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108 results on '"Hartshorne, Joshua"'

1. Computational Thought Experiments for a More Rigorous Philosophy and Science of the Mind

Author

Oved, Iris, Krishnaswamy, Nikhil, Pustejovsky, James, and Hartshorne, Joshua

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

We offer philosophical motivations for a method we call Virtual World Cognitive Science (VW CogSci), in which researchers use virtual embodied agents that are embedded in virtual worlds to explore questions in the field of Cognitive Science. We focus on questions about mental and linguistic representation and the ways that such computational modeling can add rigor to philosophical thought experiments, as well as the terminology used in the scientific study of such representations. We find that this method forces researchers to take a god's-eye view when describing dynamical relationships between entities in minds and entities in an environment in a way that eliminates the need for problematic talk of belief and concept types, such as the belief that cats are silly, and the concept CAT, while preserving belief and concept tokens in individual cognizers' minds. We conclude with some further key advantages of VW CogSci for the scientific study of mental and linguistic representation and for Cognitive Science more broadly., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear at CogSci 2024

Published
2024

2. Using games to understand the mind

Author

Allen, Kelsey, Brändle, Franziska, Botvinick, Matthew, Fan, Judith E., Gershman, Samuel J., Gopnik, Alison, Griffiths, Thomas L., Hartshorne, Joshua K., Hauser, Tobias U., Ho, Mark K., de Leeuw, Joshua R., Ma, Wei Ji, Murayama, Kou, Nelson, Jonathan D., van Opheusden, Bas, Pouncy, Thomas, Rafner, Janet, Rahwan, Iyad, Rutledge, Robb B., Sherson, Jacob, Şimşek, Özgür, Spiers, Hugo, Summerfield, Christopher, Thalmann, Mirko, Vélez, Natalia, Watrous, Andrew J., Tenenbaum, Joshua B., and Schulz, Eric

Published
2024
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3. Modeling the development of intuitive mechanics

Author

Li, Tianyi, Jing, Mengguo, Makhani, Zakir, Oved, Iris, Krishnaswamy, Nikhil, Pustejovsky, James, and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Psychology, Cognitive development, Concepts and categories, Development, Learning, Perception, Spatial cognition, Computational Modeling, Psychophysics
Abstract

It takes children considerable learning and development to accurately predict whether an object is safely balanced or will fall -- something that happens if its center of mass is not supported from below. In the meantime, children go through a characteristic set of mistaken beliefs. Here we use an adapted version of the classical balance task to evaluate whether different models go through the same stages. Preliminary results show that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) do learn the task but do not necessarily go through the same stages. We are also testing several simulation-based accounts. We anticipate completing this work in time for the conference. The findings will help clarify the space of possible accounts of children's acquisition of intuitions about gravity and balance.

Published
2024

4. Latent Structure of Intuitive Physics

Author

Li, Wei and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Education, Psychology, Concepts and categories, Instruction and teaching, Problem Solving, Representation, Skill acquisition and learning, Spatial cognition, Psychophysics
Abstract

Humans are born with an intuitive representation of the physics world. How accurate is intuitive physics? Researchers from education focus on the failures, students' errors and misconceptions while cognitive psychologists argue humans anticipate and manipulate physical environments in ways betraying veridical knowledge of classical mechanics. One solution is to hypothesize there are distinct systems of “cognitive physics” with different limitations and deployment in the tasks favored by the two literatures. The goal of current study is to gather evidence from psychometric studies by estimating how many distinct factors explain performance on intuitive physics assessments. We build an augmented concept inventory including several previously-validated concept inventories, around 120 items. The pilot study indicated that participants recruited online from Prolific displayed expected accuracy on the tasks. We are now collecting around 1,000 participants and applying multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) analyzes to identify the latent structure.

Published
2024

5. Towards Broader Adoption of Massive Online Experiments

Author

Hartshorne, Joshua K and Storbeck, Jesse

Subjects
Behavioral Science, Big data
Abstract

Since the Workshop on Scaling Cognitive Science was held at CogSci 2020, the methodological landscape of the field has undergone a significant shift toward online experiments. The COVID-19 pandemic forced greater numbers of cognitive scientists to collect data over the internet and to explore online alternatives to methods which they had previously used only in the lab. For example, since this time, eye-tracking capabilities have been introduced to a number of software packages for online experiments (Ba ́nki, de Eccher, Falschlehner, Hoehl, & Markova, 2022; Slim & Hartsuiker, 2022; Yang & Krajbich, 2021).

