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The semi-dry nonthermal plasma-induced ozone injection process is a promising desulfurization and denitration method for flue gases emitted from glass melting furnaces. To design a reactor for this process in an actual plant, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of the residence time of the flue gases in the reactor on desulfurization and denitration. In this study, the inner volume of the reactor was vertically divided into ten sections corresponding to the temperature measurement points. The residence time of each section was calculated to determine the residence time in the reactor. The effect of residence time on desulfurization and denitrification was then elucidated. In addition, the nitrite (${\rm{NO}}_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{ - }}$ N O 2 − ) and nitrate (${\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}$ N O 3 − ) ions in the droplets collected in the wastewater tank connected to the bottom of the reactor and in the condensates in the condensers downstream of the reactor were measured to evaluate the nitrogen balance with respect to the removed NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-speed glass fiber drawing in a silica-based optical fiber mass manufacturing system is numerically modeled and simulated on draw furnace model to systematically examine how the use of highly expensive helium in purge gas supply greatly improves the process stability and purging of contamination particles. The numerical results found the undesirable purge gas flow phenomena such as large buoyancy driven flow recirculations and periodic or quasi-chaotic flow patterns around the preform neck-down formation, when the purge gas is made of argon only. The effects of helium contents and flowrates in purge gas supply of argon/helium mixture are extensively investigated on neck-down formation and purge gas flow patterns. In contrast, it is shown that the helium usage effectively eliminates the flow recirculation and flow instability. The optimization of purge gas supply condition is also discussed in an effort to reduce helium consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2/CaO addition on the crystallization and flexural strength of leucite glass-ceramics (GC). Synthesis of translucent and high strength GCs is important for the development of aesthetic and durable dental restorations. To achieve this, experimental aluminosilicate glasses (1–3 mol% TiO2 and CaO (B1, B2, B3)) were melted in a furnace to produce glasses. Glasses were ball milled, screened and heat treated via crystallization heat treatments, and characterized using XRD, differential scanning calorimetry, dilatometry, SEM and biaxial flexural strength (BFS). Increasing nucleation hold time (1–3 h) led to a reduction in crystallite number for B2 and B3 GC, and significant differences in leucite crystal size at differing nucleation holds within and across test groups (p < 0.05). A high area fraction of leucite crystals (55.1–60.8%) was found in the GC, with no matrix microcracking. Changes in the crystal morphology were found with higher TiO2/CaO addition. Mean BFS of the GC were 211.2–234.8 MPa, with significantly higher Weibull modulus (m = 18.9) for B3 GC. Novel glass compositions enriched with TiO2/CaO led to crystallization of leucite GC of high aspect ratio, with high BFS and reliability. The study's findings suggest a potential high performance translucent leucite GC for use in the construction of dental restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siemens is leading a £54 million R&D project to develop an optimized approach for boosting glass furnaces with electrical heating, which is estimated to cut UK emissions from glass manufacturing by 56%. The Glass Futures experimental facility in St Helens, Merseyside, will be the first to adopt Siemens' new digital control system, PCS Neo, to manage all plant operations and provide end-to-end monitoring and control. The facility aims to model and develop a solution that large-scale manufacturers can adopt or learn from to achieve significant emission reductions in glass manufacturing. The text also discusses various updates and developments in the glass industry, including new products, partnerships, and sustainability initiatives. [Extracted from the article]

A low‐cost plasma‐chemical hybrid process (PCHP) is proposed for simultaneous NOx and SOx treatment. PCHP can be integrated into existing desulfurization reactors by combining plasma oxidation and chemical reduction. PCHP is applied to glass melting furnace emissions with limited denitration technology, achieving higher removal efficiencies of NO, NOx, and SO2 (43%, 38%, and 28%, respectively) by optimizing reductant spray and installation angles. PCHP also improves fuel consumption, with a 0.04 increase in air ratio reducing energy consumption by 3.6 kL/day (equivalent to 6.6 t(CO2)/day reduction). In addition, PCHP allows for the collection and reuse of treated SO2 as sodium sulfate particles, making it a suitable aftertreatment technology for glass manufacturing exhaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the disruptions occurring in a production system determining the operating states of a single machine. A system with a convergent production character, in which both single flows (streams) and multi-stream flows occur, was considered. In this paper, a two-level formalisation of the production system (PS) was made according to complex systems theory. The continuity analysis was performed at the operational level (manufacturing machine level). The definition of the kth survival value and the quasi-coherence property defined on chains of synchronous relations were used to determine