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Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate c-MYC gene amplification in the substrate of prostate acinar adenocarcinoma at various Gleason scores and various stages of the disease, taking into account the morphological characteristics of the tumor., Material and Methods: The number of cases in the study was 82, including the control group - 12 cases. Morphological assessment included: determination of the total Gleason score, grading group, assessment of lymphovascular/perineural invasion, and architectural characteristics of the tumor. Gene amplification was assessed by FISH using the c-MYC (8q24)/SE8 probe., Results: In all cases of the study group, amplification of the c-MYC gene was detected in the tumor, with a significant difference from the control group ( p <0.05). When assessing cases with 4-6 fold copies of the gene, significant differences were established between patients with stages II and III of the disease and stage IV (10.0 and 13.5 versus 30.0) ( p <0.05). Cluster amplification of the c-MYC gene was detected with equal frequency in groups of patients with stages III and IV of the disease, while in stage II of the disease, the event almost did not occur ( p <0.05). A significant increase in the level of c-MYC gene amplification was found in groups with advanced stages of the disease ( p <0.02). Non-cluster amplification significantly distinguishes T4M0 and T4M1 stage patients from the rest with a significant increase in the score ( p <0.05). In the metastatic stage of the disease, there was an increase c-MYC gene amplification compared to the non-metastatic stage ( p <0.02). The copy number of the c-MYC gene was significantly higher in cases with perineural and lymphovascular invasion, as well as in cases of cribriform tumor organization ( p <0.05)., Conclusion: Amplification of the c-MYC gene in prostate tumor cells is associated with advanced stages of the disease (T4M0 and T4M1) with an increase in the copy number of the gene during the metastatic stage of the process. It was found that increased amplification of the c-MYC gene distinguishes groups of patients whose tumors exhibit perineural and lymphovascular invasion, as well as a cribriform pattern of tumor organization.

The presented case describes the difficulties of diagnosis of the breast microglandular adenosis (MGA), taken by clinicians for a malignant process due to the nature of growth and large size. Criteria for histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis and differentiation of MGA with malignant neoplasms, in particular, with tubular breast carcinoma, are presented. Taking into account the rarity of the pathology and the absence of described cases in the Russian-language literature, the observation is of interest to pathologists and clinicians.

The article presents a rare case of bone marrow metastasis of the spleen angiosarcoma. The observation is of particular interest due to the fact that secondary bone marrow damage in angiosarcoma in the vast majority of cases is due by primary tumor growth in the spleen. Clinically, such cases may resemble the course of blood diseases with hematological disorders and splenomegaly. Patients come into the field of view of a hematologist, and the final diagnosis is unexpected to the attending physician. Detection of angiosarcoma growth in a bone marrow trephine biopsy during morphological examination can be a rare finding for a pathologist. In this regard, the presented case is of interest not only for pathologists, but also for doctors of clinical specialties.

The literature review provides an analysis of a rare malignant tumor of the kidney: thyroid-like follicular carcinoma of the kidney (TLFCK). In morphology, this tumor is extremely similar to thyroid follicular carcinoma, but the immunophenotype of tumor cells is different. TLFCK has an indolent clinical course, rarely metastasizes, and even the development of metastases does not mean an unfavorable prognosis for the patient. The literature review presents the features of the clinical course of the disease, macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor and typical cytogenetic breakdowns. Particular attention is paid to the issues of differential diagnosis of the tumor with other pathological processes that may microscopically resemble TLFCK.

Thyroid-like follicular carcinoma of the kidney (TLFCK) is an extremely rare histological variant of renal cell carcinoma, not yet included in the WHO list of tumors. This tumor has a characteristic morphological structure strikingly resembling follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland, but differing from itby the immunophenotype of tumor cells. TLFCK is characterized by an indolent clinical course, rarely metastases, and even the presence of metastases does not lead to a worsening of the prognosis for the patient. Described a case of TLFCK diagnosed in a 38-year-old patient, observed clinically for 8 years, without metastases during this time, and removed by focal kidney resection. The paper presents the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the tumor, immunohistochemical profile, and discusses the issues of differential diagnosis.

Identification of primary tumors and metastasis sites is an essential step in cancer diagnostics and the following treatment. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is one of the most reliable methods for scanning the whole organism for malignancies. In this work, we synthesized an 11 C-labeled oligonucleotide primer and hybridized it to an anti-cancer DNA aptamer. The 11 C-aptamer was applied for in vivo imaging of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and its metastases in mice using PET/CT. The imaging experiments with the 11 C-aptamer determined very small primary and secondary tumors of 3 mm 2 and less. We also compared 11 C imaging with the standard radiotracer, 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG), and found better selectivity of the 11 C-aptamer to metastatic lesions in the metabolically active organs than 18 F-FDG. 11 C radionuclide with an ultra-short (20.38 min) half-life is considered safest for PET/CT imaging and does not cause false-positive results in heart imaging. Its combination with aptamers gives us high-specificity and high-contrast imaging of cancer cells and can be applied for PET/CT-guided drug delivery in cancer therapies., Competing Interests: Authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 The Author(s).)