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This study presents the rational synthesis of Cu-supported doped-CeO2 catalysts designed for the oxidation of benzylamine, both in the absence and presence of 1,2-diaminobenzene. The catalysts were prepared using a two-step method and characterized by various techniques, including XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis, NH3-TPD, pyridine-FTIR, H2-TPR, XPS, SEM, and TEM. Raman and XPS analyses confirmed the presence of oxygen vacancy sites, with CuO/CeO2-ZrO2 displaying the highest concentration of these sites. H2-TPR revealed strong metal-support interactions, while NH3-TPD indicated that CuO/CeO2-ZrO2 possessed the greatest number of acidic sites. The pyridine-FTIR results indicates both the acidic sites present on the catalyst surface. The Cu/CeZr sample exhibits the lowest Iu////ITotal ratio (0.0567) compared to the Cu/Ce (0.0843) and Cu/CeSi (0.0672) samples, indicating a higher number of Ce3+ species or a greater number of oxygen defect sites in the sample. The catalyst demonstrated excellent performance in converting benzylamine to imines and was also highly effective in the synthesis of benzimidazole from benzylamine and 1,2-diaminobenzene, broadening its application potential. The superior catalytic activity is attributed to the abundant oxygen vacancies, redox properties, strong metal-support interactions, and acidic sites. Furthermore, the CuO/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst maintained its efficiency over five consecutive cycles, exhibiting robustness, high functional group tolerance, and reduced reaction times, making it a promising system for diverse catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosion of Internet-of-Thing enables several interconnected devices but also gives rise chance for unauthorized parties to compromise sensitive information through wireless communication systems. Covert communication therefore has emerged as a potential candidate for ensuring data privacy in conjunction with physical layer transmission to render two lines of defense. In this paper, we aim to enhance the individual transmission of nearby users in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under scenarios of an eavesdropper who monitors covert transmission before decoding covert information. For this problem, we first provide a comprehensive analysis of the NOMA system in terms of outage probability (OP), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and detection error probability (DEP), where all of them are quantified in exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions. Besides, we have also derived closed-form formulas for users' covert and public rates. Under the system requirements of the maximal OP and SOP and the minimal DEP, we formulate the optimization of resource power allocation to: 1) minimize the OP of covert communication and 2) maximize the covert rate. Thanks to the developed analytical expressions, we obtain closed-form expressions for the sub-optimal power allocation coefficient for each problem. Simulation results validate the efficacy of the analytical mathematical frameworks and reveal that the proposed approaches of power allocation can provide attractive performance improvement compared to fixed power allocations only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunlight exposure is recognized as a risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common neurodegenerative retinal disease in the elderly. Specifically, the blue light wavelengths within sunlight can negatively impact the physiology of light-sensitive retinal cells, including retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. This review explores blue light-induced retinal degeneration, emphasizing the structural and functional impairments in RPE. The initial section provides a brief overview of blue light's effects on photoreceptors, followed by a comprehensive analysis of its detrimental impact on RPE. In vitro studies reveal that blue light exposure induces morphological alterations and functional impairments in RPE, including reduced phagocytic activity, disrupted secretion of neurotrophic factors, and compromised barrier function. Mechanisms of retinal damage, including oxidative stress, inflammation, lipofuscin accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in RPE, are also explored. The strengths and limitations of in vitro , animal and ex vivo models for studying blue light exposure are discussed, with recommendations for improving reproducibility in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crystalloid-based fluid resuscitation has long been a cornerstone in the initial management of trauma-induced hemorrhagic shock. However, its benefit is increasingly questioned as it is suspected to increase bleeding and worsen coagulopathy. The emergence of alternative strategies like permissive hypotension and vasopressor use lead to a shift in early trauma care practices. Critical appraisal of current evidence is necessary to guide clinicians and outline research perspectives. Main text: Current guidelines for managing trauma-induced hemorrhagic shock suggest titrating fluids and using vasopressors to achieve minimal blood pressure targets until hemorrhage is controlled. In case of traumatic brain injury with severe hemorrhage, blood pressure target increases. The scientific literature supporting these recommendations is limited, and several aspects remain the subject of ongoing scientific debate. The aim of this review is to evaluate the existing evidence on low-volume fluid resuscitation during the first hours of trauma management, with an emphasis on its integration with permissive hypotension, vasopressor use and cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury. The review also highlights the limitations of current guidelines, particularly the lack of robust evidence supporting specific type of fluid, volumes and administration protocols tailored to specific trauma scenarios