the impact of interruption of the processed material flow on uninterrupted machine operation. The developed methodology is presented in terms of shaping the energy efficiency of technical objects with the highest power demand (the furnace of an automatic paint shop and the furnace of a glass tempering line were taken into consideration). The proposed methodology is used to optimise energy consumption in complex production structures. The model presented is utilitarian in nature—it can be applied to any technical system where there is randomness of task execution times and randomness of unplanned events. This paper considers the case in which two mutually independent random variables determining the duration of correct operation T P and the duration of breakdown T B are determined by a given distribution: Gaussian and Gamma family distributions (including combinations of exponential and Erlang distributions). A formalised methodology is also developed to determine the stability of system operation, as well as to assess the potential risk for arbitrary system evaluation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium is one of critical high-level waste components that get into the glass and affect its properties. There are various zirconium sources such as partial corrosion damage of fuel rod clads in the course of SNF reprocessing or dissolution of the zirconium-containing refractory material of the glass-making furnace in the glass melt. Furthermore, zirconium is present in SNF as a fission product. Dissolution of zirconium in aluminoborosilicate glasses developed as a host material for high-level waste vitrification was studied by electron microscopy. The zirconium distribution between the glass and crystalline phases was studied. The optimum component ratio ensuring maximal incorporation of zirconium into the glass-containing fraction of the host material was determined. The results obtained can serve as a basis for adjusting the synthesis parameters of glass-containing borosilicate host materials used for immobilization of zirconium-containing high-level waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the European Union's legislation about sustainable development has promoted the gradual decarbonization of all industrial sectors, pushing towards the final goal of a carbon-neutral European glass industry in 2050. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the consequent natural gas supply crisis have led to significant increases in the costs of traditional energy commodities and CO2 emission allowances. In this scenario, the European glass industry, which is both an energy-intensive sector and a large emitter of CO2, needs to reduce its specific energy consumption, change its energy sources and decarbonize its production process. In order to understand and support this metamorphosis of the glass industry, the follwing questions must be answered: are the technologies reported in scientific publications merely theoretical exercises, or can they be adopted by the industry? In what timeframe can they be adopted? The aim of this study is to review consolidated and emerging technologies applicable to the glass industry and investigate which ones can be implemented in the short or medium term to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions related to the glass production process. This study is based on a review of the literature, the materials presented in technical conferences and the opinions of interviewed experts. This study showed that the literature is not very substantial, lacking detailed information on technologies and their effects in terms of energy savings or emissions. More information can be found in the proceedings of selected specialist conferences. This study found that, on one hand, some technologies are mature and only adopted when economically viable, and appropriate boundary conditions are available; the state of the art regarding these technologies was already extensively covered in past publications (e.g., cullet pre-heating). On the other hand, there are many promising technologies in the research or testing phase (i.e., steam methane reforming, process electrification, use of hydrogen); in-depth studies about them are limited due to the novelty of the solutions that they propose or not available due to industrial secrecy issues. In addition to periodicals and specialized conferences, interviews were carried out with managers and technicians from industry, as well as technicians from the Italian glass research institute and industrial machinery producers (especially melting furnaces). The interviews represent added value of this publication, useful in helping us to truly understand the state of the art and degree of readiness of the technologies identified. In addition, the production values of the glass industry were studied: our research confirmed that the most important sub-sectors are flat and container glass, as well as the largest glass-producing nations/continents. Finally, a review of specific energy consumption and CO2 emissions indexes was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we reduce our carbon emissions with new furnace concepts and ideas? New ideas can only be safely developed and tested by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. It is quite logical that no glass producer will build a new furnace concept melting 100+ ton/day without thorough analysis, calculations and extensive CFD modelling. Lately most of them are asking how to reduce carbon emissions with either increasing the amount of electric melting or hydrogen. We have seen before such intensive use of CFD modelling when the oxy-fuel applications emerged, and now with the next generation of large hybrid (with more than 50% electric