Published
2023

6. Contrastive neural network reveals the structure of neuroanatomical variation within bilingualism

Author

Li, Wei, Aglinskas, Aidas, and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Cognitive Neuroscience, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Language acquisition, Computational Modeling, Computational neuroscience
Abstract

Bilingualism varies greatly in terms of language background, age of acquisition, and learning environment, making it complex to study the relationship between language and brain structure. Age of acquisition and linguistic proficiency are both crucial factors in language acquisition research and are closely related. To better understand the relationship between bilingualism and brain structure, we created a dataset of 2,000+ brain 3D images from bilinguals and monolinguals and trained a neural network (Contrastive Variational Autoencoder, CVAE) to distinguish bilingual-specific neuroanatomical variations from those shared by monolingual groups. The initial results reveal that the common variation (e.g. scanner and sex) in brain structure shared by two groups can be identified by CVAE. More importantly, CVAE disentangled linguistic proficiency from the common variation but not age of acquisition. It suggests that compared to age of acquisition, linguistic proficiency is more correlated with brain’s structure.

Published
2023

7. Do Children Learn English More Quickly When Their Native Language Is Similar To English?

Author

Yun, Heesu, Li, Wei, Li, Zonggui, and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Linguistics, Psychology, Cognitive development, Language acquisition, Cross-linguistic analysis
Abstract

The impact of an individual's first language (L1) on their acquisition of a second language (L2) is widely recognized in the field of psycholinguistics. However, previous research has focused on limited L1-L2 pairs, leaving questions about how different linguistic structures, such as genetic relationship, phonology, or syntax, can either facilitate or impede the learning of a new language. In our current study, we aimed to address these gaps by analyzing standardized English assessment scores of English Language Learners (ELLs) from 46 international schools across 30 countries. We compared linguistic similarities between more than 40 L1s and examined how different linguistic structures of the L1 influenced the acquisition of L2, specifically in terms of genetic, phonological, and syntactic similarities. Our findings indicate that older ELLs learn English at a faster rate than younger ELLs, and among older ELLs, those who speak an L1 that shares linguistic similarities with English acquire the language faster than ELLs whose L1 is less closely related to English. These results highlight the transfer of linguistic knowledge from L1 to L2 and emphasize the importance of age of acquisition in L2 learning. Our study has important theoretical and pedagogical implications for research on second language acquisition.

Published
2023

8. Evaluating unsupervised word segmentation in adults: a meta-analysis

Author

Ricketts, Wesley and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Linguistics, Psychology, Language acquisition, Learning, Statistical learning
Abstract

Humans, even from infancy, are capable of unsupervised (“sta- tistical”) learning of linguistic information. However, it re- mains unclear which of the myriad algorithms for unsuper- vised learning captures human abilities. This matters because unsupervised learning algorithms vary greatly in how much can be learned how quickly. Thus, which algorithm(s) humans use may place a strong bound on how much of language can ac- tually be learned in an unsupervised fashion. As a step towards more precisely characterizing human unsupervised learning capabilities, we quantitatively synthesize the literature on adult unsupervised (“statistical”) word segmentation. Unfortunately, most confidence intervals were very large, and few moderators were found to be significant. These findings are consistent with prior work suggesting low power and precision in the litera- ture. Constraining theory will require more, higher-powered studies.