and populations. Emerging technologies such as point-of-care diagnostics, integrated monitoring systems, and machine learning hold promise for enhancing clinical decision-making in trauma care. These innovations could play a crucial role, ultimately helping clinicians address critical unanswered questions in trauma management and improve patient survival. Conclusions: Crystalloid-based resuscitation remains relevant in early trauma care, but its application must be reassessed considering recent evidence and evolving practices. Further research is essential to refine fluid resuscitation guidelines, particularly in defining safe fluid volumes and the role of vasopressors. The integration of advanced monitoring technologies may offer new opportunities to optimize trauma care and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurocognitive impairment is a condition that makes it difficult for a person to make decisions that affect memory, learning new things, concentration on daily activities, and can range from mild to severe forms. It is a major health problem, less known and less addressed complication of diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and associated factors among diabetic mellitus patients. Methods: We conducted an institutional-based cross-sectional study involving 512 diabetic patients under follow-up at XXX Specialized Hospital from March 1 to April 30, 2023. Data on cognition, behavior, and depression were collected using standardized tools, including the Mini Mental State Examination for cognition, the CAGE assessment tool for alcohol-related behavior, and the PHQ-9 for depression. These assessments were conducted through face-to-face interviews and chart reviews. A diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed in adults when fasting blood glucose levels exceed 126 mg/dl in three consecutive follow-up measurements. Data entry was performed using Epidata version 4.6, and analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Variables with a P-value < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 with a 95% CI. Results were presented using tables, graphs, and descriptive text. Results: The prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among diabetic patients at XXX Comprehensive Specialized Hospital was 28.3% [95% CI: 24.57–32.39]. Factors associated with this impairment included being female (AOR=2.29 [95% CI: 1.43-3.67]), rural residence (AOR=3.16 [95% CI: 2.01-4.95]), comorbidity (AOR=3.30 [95% CI: 2.08-5.23]), diabetes duration of 6-10 years (AOR=1.72 [95% CI: 1.01-2.94]), diabetes duration >10 years, and blood sugar level >126 mg/dl (AOR=2.25 [95% CI: 1.42-3.57]). Patients are encouraged to adhere to proper medication regimens to effectively control their blood glucose levels. This study found a high prevalence of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) among diabetic patients, affecting about one-fourth based on MMSE scores. Key risk factors identified include female gender, rural residence, comorbidities, longer duration of diabetes, and elevated blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effects of anti–VEGF injections on the prevalence of ocular hypertension (OHT), sustained elevated intraocular pressure (SE-IOP), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with age-matched controls. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was performed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME) against a control group involving atrophic AMD or diabetic retinopathy (DR) without DME. Bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or a combination of both were used in the treatment group. OHT was defined as IOP> 21 mm Hg while SE-IOP was defined as IOP that increased by > 6 mmHg or was > 25 mm Hg on two or more visits, 30 days apart. Patients with a pre-existing history of glaucoma, vein occlusions, IVI steroids, and pars plana vitrectomy were excluded. Results: A total of 1312 eyes of 784 patients were included in the study. Using age-matched controls, the treatment and control group was further refined to 394 eyes of 224 patients compared to 340 eyes from 170 patients respectively. The mean age was 58.4 ± 8.7 for the control versus 58.8 ± 8.8 years for the treatment group. The average IOP was higher in the injection group compared to the control with 25.8 ± 9.3 versus 19.5 ± 5.1 mmHg respectively, P< 0.001. Significant increases in POAG (10.7% vs 2.9%, p< 0.01), OHT (67.0% vs 22.4%, p< 0.001), and SE-IOP (41.1% vs 7.6%, p< 0.001) were seen in the injection group compared to the age-matched control group. The rates of POAG and OHT were positively associated with the number of injections, R2=0.856, P< 0.01 and R2=0.749, P< 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: Compared to age-matched controls, patients treated with anti-VEGF agents demonstrated an increased rate of OHT, SE-IOP, and POAG which correlated with the number of IVIs. However, additional prospective studies are needed to determine if there is a true association between intravitreal anti-VEGF injections and glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate staffing of primary healthcare workers (PHCWs) is essential for strengthening healthcare systems, yet high turnover intention among these workers presents a significant challenge. While existing strategies primarily target economic incentives and career progression, this study proposes that enhancing organizational justice could offer a novel and impactful approach to retention. Drawing on equity theory and self-determination theory, the study examines how organizational justice influences turnover intention and the mediating roles of both the intensity and type of work motivation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study design. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized to administer a questionnaire survey to 1,200 PHCWs from 36 primary health institutions in Shandong Province, China. Results: Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that organizational justice significantly reduces turnover intention among PHCWs (β = − 0.435, p < 0.001). Among its three dimensions, distributive justice (β = − 0.203, p < 0.001) and procedural justice (β = − 0.177, p < 0.01) had significant impacts on turnover intention, whereas interactional justice did not. The study also confirmed the mediating role of work motivation, with work motivation type accounting for 18.2% of the total effect, exerting a greater influence than work motivation intensity, which accounted for 13.8% of the total effect. Conclusion: This study finds that organizational justice, especially distributive and procedural justice, reduces turnover intention among PHCWs in China. Work motivation mediates this effect, with motivation type having a stronger influence than motivation intensity. Enhancing organizational justice through transparent systems for compensation, promotion, and inclusive decision-making can foster the internalization of work motivation, providing a sustainable approach to improving retention and supporting the stability of the primary healthcare workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: In the absence of physiological mechanisms to excrete excessive iron, the administration of iron chelation therapy is necessary. Age and hormones have an impact on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the medications used to treat iron excess, resulting in notable sex- and gender-related variances. Methods: Here, we aimed to review the literature on sex and gender in iron overload assessment and treatment. Results: The development of iron chelators has shown to be a successful therapy for lowering the body's iron levels and averting the tissue damage and organ failure that follows. Numerous studies have described how individual factors can impact chelation treatment, potentially impact therapeutic response, and/or result in inadequate chelation or elevated toxicity; however, most of these data have not considered male and female patients as different groups, and particularly, the effect of hormonal variations in women have never been considered. Conclusions: An effective iron chelation treatment should take into account sex and gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methionine is an essential amino acid. Dietary methionine restriction is associated with decreased tumor growth in preclinical studies and extended lifespans in animal models. The mechanism by which methionine restriction inhibits tumor growth while sparing normal cells is not fully understood. In this study, we applied tensor decomposition-based feature extraction for gene selection from the gene expression profiles of two cell lines of RNA sequencing. We compared two human melanoma cell lines, A101D and MeWo. A101D is a typical cancer cell line that exhibits methionine dependence. MeWo is a methionine-independent cell line. We used the application on R, TDbasedUFE, to perform an enrichment analysis of the selected gene set. Consequently, concordance with existing research on the differences between methionine-dependent melanoma and methionine-independent melanoma was confirmed. Targeting methionine metabolism is considered a promising strategy for treating melanoma and other cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of hypertension with systemic inflammation during pregnancy is a hallmark of preeclampsia, but both processes also convey dynamic information about its antecedents and correlates (e.g., fetal growth restriction) and potentially related offspring sequelae. Causal inferences are further complicated by the increasingly frequent overlap of preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and multiple indicators of acute and chronic inflammation, with decreased gestational length and its correlates (e.g., social vulnerability). This complexity prompted our group to summarize information from mechanistic studies, integrated with key clinical evidence, to discuss the possibility that sustained or intermittent systemic inflammation-related phenomena offer hints about viable therapeutic targets, not only for the prevention of preeclampsia, but also the neurobehavioral and other developmental deficits that appear to be overrepresented in surviving offspring. Importantly, we feel that carefully designed hypothesis-driven observational studies are necessary if we are to translate the mechanistic evidence into child health benefits, namely because multiple pregnancy disorders might contribute to heightened risks of neuroinflammation, arrested brain development, or dysconnectivity in survivors who exhibit developmental problems later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in apoptosis. We reported that Blue Light (BL) induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and increased drusen deposition and RPE cell apoptosis in human eyes. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying BL-induced damage to RPE cells. Cells were exposed to BL with or without the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Cells were analyzed for levels of ROS, proliferation, viability, and mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨM) fluctuation. We performed proteomic analyses to search for differentially expressed proteins. ROS levels increased following RPE cell exposure to BL. While ROS production did not affect RPE cell proliferation, it was accompanied by decreased ΔΨM and increased cell apoptosis due to the caspase cascade activation in a ROS-dependent manner. Proteomic analyses revealed that BL decreased the levels of ROS detoxifying enzymes in exposed cells. We conclude that BL-induced oxidative stress is cytotoxic to RPE cells. These findings bring new insights into the involvement of BL on RPE cell damage and its role in the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The use of antioxidants is an avenue to block or delay BL-mediated RPE cell apoptosis to counteract the disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of a treatment