boosting) or all-electric melters we can see an increase again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional oxy-fuel combustion technology and air combustion technology, the thermochemical regeneration technology of glass furnace has remarkable energy saving effect and is a cutting-edge and disruptive technology for green and low-carbon development of the future high energy consuming glass industry. The thermochemical regeneration technology of glass furnace was experimentally studied by using atmospheric tube furnace and the effects of different experimental conditions on the thermochemical reforming reaction performance of methane/flue gas were analyzed. The results show that methane/flue gas can spontaneously undergo thermochemical reforming at high temperature without catalyst. When the reforming reaction temperature is lower than 900 °C, the thermochemical reforming reaction of methane/flue gas does not occur. A reaction temperature of 1 200 °C and a reaction time of more than 10 s can ensure the full progress of the reforming reaction. The increase of methane and CO2 content in the reforming reaction gas is conducive to the increase of hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields in the synthesis gas, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An archaeological excavation undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology at Glassfields, Old Bread Street, Bristol in 2016–2017 revealed a cesspit/cistern, which produced an interesting finds assemblage that included fragments of a tin-glazed plate. The plate was decorated with a scene of a smoking glass cone furnace in a landscape of sponged trees and fences. Possible glass blowing tools are depicted on the brim. Tri-form initials on the underside suggest this was a commemorative plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical NOx sensors based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) provide a reliable onboard way to control NOx emissions from glass-melting furnaces. The main limitation is the poisoning of this sensor by sulfur oxides (SOx) contained in the stream. To overcome this drawback, an "SO2 trap" with high SOx storage capacity and low affinity to NOx is required. Two CuO/BaO/SBA-15 traps with the same CuO loading (6.5 wt.%) and different BaO loadings (5 and 24.5 wt.%, respectively) were synthetized, thoroughly characterized and evaluated as SO2 traps. The results show that the 6.5%CuO/5%BaO/SBA-15 trap displays the highest SO2 adsorption capacity and can fully adsorb SO2 for a specific period of time, while additionally displaying a very low NO adsorption capacity. A suitable quantity of this material located upstream of the sensor could provide total protection of the NOx sensor against sulfur poisoning in glass-furnace exhausts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romula (today Reșca, Dobrosloveni Village, Romania) was the largest urban and economic center of Dacia Inferior (Malvensis), a Roman province located in the north of the Lower Danube region. In this context, the city market included workshops for the production of ceramic, metal, stone, bone, and glass objects. In 2013, 2015, and 2018, during excavations of the former Roman city, two rectangular glass furnaces were discovered. One has only one chamber, the other has two chambers. A melted glass layer was found on the walls of furnace no. 1, as well as in one room of furnace no. 2. Broken fragments of glass were also found in both. The furnaces are located in the central area of the Roman city. The evidence suggests that the furnaces belong to secondary glass workshops. The glass may have arrived in raw form, where it was remelted and processed. The discovery of these furnaces contributes to the growing body of evidence for Roman glass production around the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three heat recovery cycles are studied to recover the waste heat from the exhaust gas outlet of a glass-melting furnace. To determine the viability and potential dangers based on techno-economic aspects, three fundamental recovery cycles for the exhaust gas from UK glass melting furnaces are examined. The parametric thermodynamic and techno-economic study reveals the effects of the key parameters: The condenser temperature of the ORC cycle, the pressure ratio of the s C O 2 cycle, and the flash pressure of the Kalina cycle. Three thermodynamic parameters (Power production, energy, and exergy efficiency), as well as five techno-economic parameters (LCOE, NPV, PP, IRR, and MOIC), have been studied with varying key factors. The results showed that ORC is the best possible option for low-temperature waste exhaust gases as it is not as expensive as other ones, while super-critical C O 2 has the highest power production to produce power from high-temperature waste heat sources. Even though ORC's payback period is 10% longer than s C O 2 's, Comparing the IRR, NPV, and MOIC of the ORC cycle to those of the s C O 2 cycle, the differences are just 8.3%, 5.3%, and 8.2% lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the wood-fuel contamination problems faced by the ancient glass industry, some Roman glass fragments and beads were analysed for carbon by the elegant, non-destructive deuteron activation technique based on C-12(d,n)N-13 nuclear reaction. Carbon was found in all analysed glasses, covering a mass concentration range from 160 ppm to 2.2%, indicating that some fuel contamination was present in all samples. The higher concentration of 0.94 to 2.2% observed in some beads indicates that carbon was added intentionally as a "component" to the glass melt to obtain an amber colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused cast Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 (AZS) refractory is the key building material of glass furnace. Calcined aluminum oxide powder and ordinary industrial aluminum oxide powder were used as raw materials to prepare fused cast AZS refractories, respectively. The structure and properties of the two fused cast AZS refractories were compared and analyzed by lithofacies analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, etc. The results indicate that fused cast AZS refractory material prepared by ordinary industrial aluminum oxide powder has the incomplete conversion γ-Al2O3, which leads to uneven distribution of Al2 O3-ZrO2 eutectic. The alumina phase in the fused cast AZS refractory prepared by calcined alumina oxide powder is α-Al2O3. The fused cast AZS refractory prepared by calcined aluminum oxide has less baddeleyite, more Al2O3-ZrO2 eutectic and more uniform distribution of glass phase. The distribution of crystal structure affects amount of glass phase exudation and corrosion resistance to molten glass. The glass phase exudation of the fused cast AZS refractory prepared by calcined aluminum oxide powder is 0. 57 percentage points lower than that of fused cast AZS refractory prepared by ordinary industrial aluminum oxide powder. The corrosion resistance to molten glass of fused cast AZS refractory prepared by calcined aluminum oxide power is 0. 15 mm/24 h higher than that of fused cast AZS refractory prepared by ordinary industrial aluminum oxide power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highlights of the 24th International Exposition Glass World held in Moscow are briefly cited. About 100 companies from 12 countries of the world participated. New manufacturing and quality-control technologies of glass products and the main structural components of glass furnaces and methods of their high-quality production are demonstrated at the exposition. Examples of the most successful enterprises in the glass industry are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of experimental measurements of mechanical and physical characteristics of refractory materials are presented: LTEC, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, dynamic and static elasticity moduli. The study is conducted to select material for the manufacture of a glass furnace arch for solidifying radioactive waste. It is shown that materials of the MKRV-53 and AZS-60SB grades are superior with respect to properties compared with material of the BMKrF grade. The results obtained are used for mathematical modeling of electric furnace arch operating regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, growing environmental awareness has radically changed the way the problems and priorities of industry are dealt with. Energy issues have become an issue of primary importance, both in terms of consumption and polluting emissions. However, for the green transition to happen, the first step is to have a deeper knowledge of the phenomena involved in processes with a special focus on combustion. The glass industry is one of the most energy-intensive since a temperature of over 1400 °C is required to keep glass molten, with a large consumption of natural gas used for combustion. A fundamental element to control the process is the burner. In this study, the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) prediction of the internal streams repartition and the velocity profile at the exit, at different geometrical setups and operating conditions, of an industrial burner for glass furnaces is presented, with the aim of developing a surrogate model to provide these two important quantities quickly. The study of the repartition of the mass flow inside a double impulse burner and the subsequential velocity profile outside the burner is a novelty in the glass industry. The CFD prediction of the operating conditions is a crucial aspect because it is an essential boundary condition for the simulation of the reactive process from the diffusive flame found in glass furnaces. Different operating and geometrical conditions of the burner have been tested using Ansys CFX code, and results (velocity profile and mass flow repartition) have been organized in surrogate models. Results showed that the repartition of the fuel streams is mainly influenced by the position of the barrel, while the total flow rate is strongly influenced by the total inlet pressure. The internal flow varies from 20% to 50% of the total mass flow inside the burner, while the velocity magnitude outside the burner varies from 80 to 300 m/s approximately. The reconstruction of velocity profiles at the exit of the burners with surrogate models showed an acceptable match with numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A glass production furnace requires a considerable amount of energy to allow the correct glass melting process. In this work, a CFD model has been developed in order to simulate the convective flow movements within the molten glass bath of the glass furnace. A heat flux profile has been assigned to the glass free surface to model the combustion process, and the glass has been modelled with thermophysical properties variable with temperature based on its chemical composition. The model has been validated by comparing the flow structure and temperature with a reference work. Subsequently, a flow analysis has been carried out by using different shapes for the heat flux profile and by varying its main parameters. The above heat release profiles are representative of different settings of the combustion operating points and can be useful to understand the effects of different flames (i.e., from different fuels also) on the glass flow structure. It has been demonstrated that only the thermal distribution with a maximum generates