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Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield has plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize the sowing time and plant spacing of cluster beans in changing climate scenarios to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2019 at the Research area of MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017 under split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot, while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) was maintained in subplots. The significant effect of sowing time and plant spacing was observed on pod plant-1, pod length, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July, while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 than 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing, respectively. Maximum grain yield was observed on 1st June in all three spacings (10, 12, and 15 cm). The chord diagram indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

In this study, liquid fermented wastes from 15 licensed biogas plants located within different regions of Türkiye were determined and the parameters that are important to waste management evaluations were revealed. Accordingly, some physical, chemical, and biological analyses include moisture, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), pH, EC, total N, P, K, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, E.coli O157:H7, and Enterobacteria were conducted. Spearman’s correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship among the results, and a regression analysis was conducted to reveal the effect of the results on each other. In the wastes, DM values were between 0.53-9.71%, OM values were between 0.53-7.76%, N contents were between 0.10-0.74%, P contents were between 0.04-0.22%, K contents were between 0.15-0.56%, EC values were between 1.50-6.51 dS m-1, B contents were between 16.96-34.63 mg kg-1, and Na contents were between 0.11-0.40%. A correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship of OM and DM to other parameters. OM content had a significant correlation with N (73.9%), P (80.4%9, Fe (71.4%), Mn (75.7%), EC (53.2%), K (60.7%), and Mg at 72.1%. The DM contents had a significant correlation with N (68.2%), P (95.4%), Cu (60.0%), Fe (88.2%), Mn (94.3%), Zn (67.5%), EC (76.1%), K (81.4%), and Mg at 83.9%. A significant regression model and the variances of DM and OM variables were 37.8 and 24.8% for N (%), 61.7 and 31.5% for P (%), 53.9 and 22.4% for K (%), 46.6 and 23.8% for Ca (%), and 70.0 and 45.7% for Mg (%), respectively. Finally, these observations should be used to demonstrate the usability of liquid fermented wastes for agricultural purposes.

Toxicity induced by a high concentration of lead (Pb) can significantly decrease plant's growth, gas exchange, and yield attributes. It can also causes cancer in humans. The use of organic amendments, especially biochar, can alleviate Pb toxicity in different crops. The application of biochar can decrease the uptake of Pb by plant roots. However, the high pH of thermo-pyrolyzed biochar makes it an unfit amendment for high pH soils. As Pb is an acute toxin and its uptake in rice is a major issue, the current experiment was conducted to explore the efficacy of chemically produced acidified carbon (AC) to mitigate Pb toxicity in rice. Lead was introduced in concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 mg kg