modality that combines two or more therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action encourage the study of hybrid functional compounds for pharmacological applications. Molecular hybridization, resulting from a covalent combination of two or more pharmacophore units, has emerged as a promising approach to overcome several issues and has also been explored for the design of new drugs for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, we presented an overview of small-molecule hybrids from both natural products and synthetic sources reported in the literature to date with potential antiviral anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding for dwarfing traits in sorghum is crucial. However, only three genes (Dw1–Dw3) that control plant height have been mapped. In this study, 634 sorghum cultivars were collected to investigate plant height and genotypes. Four were genotyped Dw1DW2Dw3 (wild type) but with different plant heights, and they were selected to construct two populations and map new dwarf genes. Bulked segregant analysis with whole-genome resequencing of the two populations identified the candidate gene in one same genomic region—on chromosome 7. Then, it was narrowed down to a region containing nine genes. Amino acid and DNA sequence analysis of the parent and offspring plants revealed that two novel allelic mutations in the Dw3 gene play a role in reducing the plant height—8R262 or 8R417, including 1 bp substitution and 2 bp deletions. Furthermore, we sequenced 19 cultivars that primarily exhibited a "one-dwarf" hybrid or wild-type and presumed another allelic mutation via the amino acid alignment of 8R019, 8R100, and 8R402, which was another one-base substitution. These results indicate that multiple types of allelic mutations in the Dw3 gene should be considered when identified or applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ascaris lumbricoides infection is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminthiasis and IgE response to this helminth may increase the risk of asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity and atopy. There is not enough evidence showing the role of group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the pathogenesis of helminth infections in humans. Here, we aimed to investigate and characterize the influence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on circulating ILCs in endemically exposed subjects. Methods: Non-infected (NI; n=16) and Ascaris-infected (AI; n=16) subjects from an endemic area were included. Two consecutive stool samples from each subject were examined by Kato-Katz to define parasite infection. Antibodies to the ABA-1 antigen of Ascaris and Ascaris extract were measured by ELISA. ILC subsets and their activation markers (CD25, CD69, thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) were evaluated in its PBMC by flow cytometry. Proximity extension assay (PEA) was performed to explore plasma proteins associated to infection. Results: No significant differences in the relative or absolute frequencies of total ILCs, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 cells were observed regarding the infection status. However, within AI group, IgE-sensitized subjects to ABA-1 had higher frequencies and counts of ILC2 (p<0.05). Frequencies of CD25+, CD69+ and TSLPR+ ILC2 were higher in AI compared to the NI (p<0.01). Additionally, egg burden was positively correlated with CD69+ ILC2 frequencies (r=0.67; p=0.005). Tryptase alpha/beta 1 (TPSAB1), GP6 and several plasma proteins associated with cell growth and granulocyte chemotaxis were highly expressed in the AI group (p<0.05). Interestingly, TPSAB1 levels were positively correlated with ILC2 expressing activation markers frequencies, egg burden and IgE levels against Ascaris. Discussion: Ascaris infection is associated with increased expression of ILC2 activation markers and TPSAB1, which may contribute to the type-2 response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract, and full text for inclusion using the online review tool, Covidence; a third author adjudicated conflicts. A similar method was used for data extraction. Outcomes were categorized as those that occurred in the short-term (day of injury to < 30 days post-injury), intermediate-term (30 days to six months post-injury), and long-term (> six months to one year post-injury). The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to rate the quality and strength of the reviewed evidence. Data Sources: PubMED, CINAHL, Scopus, and Embase. Results: The final analysis included 50 articles. Outcomes were categorized as those related to mortality, pathophysiologic outcomes, indices of coagulopathy, and duration of treatment. All four outcome categories were reported in at least one study during the short-term timeframe. Mortality was reported in 12 articles, the duration of treatment was reported in four articles, and pathophysiologic outcomes were reported in one article during the intermediate-term timeframe. Two articles reported mortality during the long-term timeframe. Conclusion: Short-term outcomes of patients resuscitated with blood products following a trauma-related hemorrhage have been well studied. Future studies are needed to assess the intermediate- and long-term outcomes of patients following a trauma-related hemorrhage. Impact: Understanding patient outcomes following trauma-related hemorrhage may help guide clinicians in the provision of care beyond the initial resuscitation period, and ultimately improve patient recovery and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cognitive impairment in India. Screening for cognitive impairment is necessary in diabetic patients as it may pose risk of non-adherence to medication, which may lead to grave consequences. Aims: The objectives of the study were to estimate the cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Mini-Cog as a screening tool, to assess medication adherence using the Morisky Medication Adherence scale (MMSA-8), and to determine any association between drug adherence and cognitive impairment. Settings and Design: Hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study. Methods and Material: A 3-minute Mini-Cog screening test was performed on patients with T2DM in the age group of 35–70 years attending the General Medicine Outpatient Department of Government General Hospital during the study period (3 months). Self-reported medication adherence was measured using the MMAS-8. Statistical analysis: T test and Pearson correlation test were used to find the association between the variables and cognitive impairment. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 100 participants, about 10% had cognitive impairment (Mini-Cog score ≤ 2). About 38%, 44%, and 18% of the study population had high, medium, and low adherence, respectively, using MMAS-8. The mean MMAS-8 score was significantly higher (lower adherence) among participants with cognitive impairment (P = 0.012). Conclusions: Routine screening of cognitive impairment in diabetic patients using a simple 3-minute screening tool such as Mini-Cog test may assist in early detection, prompting necessary steps for evaluation and referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are often immobilized and on mechanical ventilation, placing them at increased risk for thromboembolic diseases, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and, to a lesser extent, pulmonary embolism (PE). While these conditions are frequently encountered in the emergency department, managing them in the ICU presents unique challenges. Although existing guidelines are comprehensive and effective, they are primarily designed for patients presenting with PE in the emergency department and do not fully address the complexities of managing critically ill patients in the ICU. This review aims to summarize the available data on these challenging cases, offering a practical approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PE, particularly when it is acquired in the ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly polyphagous, migratory pest native to the tropical and subtropical region of Americas. Grass crops particularly corn have been most heavily impacted since S. frugiperda invaded Australia in 2020. In northern Western Australia, S. frugiperda is primarily a problem in dry season (May to October) crops when there are abundant host plants available in monocultures. During the wet season (November to April) it is not known what host plants may support larval growth and development. Accordingly, this present study undertook a no-choice feeding bioassay to assess larval and pupal development on several grasses and legumes that are present over the wet season in northern Western Australia to evaluate their potential as suitable host plants for S. frugiperda. Maize (control) and sorghum were the most suitable hosts for S. frugiperda development as they supported greater larval and pupal survival, heavier larvae and pupae, and shorter development period. Following maize and sorghum, pastoral grasses, particularly blue grass, and a weedy grass, barnyard grass, had comparable effects on larval and pupal development. Legume pastures (Cavalcade, butterfly pea, and siratro) were unsuitable hosts in this bioassay as very few larvae completed their development to adults. This study demonstrates the potential for rangeland pasture grasses and weedy grasses as wet season host plants for S. frugiperda. They provide the necessary green bridge for S. frugiperda populations to survive. It is recommended that pastoralists monitor their grass forage for S. frugiperda and consider management if significant reductions in biomass are detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal midazolam (in-MDZ) administration for antiseizure treatment in adults. Methods: Embase and Medline literature databases were searched. We included randomized trials and cohort studies (excluding case series) of adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) examining in-MDZ administration for epilepsy, epileptic seizures, or status epilepticus published in English between 1985 and 2022. Studies were screened for eligibility based on predefined criteria. The primary outcome was the efficacy of in-MDZ administration, and the secondary outcome was its tolerability. Extracted data included study design, patient characteristics, intervention details, and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results: A total of 12 studies with 929 individuals treated with in-MDZ were included. Most studies were retrospective, with their number increasing over time. Administered in-MDZ doses ranged from 2.5 to 20 mg per single dose. The mean proportion of successful seizure termination after first in-MDZ administration was 72.7% (standard deviation [SD] 18%), and the proportion of seizure recurrence or persistent seizures ranged from 61 to 75%. Most frequent adverse reactions to in-MDZ were dizziness (mean 23.5% [SD 38.6%]), confusion (one study; 17.4%), local irritation (mean 16.6% [SD 9.6%]), and sedation (mean 12.7% [SD 9.7%]). Conclusions: Administration of in-MDZ seems promising for the treatment of prolonged epileptic seizures and seizure clusters in adults. Limited evidence suggests that intranasal administration is safe. Further research is warranted because of the heterogeneity of cohorts, the variation in dosages, and the lack of uniformity in defining successful seizure termination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One major consequence of lung transplantation is the development of oropharyngeal dysphagia. This systematic review aims to appraise and synthesize the available evidence of the use of instrumental assessments to outline the characteristics of post‐lung transplant dysphagia. Methods: Following the identification of appropriate search terms for the question, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the Health and Medical Collection of Proquest