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Purpose: To describe clinical presentations of acquired comitant esotropia and digital device use in children, adolescents, and young adults without neurological problems., Study Design: Multicenter prospective observational study., Methods: Patients with acquired comitant esotropia, without intracranial diseases aged 5-35 years at the time of visit, who were seen at pre-registered facilities within 1 year of onset were enrolled. The duration from the onset of symptoms and the time of digital device usage approximately 1 month before onset and their lifestyles were surveyed. Visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and strabismus angles were measured. Data were analyzed in three age groups (Child: 5-12 years, Adolescent: 13-18 years, and Young adult: 19-35 years)., Results: Between November 2019 and December 2021, 218 patients were enrolled from 55 facilities, and 194 patients (including 62 children, 69 adolescents, and 63 young adults) were analyzed. The child group spent the least amount of time using digital devices (children: 159; adolescents: 210; young adults: 267 min/work day, p < 0.05; (mean time in the same order below) 229, 338, 314 min/holiday, p < 0.05) and had the largest strabismus angle (mean strabismus angle at near: 30, 22, 18 PD, p < 0.01; at far: 28, 26, 21 PD, p<0.05)., Conclusion: The clinical features of acquired comitant esotropia and hand-held digital device usage differed between children aged ≤ 12 years and older patients. This report gives the current clinical characteristics of young patients with acquired esotropia and digital device usage., (© 2023. Japanese Ophthalmological Society.)

Purpose: Integrin α v is a key regulator in the pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the potential utility of an integrin α v β 3 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, 18 F-labeled cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid penta-peptide ([ 18 F]F-FPP-RGD 2 ), for detecting hepatic integrin α v and function in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model rats using integrin α v siRNA., Methods: NASH model rats were produced by feeding a choline-deficient, low-methionine, high-fat diet for 8 weeks. PET/computerized tomography imaging and quantification of integrin α v protein, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were performed 1 week after single intravenous injection of integrin α v siRNA., Results: Integrin α v siRNA (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased hepatic integrin α v protein concentrations in control and NASH model rats. The hepatic mean standard uptake value of [ 18 F]F-FPP-RGD 2 was decreased dose-dependently by integrin α v siRNA. The mean standard uptake value was positively correlated with integrin α v protein levels in control and NASH model rats. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were also decreased by siRNA injection and correlated with liver integrin α v protein expression levels in NASH model rats., Conclusion: This study suggests that [ 18 F]F-FPP-RGD 2 PET imaging is a promising radiotracer for monitoring hepatic integrin α v protein levels and hepatic function in NASH pathology., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestShuichi Hiroyama, Keiko Matsunaga, Miwa Ito, Hitoshi Iimori, Ippei Morita, Jun Nakamura, Eku Shimosegawa, and Kohji Abe declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Purpose: Integrins α v are key molecules in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in multiple organs. To assess the potential utility of integrin α v β 3 imaging for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we evaluated an 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 PET probe in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis., Methods: Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (3 mg/rat). Positron emission tomography (PET)/computerized tomography scans were performed 4 weeks after bleomycin administration using 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 . Total distribution volume (V T ) was estimated using one-tissue/two-compartment, two-tissue/three-compartment models, and Logan graphical analysis (Logan plot; t* = 30 min). Plasma-free fractions were estimated from images of the left ventricle. Correlation between Logan V T and lung pathology was assessed by Spearman's rank correlation., Results: Histopathological evaluation demonstrated the development of fibrosis in IPF-model group. Integrin α v protein expression and lung radioactivity were higher in IPF-model group compared with control group. The lung radioactivity of 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 rapidly reached the peak after administration and then gradually decreased, whereas left ventricular radioactivity rapidly disappeared. Logan graphical analysis was found to be suitable for 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 kinetic analysis in the IPF-model lung. Logan V T values for 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 were significantly higher in IPF rats compared with control rats and strongly correlated with lung fibrosis, pathology, integrin α v protein expression, and oxygen partial pressure., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the integrin α v β 3 PET probe 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 can detect pathophysiological changes in lungs, including fibrosis accompanying upregulated integrin α v of IPF-model rats. These findings support the utility of 18 F-FPP-RGD 2 PET imaging for the pathophysiological evaluation of pulmonary fibrosis., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) in young patients from a single institution; and clarify their relationship with the excess use of digital devices., Study Design: Retrospective, observational., Methods: We extracted the clinical charts of patients aged between 5 and 35 years who presented at the Hamamatsu University Hospital with AACE symptoms from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018. The age of onset, angle of deviation, refractive errors, history of near work, including excess smartphone use, and treatment modality were retrieved. Patients were divided into three groups: CHILD (aged 5-12 years), JUNIOR (aged 13-17 years), and ADULT (aged 18-35 years) and statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test., Results: Forty-one patients were retrieved, with a mean age at onset of 15.8 (5-28) years; eight in the CHILD group, 23 in the JUNIOR group, and 10 in the ADULT group. Refractive errors and age of patients were correlated, but were not significantly different among groups. The mean angle of deviation at distance was 28.0 ± 12.8 prism diopters (PD) and 28.6 ± 17.2 PD at near. The CHILD group showed the largest near-distant dissociation. History of excessive near work was found in all groups., Conclusion: AACE was most commonly found in the JUNIOR group, especially those aged 15-16 years. AACE may encompass multiple diseases; using common diagnostic criteria and asking common questions regarding digital device usage is necessary to clarify the influence of digital device usage, and a multicenter prospective study is recommended., (© 2021. Japanese Ophthalmological Society.)