two convective macro-cells: the first is necessary for the glass melting, the second for its homogenization. It has also been observed that the length of these vortices is related to the flame length. However, a portion of the flow exits directly from the throat (furnace exit port) without entering into the second cell; a low-quality product will be generated in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The usage possibility of 19 composites of raw refractory clays from Serbia containing approximately 53.29% of SiO2 and 26.73% of Al2O3 is presented. The sum of fluxing oxides was 57.74%, while these materials contained 32% of quartz, 29% of kaolinite and 26% of illite–mica. Dilatometry tests revealed a sudden shrinkage with the peak at approximately 1115 °C, owing to the formation of mullite. The refractoriness was in the range of 1581–1718 °C, which classifies the composites from low- to high-duty refractories. Based on correlation analysis, the refractoriness mostly depended on the content of alumina. The lightness of the fired test pieces was lower after firing when compared to the dry samples, and it decreased with the firing temperature from reddish to grayish. The study presents a novel attempt to define all the necessary properties of raw refractory clays and products fired at the 1100–1300 °C range on a laboratory level. Most of these clays can be used as natural refractory materials for ceramic and glass furnace lining. The organic matter in some of the samples influences negatively the fast-firing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Improving the conditions for dispersing harmful emissions from gas-consuming industrial furnaces based on the development of new complex methods for their greening using modern energy-saving technologies. Methodology. The known methods of heat exchangers and chimneys thermal calculation and methods for dispersing harmful emissions from thermal-energy plants in the environment were used. Findings. Calculative studies were carried out on improving the chimneys operation safety of glass furnaces of regenerative type when using technologies for waste heat recovery of furnace gases using water-heating and air-heating heat exchangers and chimneys of various designs. The influence of design features of chimneys on their operating modes when using heat recovery technologies with water and air heat recovery units has been studied. In order to improve the environmental efficiency and operational reliability of chimneys, it is proposed to use the thermal method of bypassing part of exhaust gases from regenerators past the heat recovery equipment in the heat recovery technologies. The effectiveness of this method for improving the dispersion in the groundlevel of harmful emissions from furnaces when using the proposed heat recovery systems has been analyzed. Originality. For the first time, the application efficiency has been investigated of the proposed greening methods to improve the dispersion conditions of harmful emissions of gas-consuming glass furnaces in the environment under the conditions of using heat recovery technologies. Practical value. The results obtained will be used in the development of energy-efficient gas-consuming thermal installations for technological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of transparent (3- x) Sr 3 Al 2 O 6 - x Sm 2 O 3 amorphous spheres were well fabricated using an aerodynamic levitation furnace with an x -value ranging from 0 to 0.065. In the visible light region, the maximum transmittance was approximately 80% for x = 0, 82% for x = 0.025 and 85% for x = 0.055. The excitation peak located at 405 nm was the strongest. The maximum intensity of the photoluminescence spectra appeared at 0.045. The chromatic coordinates of the CIE were all in the orange region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction in energy consumption and the increasingly demanding emissions regulations have become strategic challenges for every industrial sector. In this context, the glass industry would be one of the most affected sectors due to its high energy demand and emissions productions, especially in terms of NOx. For this reason, various emission abatement systems have been developed in this field and one of the most used is the air staging system. It consists in injecting air into the upper part of the regenerative chamber on the exhaust gases side in order to create the conditions for combustion that reduces NOx emissions. In this work, the combined use of CFD with data analysis techniques offers a tool for the design and management of a hybrid air staging system. Surrogate models of the bypass mass flow rate and uniformity index in the regenerative chamber have been obtained starting from DoE based on different simulations by varying the air mass flow rate of the two injectors located in a bypass duct that connects the two regenerative chambers. This model allows a UQ analysis to verify how the uncertainty of the air injectors can affect the bypass mass flow rate. Finally, an optimization procedure has identified the optimal condition for the best bypass mass flow rates and uniformity of the oxygen concentration in the chamber. High values of the mass flow rate of the pros injector and medium-low values for the cons injectors are identified as operating parameters for best conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the corrosion resistance to molten vanadates and silicates of middle and upper checker bricks in glass furnace regenerator with petroleum coke as fuel, the present research improved the microstructure, compactness and corrosion resistance of magnesia-chrome refractories by vacuum impregnation with zirconia sol. The results show that the vacuum impregnation