Published
2022

9. Revisiting the Inverted-U: Congruency Tasks Reveal Divergent Developmental Trajectories

Author

Erb, Christopher D., Germine, Laura, and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Psychology, Cognitive development, Development, Computer-based experiment
Abstract

The Simon, Stroop, and flanker tasks are commonly used to investigate cognitive control. However, it remains unclear whether these three tasks in fact measure the same cognitive abilities and in the same proportion. We take a developmental approach to this question: if the tasks all roughly measure the same capacity, they should show similar patterns of age-related change. We present data from two massive online studies: Study 1 included 9,642 participants 10 to 80 years of age who completed the Simon and Stroop tasks, and Study 2 included 13,448 participants 10 to 79 years of age who completed the flanker task. The results revealed markedly different developmental trajectories among the tasks, with only the flanker task following an inverted U-shaped trajectory. These findings caution against using standard congruency tasks to draw general conclusions about the development of cognitive control and underscore the importance of developing more psychometrically rigorous measures.

Published
2022

10. Data-driven Crosslinguistic Syntactic Transfer in Second Language Learning

Author

Liu, Zoey, Eisape, Tiwalayo, Prud'hommeaux, Emily, and Hartshorne, Joshua K

Subjects
Computer Science, Linguistics, Language acquisition, Learning, Natural Language Processing, Syntax, Computational Modeling, Corpus studies, Cross-linguistic analysis
Abstract

Second-language (L2) learning is characterized by both positive and negative transfer from the first language (L1). However, psycholinguistic studies focus on a few syntactic phenomena and L1-L2 pairs at a time, resulting in an incomplete picture. We apply machine learning to seven learner corpora in English and Spanish with 39 language pairs, showing that statistical models combined with simple $n$-grams of part-of-speech tags and syntactic dependency relations achieve good performance in recovering the L1, indicating structural transfer from L1 to L2. Further machine learning using a rich hand-curated linguistic feature set allowed us to identify aspects of L2 linguistic structure particularly influenced by L1 (verbal morphology, average dependency tree parse depth, and headedness of clausal structures) as well as those with minimal influence (distributions of dependency relations, basic word orders, or non-projective dependencies).

Published
2022

12. Developmental psychologists should adopt citizen science to improve generalization and reproducibility.

Author

Li, Wei, Germine, Laura Thi, Mehr, Samuel A., Srinivasan, Mahesh, and Hartshorne, Joshua

Subjects
RESEARCH evaluation, DEVELOPMENTAL psychology, PSYCHOLOGISTS, ECOLOGY, LEARNING strategies, ASTRONOMY, CITIZEN science, MEDICAL needs assessment
Abstract

Widespread failures of replication and generalization are, ironically, a scientific triumph, in that they confirm the fundamental metascientific theory that underlies our field. Generalizable and replicable findings require testing large numbers of subjects from a wide range of demographics with a large, randomly‐sampled stimulus set, and using a variety of experimental parameters. Because few studies accomplish any of this, meta‐scientists predict that findings will frequently fail to replicate or generalize. We argue that to be more robust and replicable, developmental psychology needs to find a mechanism for collecting data at a greater scale and from more diverse populations. Luckily, this mechanism already exists as follows: Citizen science, in which large numbers of uncompensated volunteers provide data. While best‐known for its contributions to astronomy and ecology, citizen science has also produced major findings in neuroscience and psychology, and increasingly in developmental psychology. We provide examples, address practical challenges, discuss limitations, and compare to other methods of obtaining large datasets. Ultimately, we argue that the range of studies where it makes sense *not* to use citizen science is steadily dwindling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Using Games to Understand the Mind

Author

Allen, Kelsey Rebecca, primary, Brändle, Franziska, additional, Botvinick, Matthew M., additional, Fan, Judith, additional, Gershman, Samuel J., additional, gopnik, alison, additional, Griffiths, Thomas L., additional, Hartshorne, Joshua K., additional, Hauser, Tobias U., additional, Ho, Mark K, additional, de Leeuw, Joshua R, additional, Ma, Wei Ji, additional, Murayama, Kou, additional, Nelson, Jonathan D., additional, van Opheusden, Bas, additional, Pouncy, H. Thomas, additional, Rafner, Janet, additional, Rahwan, Iyad, additional, Rutledge, Robb, additional, Sherson, Jacob Friis, additional, Simsek, Ozgur, additional, Spiers, Hugo, additional, Summerfield, Christopher, additional, Thalmann, Mirko, additional, Vélez, Natalia, additional, Watrous, Andrew, additional, Tenenbaum, Joshua, additional, and Schulz, Eric, additional

