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Digital, Con este proyecto se busca realizar una propuesta de diseño para la vía terciaria que comunica a la vereda Altos de Llano Grande con el municipio de Girón Santander mediante el uso del sistema de placa huella con su respectivo drenaje con el fin de facilitar la movilidad, permitiendo de igual forma el desarrollo socio económico de la misma y además de esto aumentar seguridad de la vereda, mejorar las condiciones de vivienda, ambientales, de transporte de alimentos, facilitar el acceso a la educación, reducir tiempos de viaje, entre otros aspectos que beneficiarían a la comunidad del sector. En la vía se evidencia un punto crítico ubicado en el km 3+724 al km 3+784, un punto en el que la vía no permite que el agua lluvia se drene y esto deteriora la vía a este punto se le realizara un diseño especial, los puntos no críticos o convencionales se les implementara un diseño de drenajes con vegetación mediante el uso de pasto japones y con esto también ayudaremos al medio ambiente En cuanto al impacto social, este va a generar cambios positivos en calidad de vida, de educación y trasporte de la comunidad, pero lo más importante a solucionar es el problema de movilidad e permitirá a la comunidad hacer sus actividades cotidianas, además de un posible impulso del sector turístico de la zona., This project seeks to make a design proposal for the tertiary road that connects the village of Altos de Llano Grande with the municipality of Girón Santander through the use of the footprint plate system with its respective drainage in order to facilitate mobility, allowing in the same way the socio-economic development of the same and in addition to this increase security of the sidewalk, improve housing conditions, environment, food transport, facilitate access to education, reduce travel times, among other aspects that would benefit to the industry community. On the road there is a critical point located at km 3+724 to km 3+784, a point where the road does not allow rainwater to drain and this deteriorates the road. At this point a special design will be made , the non-critical or conventional points will be implemented a drainage design with vegetation through the use of Japanese grass and with this we will also help the environment Regarding the social impact, this will generate positive changes in the quality of life, education and transportation in the community, but the most important thing to solve is the mobility problem and it will allow the community to carry out their daily activities, in addition to a possible promotion of the tourism sector in the area., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Civil, Introducción 19 Identificación del Problema 20 Justificación 21 Objetivos 22 Objetivos General 22 Objetivos Específicos 22 Marco Teórico 23 Elementos que Integran el Pavimento con Placa-Huella y sus Funciones 29 La Sección Transversal Recomendada por el INVIAS 33 Sección Transversal en Zonas de Cruce 47 Diseño Estructural 49 Características de la Mezcla de Concreto 50 Resistencia del Acero de Refuerzo 51 Placa Huella en Concreto Reforzado 51 Corte Transversal 53 Corte Longitudinal 54 Textura Superficial de la Placa Huella 54 Marco Normativo 58 Resumen del Método 60 INV 126 (Limite Plástico e Índice de Plasticidad de los Suelos) 61 Resumen del Método 61 INV 148-13 (CBR de Suelos Compactados en el Laboratorio y Sobre Muestra Inalterada) 61 Resumen del Método 62 INV 181 (Sistema Unificado de Clasificación de Suelos Para Propósitos de Ingeniería) 62 INV E-142-13 62 Resumen del Método 63 Metodología 64 Propuesta de Diseño no Convencional Para la Vía 72 Diseño Puntos Críticos 75 Presupuesto 77 Análisis de Resultados 79 Puntos Críticos 79 Ensayos de Suelo 81 Granulometría 82 Clasificación del Suelo Según SUCS 90 Cantidades de Obra de la vía y Materiales 93 Conclusiones 95 Recomendaciones 96 Referencias Bibliográficas 97

In 2006, then Mexican President Felipe Calderón declared a ‘war’ against criminal organisations that were beginning to control some of the country’s territories. Consequently, the number of murders and disappearances of people began to increase steadily by tens of thousands. Far from acknowledging the errors of the strategy, the authorities constantly criminalised the victims and denied the tragic consequences of the use of the military against drug cartels. After the murder of his son on 28 March 2011, the poet Javier Sicilia started leading mobilisations in the state of Morelos to protest the violence. In just a few days, the actions expanded to virtually all regions of the country embracing relatives of victims, activists and organisations of very different backgrounds, forming the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity (MPJD). This thesis comprises an in-depth case study of the MPJD. After providing an overview of the context in which the mobilisations started and my research methods, I develop thematic chapters. In the first one, I analyse the recruitment dynamics of the MPJD. These pages contribute to the literature by advancing the understanding of how people without prior political experience or links to a mobilised group join and participate in protest. This, moreover, helps in refining rather than reifying the function of social networks. The second chapter explains the upward scale-shift process of mobilisation and the response given by the government through the analysis of coalition building, framing and counter-framing. The results of the analysis help to specify the conditions that facilitate not only the development of alliances, but also those that lead to their accelerated breakdown. Regarding framing, the work contributes to understanding which attributes facilitate resonance and alignment amongst audiences with contrasting characteristics. Furthermore, the discussion around counter-framing highlights how official responses influence the discursive processes of contentious actors, whose opportunities are not the same in ‘the streets’ and in official spaces. Next, the third chapter examines the type of social ties formed through the involvement in the contentious performances led by the relatives of victims of extreme violence. Bringing together the literature on social movements and a body of Latin American research on “emotional communities”, I argue that the MPJD fostered a political-emotional community in which the public narration of suffering made victims and non-victims coalesce to demand justice collectively. Overall, this chapter advances our understanding of the dynamics through which allies that are not directly aggrieved by extreme violence develop a sense of community with the victims. Likewise, it develops four empirical dimensions for the analysis of political-emotional communities: the role of testimonios (testimonial narratives), the ethics developed during contention, the fluctuations in participation, and the costs and risks involved in the mobilisations. The last two chapters focus on the outcomes of the MPJD. The fourth one encompasses the political and cultural outcomes contributing to the literature in two ways: First, by discussing how achievements in the policy process can demobilise some groups but mobilise others; and second, by explaining how the spillover of a contentious actor can consolidate a social movement community in an emergent contentious field. Finally, the fifth chapter analyses the biographical consequences of participation in victim-led mobilisations. These pages provide an account of how the lives of the participants have been influenced due to their involvement in contention. This chapter advances the understanding of the interplay between social relations and cognitions that lead participants to modify their worldviews. In an academic sense, this thesis introduces a series of thematic chapters that provide empirical evidence to refine several areas of the theory to better understand various processes related to social mobilisation. Regarding the importance that this thesis can have for the activists and the families of the victims, my work is, first, a systematisation of their campaigns and experiences; second, an acknowledgement of the transcendence of the actions that they have been carrying out sustainedly during a decade; and third, this research is a space for memory, so that their names and those of their relatives are not forgotten, so that the demand for justice does not end.