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Acanthamoeba, a widely distributed free-living amoeba with 20 genotypes identified through rRNA gene sequencing, exhibits varying degrees of pathogenicity influenced by its genotype. This study focuses on assessing the prevalence of Acanthamoeba species in the surface waters of Ilam, located in western Iran, utilizing morphological analysis and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene through the PCR method. A total of 50 water samples were collected from various regions within Ilam city, situated in the southwest of Iran. To isolate Acanthamoeba parasites from the samples, a culture method was used, and all utilized culture media were scrutinized through microscopic and molecular techniques. The parasite's genotype was determined by sequencing a 500-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Using microscopic and molecular methods, 19 and 16 water samples tested positive, respectively. The 18S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to the T4, T2, and T11 genotypes. This study emphasizes the presence and inclination for close contact with highly pathogenic genotypes of Acanthamoeba in the surface waters of Ilam City. HIGHLIGHTS This study showed the widespread prevalence of Acanthamoeba in water resources.; Using microscopic and molecular methods, 19 and 16 water samples were found positive, respectively.; The 18S rRNA sequences showed that the isolates belong to the T4, T2, and T11 genotypes.; The 18S rRNA gene sequence showed the presence of T4, a highly pathogenic genotype with the highest frequency in the surface water of Ilam.;

This paper aimed to localize the joint operation planning process of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran by identifying and determining the steps of the local AJA joint operation planning process and the actions of each step so that commanders, officers of the Joint Staff and joint operation planners can use it. In this study, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. The results showed that 96.8% of the sample population believe in seven steps: mission, formation of joint command and staff, development of decisions, analysis of tactics and war game, decision and strategy of the commander, preparation of plan or order, review, approval of plan or order, and the actions associated with each of these steps are effective in the native process of planning AJA joint operations.

Standard finance is based on methodological individualism within the framework of Cartesian epistemology. Based on this rationalist structure, the investor enjoys Perfect rationality, Perfect selfishness, and Perfect willpower. Based on these three assumptions, the basic principles of investor behavior are formalized in the form of a thematic principle, and all theories are produced with a logical inference from these thematic principles. This methodological approach claims to have been able to descriptively and prescriptively describe, explain and predict the investor's behavior in the form of the principle of Optimizer Agent, but in practice, the observed data is significantly different from the theories predict, especially since the observation of numerous financial crises and the inability of this knowledge to explain them, makes a skepticism approach into the validity of standard finance. Heterodox paradigms such as structuralism, institutionalism, behaviorism, etc. have tried to explain financial crises. Behavioral finances, meanwhile, claim that the agents don’t choose per the standard model. Their behavior has a predictable bias. In the past three decades, behavioral finance has identified and categorized the types of biases in investors' behavior and provided rich literature in this regard. The question that why should we focus on investors' behavior and consider Economists as rational agents? Since classical finance theorists are human beings and their method of study is based on rationality. This study examines the historical process of methodological and philosophical foundations of standard finance in an abductive approach. According to the results of the research, classical financial theorists have been involved in bias in two ways: "methodology " and "mathematical tools" that along with investors' biases have resulted validation crisis. The prerequisite for solving these problems is a methodological modification, which is not possible in the philosophical structure of conventional economics.

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is endemic in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Low efficacy and high cytotoxicity of the current treatment regimens for leishmaniasis is one of the most important health problems. In this experimental study, anti-leishmanial effects of different concentrations of resveratrol and resveratrol nano-emulsion (RNE) were assessed. Methods RNE was prepared using the probe ultra-sonication method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT technique on the L929 cell line. The anti-leishmanial activities on promastigotes of leishmania were assessed using vital staining and infected BALB/c mice were used to assess the in vivo anti-leishmanial effects. Results In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that all concentrations of resveratrol and RNE had valuable inhibitory effects against Leishmania major in comparison to the control group (P