Published
2023
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18. Scripts, IRB, etc

Author

Hartshorne, Joshua, Skorb, Lauren, Nave, Gideon, Jimenez-Leal, William, Montealegre, Andres, Schultze, Thomas, Schulz-Hardt, Stefan, Rentzsch, Katrin, Kauff, Mathias, Fedor, Anna, Ravid, Jon, Feinberg, Lily, and Manfredi, Dylan

Published
2022
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19. ML5: Overarching Analyses

Author

Ebersole, Charles, Nosek, Brian, Kidwell, Mallory, Buttrick, Nick, Baranski, Erica, Chartier, Christopher, Mathur, Maya, Campbell, Lorne, IJzerman, Hans, Lazarevic, Ljiljana, Corker, Katherine, Rabagliati, Hugh, Corley, Martin, and Hartshorne, Joshua

Published
2022
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20. Replications

Author

Hartshorne, Joshua, Skorb, Lauren, Nave, Gideon, Jimenez-Leal, William, Montealegre, Andres, Schultze, Thomas, Schulz-Hardt, Stefan, Rentzsch, Katrin, Kauff, Mathias, Fedor, Anna, Ravid, Jon, Feinberg, Lily, Manfredi, Dylan, Aczel, Balazs, Szaszi, Barnabas, Salamon, Janos, Muda, Rafal, Weissgerber, Sophia, and Tullett, Alexa

Published
2022
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21. RPP Correspondence

Author

Hartshorne, Joshua, Skorb, Lauren, Nave, Gideon, Jimenez-Leal, William, Montealegre, Andres, Schultze, Thomas, Schulz-Hardt, Stefan, Rentzsch, Katrin, Kauff, Mathias, Fedor, Anna, and Ravid, Jon

Published
2022
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23. ML5: Replications of LoBue & DeLoache (2008)

Author

Lazarevic, Ljiljana, Ebersole, Charles, Nosek, Brian, Kidwell, Mallory, Buttrick, Nick, Baranski, Erica, Chartier, Christopher, Mathur, Maya, Campbell, Lorne, IJzerman, Hans, Corker, Katherine, Rabagliati, Hugh, Corley, Martin, Hartshorne, Joshua, and Fiedler, Susann

Published
2022
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24. RPP Data

Author

Ebersole, Charles, Hartshorne, Joshua, Skorb, Lauren, and Ravid, Jon

Published
2022
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26. ML5: Replication of Crosby, Monin & Richardson (2008)

Author

Rabagliati, Hugh, Ebersole, Charles, Nosek, Brian, Kidwell, Mallory, Buttrick, Nick, Baranski, Erica, Chartier, Christopher, Mathur, Maya, Campbell, Lorne, IJzerman, Hans, Lazarevic, Ljiljana, Corker, Katherine, Corley, Martin, Hartshorne, Joshua, Loy, J, King, Josiah, Scherndl, Thomas, Millen, Ailsa, Hancock, Peter, and Dering, Benjamin

Published
2022
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30. Overarching Paper

Author

Ebersole, Charles, Nosek, Brian, Kidwell, Mallory, Buttrick, Nick, Baranski, Erica, Chartier, Christopher, Mathur, Maya, Campbell, Lorne, IJzerman, Hans, Lazarevic, Ljiljana, Corker, Katherine, Rabagliati, Hugh, Corley, Martin, and Hartshorne, Joshua

Subjects
Many Labs
Abstract

This component contains the overarching manuscript for Many Labs 5, as well as supplemental materials.

Published
2022
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33. Scaling up experimental social, behavioral, and economic science

Author

Almaatouq, Abdullah, Becker, Joshua, Bernstein, Michael, Botto, Robert, Bradlow, Eric, Damer, Ekaterina, Duckworth, Angela, Griffiths, Tom, Hartshorne, Joshua, Lazer, David, Law, Edith, Liu, Min, Matias, J., Rand, David, Salganik, Matthew, Satlof-Bedrick, Emma, Schweitzer, Maurice, Shirado, Hirokazu, Suchow, Jordan, Suri, Siddharth, Tsvetkova, Milena, Watts, Duncan, Whiting, Mark, and Yin, Ming