Research Library and included records between inception and September 14, 2023. Search strategies included the use of text words and subject headings (e.g., MeSH and Index terms) related to (1) dysphagia or swallowing (swallow*, deglutition disorder*), (2) lung transplant (lung transplant*, post‐operative, post‐lung), and (3) complications (adverse effects, *complications, treatment outcome). Results: The literature search strategy yielded a total of 883 studies from the electronic database search, with no additional records identified through other sources. After the removal of duplicates (n = 96), a total of 787 studies were screened through title and abstracts which eliminated 775 studies. Six studies were ultimately included in the systematic review. The selected articles included patients who underwent lung transplantation and all but one study utilized a retrospective design. A lack of transparency regarding instrumental evaluation protocols (videofluoroscopic [VFSS] and Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing [FEES]) including the number and bolus types used during the instrumental evaluations appeared as a theme in the studies included. The Penetration‐Aspiration Scale (PAS) was systematically utilized to measure dysphagia safety outcome. Handling of the PAS scale was not consistent across studies, however penetration or aspiration ranged from 52.4% up to 100%. Additionally, silent aspiration rates ranged from 14.2% to 61.9%. Conclusions: This review sought to describe the post‐operative swallowing function and its physiological parameters following lung transplantation. We examined the results reported and the methods utilized in obtaining these results in the existing literature. Limited reporting practices for physiological parameters were found, however the airway invasion was reported in all studies with variation in degrees of swallowing safety related deficits, with PAS being the most widely used scale to describe airway invasion depth and response. Future studies exploring dysphagia outcomes post‐lung transplant should comment on the altered physiological mechanisms of the swallow to further expand on the physiological deficits observed following transplantation in this group and allow for treatment planning. Level of evidence: Level 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real and legal people are seeking to increase their social capital via social networks all over the world. Therefore, most recent studies on networks focus on the way of increasing social capital in this way, and each of them has addressed this issue from one aspect. The present research aimed to provide an integrated literature review and develop a comprehensive model for promoting social capital via social networks. The research method had a systematic literature review (SLR) type. Open, axial, and selective coding methods were used for data analysis. In this search, 2338 documents were found and 46 ones were selected for in-depth review after applying exclusion criteria. Therefore, the obtained narratives were categorized into 66 codes, 14 sub-categories, and 5 main categories. This research led to the creation of a new model that included the following categories: The user's motivation to use social networks, the technical and media structures of social networks, the intensity and use of networks, the individual's behavior in social networks (communication and participation, observer, grouping, helping, self-disclosure, applying rational criteria of benefit-cost, and enjoyment and entertainment), bonding social capital, bridging social capital, and maintenance of social capital. This model can be a basis for increasing social capital via social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NISCM) is a clinical challenge with limited therapeutic targets. This study aims to identify promising drug targets for NISCM. Methods: We utilized cis-pQTLs from the deCODE study, which includes data from 35,559 Icelanders, and SNPs from the FinnGen study, which includes data from 1,754 NISCM cases and 340,815 controls of Finnish ancestry. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causal relationship between circulating plasma protein levels and NISCM risk. Proteins with significant associations underwent false discovery rate (FDR) correction, followed by Bayesian colocalization analysis. The expression of top two proteins, LILRA5 and NELL1, was further analyzed using various NISCM datasets. Descriptions from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) validated protein expression. The impact of environmental exposures on LILRA5 was assessed using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), and molecular docking identified the potential small molecule interactions. Results: MR analysis identified 255 circulating plasma proteins associated with NISCM, with 16 remaining significant after FDR correction. Bayesian colocalization analysis identified LILRA5 and NELL1 as significant, with PP.H4 > 0.8. LILRA5 has a protective effect (OR = 0.758, 95% CI, 0.670–0.857) while NELL1 displays the risk effect (OR = 1.290, 95% CI, 1.199–1.387) in NISCM. Decreased LILRA5 expression was found in NISCM such as diabetic, hypertrophic, dilated, and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, while NELL1 expression increased in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. HPA data indicated high LILRA5 expression in neutrophils, macrophages and endothelial cells within normal heart and limited NELL1 expression. Immune infiltration analysis revealed decreased neutrophil in diabetic cardiomyopathy. CTD analysis identified several small molecules that affect LILRA5 mRNA expression. Among these, Estradiol, Estradiol-3-benzoate, Gadodiamide, Topotecan, and Testosterone were found to stably bind to the LILRA5 protein at the conserved VAL-15 or THR-133 residues in the Ig-like C2 domain. Conclusion: Based on European Ancestry Cohort, this study reveals that LILRA5 and NELL1 are potential therapeutic targets