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Regional public universities educate approximately 70 percent of college students at four-year public universities and an even larger share of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. They aim to provide opportunity for education and social mobility, in part by locating near potential students. In this paper, we use the historical assignment of normal schools and insane asylums (normal schools grew into regional universities while asylums remain small) and data from Opportunity Insights to identify the effects of regional universities on the social mobility of nearby children. Children in counties given a normal school get more education and have better economic and social outcomes, especially lower-income children. For several key outcomes, we show this effect is a causal effect on children, and not only selection on which children live near universities.

Increasing budget constraints and emphasis on fielding capability faster have led the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and other federal entities to pursue the benefits of Agile software development���reduced cycle times, flexibility to adapt to changing conditions and user needs��� that software development practitioners have achieved in the commercial market. This report is written by the National Defense Industrial Association���s System Engineering Agile Working Group to provide information on request-for-proposal (RFP) patterns and techniques for successful Agile contracting that can and have been used for contracts seeking to employ Agile methods. This report is intended to support the writers of RFPs in bringing Agile concepts into programs at the earliest possible time, providing examples of the kinds of language that will affect the foundations of contracts on which programs rely.