discontinuation in 57%, 14%, and 19% of pts, respectively. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia were the only TRAE leading to treatment modification in >1 pt. Hematologic toxicities were dose-dependent and reversible. Grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were observed, respectively, in 67% and 50% of pts at 2 mg intermittent versus 0% and 31% at 0.5 mg QD. Serious AE considered possibly related to JNJ-64619178 by the investigator included 1 pt with Grade 3 anemia and 1 pt with Grade 1 atrial fibrillation, Grade 3 cardiac troponin I increase, and Grade 5 cardiac failure (>30 days from last dose). One other death of unknown cause was not considered related to treatment. Comparison of the multiple dose C trough across all dose levels suggests a dose-dependent increase in JNJ-64619178 plasma concentration. Robust target engagement, as measured by plasma symmetric dimethylarginine, was achieved at all dose levels. Serial analysis of variant allele frequency of clonal mutations in a subset of pts did not show significant reductions from baseline in peripheral blood or bone marrow. No pts experienced objective response or hematologic improvement according to International Working Group criteria, RBC transfusion independence, or meaningful reduction in transfusion requirements. Conclusion JNJ-64619178 demonstrated primarily hematologic toxicity in pts with transfusion-dependent lower-risk MDS, which was manageable at the selected expansion dose. Despite robust target engagement, clinical activity was not observed, and enrollment was stopped. The role of PRMT5 in MDS and the differential impact of PRMT5 inhibition on normal and malignant hematopoiesis require further study. Disclosures Platzbecker: Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Celgene/BMS: Honoraria; Geron: Honoraria. Avivi: Kite, a Gilead Company: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Brunner: Agios: Consultancy; Keros Therapeutics: Consultancy; Aprea: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding; Acceleron: Consultancy; Janssen: Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding. Morillo: Janssen: Honoraria; Abbvie: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria. Patel: Acerta Pharma: Research Funding; Curis: Research Funding; Clovis: Research Funding; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Aileron Therapeutics: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Effector Therapeutics: Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; EMD Serono: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Evelo Biosciences: Research Funding; Jacobio: Research Funding; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Jounce Therapeutics: Research Funding; Klus Pharma: Research Funding; Kymab: Research Funding; Loxo Oncology: Research Funding; LSK Biopartners: Research Funding; Lycera: Research Funding; Mabspace: Research Funding; Macrogenics: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Mirati Therapeutics: Research Funding; ModernaTX: Research Funding; ORIC Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Phoenix Molecular Designs: Research Funding; Placon Therapeutics: Research Funding; Portola Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Prelude Therapeutics: Research Funding; Qilu Puget Sound Biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Revolution Medicines: Research Funding; Ribon Therapeutics: Research Funding; Seven and Eight Biopharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Syndax: Research Funding; Synthorx: Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Research Funding; Taiho: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Tesaro: Research Funding; TopAlliance: Research Funding; Vedanta: Research Funding; Verastem: Research Funding; Vigeo: Research Funding; Xencor: Research Funding; Exelixis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease: Other: Study investigator; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Cyteir Therapeutics: Research Funding; Ciclomed: Research Funding; Checkpoint Therapeutics: Research Funding; Calithera: Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; Bicycle Therapeutics: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Artios Pharma: Research Funding; Agenus: Research Funding; Florida Cancer Specialists: Research Funding; BioNTech: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Forma Therapeutics: Research Funding; Ignyta: Research Funding; Hutchinson MediPharma: Research Funding; Genentech/Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Hengrui: Research Funding; H3 Biomedicine: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding. Germing: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Other: advisory activity, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Lavie: AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Fees for lectures; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Other: Fees for lectures; Roche: Other: Fees for lectures; Novartis: Other: Fees for lectures; Takeda: Consultancy. Lauring: Janssen Research and Development: Current Employment; Johnson and Johnson: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company. Mistry: Janssen: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.