Abstract

The standard experimental paradigm in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences is extremely limited. Although recent advances in digital technologies and crowdsourcing services allow individual experiments to be deployed and run faster than in traditional physical labs, a majority of experiments still focus on one-off results that do not generalize easily to real-world contexts or even to other variations of the same experiment. As a result, there exist few universally acknowledged findings, and even those are occasionally overturned by new data. We argue that to achieve replicable, generalizable, scalable and ultimately useful social and behavioral science, a fundamental rethinking of the model of virtual-laboratory style experiments is required. Not only is it possible to design and run experiments that are radically different in scale and scope than was possible in an era of physical labs; this ability allows us to ask fundamentally different types of questions than have been asked historically of lab studies. We posit, however, that taking full advantage of this new and exciting potential will require four major changes to the infrastructure, methodology, and culture of experimental science: (1) significant investments in software design and participant recruitment, (2) innovations in experimental design and analysis of experimental data, (3) adoption of new models of collaboration, and (4) a new understanding of the nature and role of theory in experimental social and behavioral science. We conclude that the path we outline, although ambitious, is well within the power of current technology and has the potential to facilitate a new class of scientific advances in social, behavioral and economic studies.This paper emerged from discussions at a workshop held by the Computational Social Science Lab at the University of Pennsylvania in January 2020. The work was supported by James and Jane Manzi Analytics Fund and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Published
2022
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37. Reproducibility Project: Psychology

Author

Anderson, Christopher, Anderson, Joanna, van Assen, Marcel, Attridge, Peter, Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, van den Bergh, Don, Beyan, Leah, den Bezemer, Bobby, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank, Bowman, Sara, Brandt, Mark, Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin, Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon, Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher, Cheung, Felix, Chu, Phuonguyen, Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark, Cohn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Costantini, Giulio, Cramblet Alvarez, Leslie, Cremata, Edward, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle, Della Penna, Nicolás, Deserno, Marie, Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, DiGiacomo, Philip, Dobolyi, David, Dodson, Geneva, Donnellan, Brent, Donohue, Ryan, van Dooren, Roel, van Doorn, Johnny, Dore, Rebecca, Dorrough, Angela, Dorsthorst, Anniek, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth, Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy, Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank, Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James, Fitneva, Stanka, Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda, Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua, Frank, Michael, Frazier, Rebecca, Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin, Goldberg, Rebecca, Goldinger, Stephen, Goodbourn, Patrick, Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hicks, Grace, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Geertje, van der Hulst, Marije, Humphries, Denise, Hung, Cathy, Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa, Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, David, Johnson-Grey, Kate, Johnson, Larissa, Johnston, William, Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer, Kappes, Heather, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory, Kim, Seung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knezevic, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska, Krause, Robert, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram, Kyc, Megan, Lai, Calvin, Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniel, Lane, Kristin, Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarevic, Ljiljana, LeBel, Etienne, Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel, Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Lumian, Daniel, Luteijn, Ilse, Mackinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather, Marigold, Denise, Martin, Daniel, Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E.J., Matacotta, Joshua, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, McRae, Kateri, McElroy, Todd, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy, Smith, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie, Munafo, Marcus, Muñoz, Alisa, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian, Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason, Ratliff, Kate, Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, van Renswoude, Daan, Ricker, Ashley, Rigney, Anastasia, van Rijn, Hedderik, Rivers, Andrew, Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham, Ryan, Robert, Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian, Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William, Sinclair, H., Skorinko, Jeanine, Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel, Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nicholas, Spies, Jeffrey, Staples, Angela, steegen, sara, Steinberg, Mia, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin, Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, Thomae, Manuela, Toton, Sarah, Tibboel, Helen, Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, tuerlinckx, francis, Tullett, Alexa, Turchan, Paul, vanpaemel, wolf, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, van 't Veer, Anna, Vélez, Natalia, van de Ven, Mathijs, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Weerdmeester, Johanna, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin, Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Zuni, Kellylynn, Hartshorne, Joshua, and Grange, James

Subjects
reproduction, metascience, replication, psychological science, open science, psychology, crowdsource, reproducibility
Abstract

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available.

Published
2022
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