of zirconia sol and the increased impregnation times led to the significant increase in the bulk density and decrease in the apparent porosity of refractories, and the impregnated zirconia particles enhanced the corrosion and penetration resistance. The penetrated zirconia particles in the pores decreased the porosity and pore size of refractories, resulting in the inhibited penetration of vanadate and silicate liquid phases during the corrosion process. In addition, the zirconia particles around periclase particles also prevented the reaction between molten corrosion reagent and periclase, thus enhancing the corrosion resistance of refractories. The present study provides an effective method for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesia-chrome checker bricks in regenerator of glass furnace with petroleum coke as fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-strength low-cement castables have been produced for the first time from waste of demolished glass furnaces. Adispersant of long-chain ionizable sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP, 0.2 wt.%) had a positive effect on electrostatic stabilization and improvement of the rheological characteristics of alumina-zirconia-silica (AZS) castable. Four castable mixes of various packing moduli (n = 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, and 0.25) have been formulated using the Andreasen equation. The castable of Andreasen packing modulus n = 0.25 demonstrated an outstanding compressive strength (1118.15 kg/cm2) and a moderate bulk density (2.65 g/cm3) when fired at 1375°C. It showed the highest dimensional stability and a permanent linear change of less than 0.6% at 1300°C. It displayed high thermal shock resistance (30 cycles) and high abrasion resistance (abrasion loss ~2.05% after 280 abrasion test cycles) when fired at 1300°C. Therefore, this castable can be used in high wear-rate sections of cement kilns and is an excellent choice in case of kiln instability. The results indicated that the castable with n = 0.25 is highly recommended for lining the inlet of rotary cement kilns at 1000 – 1300°C. The results open the door for the use of waste from demolished glass kilns to produce high-strength low-cement refractory castable for lining cement kiln inlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extend the service life of the upper checker bricks in the regenerator of glass furnaces with petroleum coke as fuel, the corrosion resistance of magnesia-chrome and alumina-chrome bricks with the similar apparent porosity was systematically researched. The results show that the Cr2O3 content and the microstructure present significant effects on the corrosion resistance. The molten corrosion reagent forms silicate and vanadate phases with low melting points between MgO crystals in magnesia-chrome bricks, and the volume strain generated by the melting and solidification process leads to the cracking and spalling of refractories, which intensifies the corrosion process. The encapsulation of alumina particles by alumina-chrome solid solutions in alumina-chrome bricks avoids contact with the low melting point liquid phases and improves the corrosion resistance of refractories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilayer alumina/mullite and mullite/alumina coatings were sprayed on conventional silico-aluminous refractory bricks by atmospheric plasma spraying. The wear behaviour of these coatings were assessed under sliding contact conditions up to 1000 °C through a ball-on-disk test. Afterwards, a set of physical and mechanical properties were evaluated before and after the wear tests, with the aim of correlating these properties with the wear behaviour. The results of the wear tests indicate that when alumina is applied as the top coating, the wear mechanism operating on its surface at 25 and 1000 °C is ductile deformation, whereas brittle deformation occurs at 500 and 750 °C. When mullite was used as the top coating, brittle deformation was observed at all temperatures evaluated. However, both coatings possess higher wear resistances than the silico-aluminous brick used as substrate, and thus, these coatings potentially offer enhanced protection from the abrasive wearing of non-structural refractories normally used in furnaces for glass and cement production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the glass manufacturing industry, electric melting would greatly improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution emission, which agrees with the target of peak carbon and carbon neutrality. In this work, electric boosting system is introduced into float glass furnace, and the influence of varied electrodes positions on glass melting process is investigated. The glass temperature and velocity fields of glass melting tank are obtained using numerical modeling. According to the temperature and velocity fields, the glass trajectories at glass melting tank are tracked, and the residence time distribution and quality indexes of glass melt are statistic as well. Ultimately, the evaluation method is proposed to predict the glass quality and melting efficiency of glass furnace, which is based on the quality indexes of critical particles and longest residence time of glass melt. The accelerated batch melting process and stable convection flow are obtained as the electrodes are installed under batch blanket. Furthermore, the improved glass quality and melting efficiency of glass furnace is obtained. The study is expected to promote the application and optimization of electric boosting system in large‐scale float furnace, which would accelerate the use of clean energy in glass manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses with compositions of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric (with an excess of lithium oxide) Li-aegirine (LiFeSi2O6), as well as nonstoichiometric Li-aegirine with the addition of carbon and copper, are synthesized. The processes of the formation of crystalline phases and their evolution during the heat treatment of initial quenched glasses in the temperature range of 600–1100°C are studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The phase composition of the initial glasses is different: the stoichiometric Li-aegirine glass contains cubic nanocrystals of magnetite, Fe3O4, ~ 21 nm in size, formed during the casting and quenching of the initial glass. An increase in the quenching rate leads to diminishing the magnetite crystal size to ~ 8 nm and to a decrease in their number. Glasses of nonstoichiometric composition are X-ray amorphous. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystals formed during the heat treatment of quenched glasses in a gradient furnace showed that, in all glasses at temperatures of 700 to 1040°C, crystals of monoclinic Li-aegirine (space group С2/c) are formed. At heat treatment temperatures above 1040°C, incongruent melting of Li-aegirine occurs with the formation of cristobalite and/or magnetite. The obtained results will form the base for the development of an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present paper, a novel method for numerically calculating the process of forced bubbling in an industrial-scale glass furnace was developed. The bubble chain in the glass tank was substituted with a locally acting buoyancy source. Unlike the few previously presented models, the following improvements were included: 1) Bubble characteristics were determined by running separate Eulerian multiphase simulations. Specific coupling to the actual tank model was integrated so that the induced buoyancy was calculated directly on the basis of the practical application. 2) Changes of the bubble properties and the induced buoyancy in vertical direction were analyzed. 3) The practical gas input per bubbler nozzle was used as the single input parameter. All essential model quantities could thus be expressed as direct functions of this variable. A detailed investigation of the induced buoyancy force revealed its linear dependency on the gas flow rate. A high degree of convective mixing as well as a local reduction of surface temperatures of up to 200 K could be demonstrated with the glass tank simulation results. In total, the presented models can be effectively applied in practical furnace dimensioning processes to determine both the ideal bubbler placement and the optimal mode of operation. • Efficient single-phase approach for the bubble chain in the glass melt. • Separate Eulerian multiphase simulation for obtaining bubble properties. • Model coupling in terms of the bubble chain force respectively temperature data. • Observation of a linear dependency between the induced buoyancy and the gas input. • Demonstration of convective mixing and local temperature reduction in the glass tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the glass manufacturing process, the process areas and their energy intensity. The implementation of an energy management system, its operation and participation in the decision-making chain as well as benefits from implementation are also described. The use of regression as a numerical technique for determining energy consumption is presented with reference to the historical experience of the glassworks and its developed trends on the example of gas consumption in the melting process in the glass furnace. The paper compared the deviation of actual energy consumption in the glass melting process to that calculated from linear regression variables for data before and after the implementation of the energy management system. The study confirmed the sensibility of implementing the described managing system. Constant observation and response to factors affecting the running process allows for its stabilization and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical NOx sensors based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) provide a reliable onboard way to control NOx emissions from glass-melting furnaces. The main limitation is the poisoning of this sensor by sulfur oxides (SOx) contained in the stream. To overcome this drawback, an “SO2 trap” with high SOx storage capacity and low affinity to NOx is required. Two CuO/BaO/SBA-15 traps with the same CuO loading (6.5 wt.%) and different BaO loadings (5 and 24.5 wt.%, respectively) were synthetized, thoroughly characterized and evaluated as SO2 traps. The results show that the 6.5%CuO/5%BaO/SBA-15 trap displays the highest SO2 adsorption capacity and can fully adsorb SO2 for a specific period of time, while additionally displaying a very low NO adsorption capacity. A suitable quantity of this material located upstream of the sensor could provide total protection of the NOx sensor against sulfur poisoning in glass-furnace exhausts.

A combined ozone injection and semi-dry chemical NOx and SOx removal process using nonthermal plasma for the treatment of flue gases emitted from glass melting furnaces has been proposed. To further improve the NOx removal, O3 was injected in directions opposite to the direction of gas flow at the center of the semi-dry reactor. Moreover, the effect of the increase in initial concentrations of NO and SO2 was investigated. In addition, the effect of the gas flow rate on NO oxidation, denitration, and desulfurization efficiencies, and the effect of NaOH and S O 3 2 − concentrations on denitration and desulfurization efficiencies were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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