for NISCM, with LILRA5 showing particularly promising prospects in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Several small molecules interact with LILRA5, implying potential clinical implication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is facing a new wave of Lumpy skin disease outbreaks since May 2022, spreading in more than 22 states and causing morbidity to more than 29 lakh animals and mortality to more than 2 lakh animals. Lack of specific antiviral treatment restores symptomatic therapeutic interventions. However, in the advent of large no. of cases and severity of disease, investigations on specific antiviral drugs are imperative. This scientific study was conducted on a group of LSD-affected cattle (n = 40) from the trans-Himalayan region of Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir). The affected cattle were subjected to different treatments, including acyclovir (n = 27), symptomatic treatment (n = 7), and ivermectin (n = 6), along with supportive drugs. The animals were carefully monitored and compared both within and between groups at various intervals (0-96 hr) using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant (P = 0.05) improvement in regaining rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate was noted 48 hours after treatment in a group of LSD-affected animals (n = 27) treated with acyclovir at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight (small cattle) to 1.5 mg/kg (large cattle) intravenously in 500 ml normal saline along with supportive drugs including enrofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg), combination of meloxicam (0.25 mg/kg) and paracetamol (7.5 mg/kg) and pheniramine maleate (0.5 mg/kg) all intramuscularly, compared to group of LSD affected cattle (n = 6) treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously) and supportive drugs and another group of LSD affected cattle (n = 7) treated symptomatically with only supportive drugs. Acyclovir treated group showed a significant (P = 0.05) decrease in total leucocyte count, lymphocyte, and basophil count from 0 hour to 96 hour of treatment (23.00 ± 0.534 to 5.59 ± 0.208; 13.97 ± 0.310 to 3.43 ± 0.126; 0.11 ± 0.003 to 0.03 ± 0.001 respectively). Significant (P = 0.05) decrease in total oxidative status (TOS: 73.31%) and increase in total antioxidant status (TAS: 59.9%) was observed in acyclovir treated group followed by ivermectin treated group (TOS: 68.05% and TAS: 27.16%) compared to symptomatically treated group (TOS: 42.41% and TAS: 18.75%). Acyclovir being comparatively more specific antiviral agent than ivermectin may have helped in amelioration of clinical severity and regaining of normal physiological, hematological, and oxidative indices in LSDaffected animals. The current study demonstrates expedited recovery, diminished clinical severity, and re-establishment of physiological, hematological and oxidative markers in animals subjected to acyclovir treatment, followed by animals administered with ivermectin, when compared to animals receiving symptomatic treatment. However, further studies are required to investigate safety or adverse effects, if any. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is threatened by biotic stress on crops, e.g., from invasive pests, in the context of climate change. Pest control has traditionally been achieved using synthetic pesticides, yet pollution and the persistence and toxicity of some pesticides are inducing food contamination and, in turn, generating public concern. As a consequence, biopesticides are increasingly used, notably for organic crops. For instance, some microorganisms produce biopesticidal compounds such as secondary metabolites or growth-inhibitory enzymes. Most reviews on this topic mainly focus on describing microbial species and their active compounds. However, there are very few studies and reviews describing various process parameters. Here, we review both microbial biopesticides and factors controlling physicochemical conditions for the scaling up of biopesticide production. We present biopesticides from bacteria (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis), algae, fungi, and viruses and review the biocontrol mechanisms and applications of commercial biopesticides. The benefits of genetic engineering for enhancing activity and drawbacks such as commercialization are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to conduct a biophysical comparison of angular (Biorower) and linear (Concept2) rowing ergometers across a wide spectrum of exercise intensities. Sixteen (eleven male) skilled rowers, aged 29.8 ± 8.6 and 23.6 ± 1.5 years, with international competitive experience, performed 7 × 3 min bouts with 30 W increments and 60 s intervals, plus 1 min of all-out rowing on both machines with 48 h in between. The ventilatory and kinematical variables were measured breath-by-breath using a telemetric portable gas analyzer and determined using a full-body markerless system, respectively. Similar values of oxygen uptake were observed between ergometers across all intensity domains (e.g., 60.36 ± 8.40 vs. 58.14 ± 7.55 mL/min/kg for the Biorower and Concept2 at severe intensity). The rowing rate was higher on the Biorower vs. Concept2 at heavy and severe intensities (27.88 ± 3.22 vs. 25.69 ± 1.99 and 30.63 ± 3.18 vs. 28.94 ± 2.29). Other differences in kinematics were observed across all intensity domains, particularly in the thorax angle at the finish (e.g., 19.44 ± 4.49 vs. 27.51 ± 7.59° for the Biorower compared to Concep2 at heavy intensity), likely due to closer alignment of the Biorower with an on-water rowing technique. The overall perceived effort was lower on the Biorower when compared to the Concept2 (14.38 ± 1.76 vs. 15.88 ± 1.88). Rowers presented similar cardiorespiratory function on both rowing ergometers, while important biomechanical differences were observed, possibly due to the Biorower's closer alignment with an on-water rowing technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an interim analysis of the Beta-blocker (Propranolol) use in traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on the high-sensitive troponin status (BBTBBT) study. The BBTBBT is an ongoing double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with a target sample size of 771 patients with TBI. We sought, after attaining 50% of the sample size, to explore the impact of early administration of beta-blockers (BBs) on the adrenergic surge, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the TBI biomarkers linked to the status of high-sensitivity troponin T (HsTnT). Patients were stratified based on the severity of TBI using the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and HsTnT status (positive vs negative) before randomization. Patients with positive HsTnT (non-randomized) received propranolol (Group-1; n = 110), and those with negative test were randomized to receive propranolol (Group-2; n = 129) or placebo (Group-3; n = 111). Propranolol was administered within 24 h of injury for 6 days, guided by the heart rate (> 60 bpm), systolic blood pressure (≥ 100 mmHg), or mean arterial pressure (> 70 mmHg). Luminex and ELISA-based immunoassays were used to quantify the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18), TBI biomarkers [S100B, Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), and epinephrine]. Three hundred and fifty patients with comparable age (mean 34.8 ± 9.9 years) and gender were enrolled in the interim analysis. Group 1 had significantly higher baseline levels of IL-6, IL-1B, S100B, lactate, and base deficit than the randomized groups (p = 0.001). Group 1 showed a significant temporal reduction in serum IL-6, IL-1β, epinephrine, and NSE levels from baseline to 48 h post-injury (p = 0.001). Patients with severe head injuries had higher baseline levels of IL-6, IL-1B, S100B, and HsTnT than mild and moderate TBI (p = 0.01). HsTnT levels significantly correlated with the Injury Severity Score (ISS) (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), GCS (r = − 0.125, p = 0.02), and serum S100B (r = 0.205, p = 0.001). Early Propranolol administration showed a significant reduction in cytokine levels and TBI biomarkers from baseline to 48 h post-injury, particularly among patients with positive HsTnT, indicating the potential role in modulating inflammation post-TBI. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04508244. It was registered first on 11/08/2020. Recruitment started on 29 December 2020 and is ongoing. The study was partly presented at the 23rd European Congress of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (ECTES), April 28–30, 2024, in Estoril, Lisbon, Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cereal-based farming, there is significant influence of tillage and residue incorporation as sustainable practices, although their role in crop production is still unclear. Two field trials were executed during winter seasons to evaluate the best-performing crop residue and tillage system for the nutrition and yield of rice at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University. In the first trial, residues from soybean, black gram, and rice were incorporated into the soil with 75% recommended fertilizer doses (RFD). The grain yields were 5.97, 6.21, and 6.10 t ha−1, respectively in rice, soybean, and black gram residue-treated plots, which were increased by 77.15, 84.27, and 81.01%, respectively, over the control. In the second trial, the residues from black gram and rice were incorporated with 100% RFD under conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) for two years, where CT with black gram residue plus 100% fertilizer (CT-I2) exhibited the highest grain yield of 6.69 and 6.88 t ha−1, increasing by 7.61% and 8% over 100% RFD. Both CT and MT performed similarly, and their combination with legume residue strongly influenced crop performance and nutrient uptake. Therefore, incorporating legume residue under minimum tillage can be a sustainable approach for better rice yield and nutritional uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation therapists, also known as radiotherapy technologists, are allied health professionals who specialise in providing high doses of radiation to patients with malignant growths. High-energy radiation damages cells' genetic material {Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)}, stopping them from replicating and multiplying further. Radiation can be used to treat cancer or as a highly effective palliative therapy to alleviate cancer-related pain in patients. Radiation therapy can be used in conjunction with other treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Because radiation harms both healthy tissues and malignant cells, the primary objective of radiation therapy is to optimise radiation exposure to abnormal cancer cells while avoiding irradiation of healthy tissues adjacent to or in the path of radiation. Remarkable precision is required to provide ionising radiation to patients and target specific cells for consistent, accurate, and successful radiation treatment. A team consisting of radiation oncologists, medical physicists, radiation therapists, medical dosimetrists, and nurses work together to achieve this goal. Radiation therapists are responsible for delivering radiation treatment, as well as maintaining and testing the equipment used to monitor and administer the treatment. The radiation therapist administers the patient's treatment dose according to the prescription plan made by the radiation oncologists and medical physicists. Radiation therapists must communicate with patients and their families, respond to their inquiries, and clarify the radiation treatment plan. They must also track the patient's progress and report any changes to their seniors. Radiation therapists must maintain high levels of precision while administering therapy, think critically, and exercise autonomous, professional, and ethical judgment in all aspects of their work. The field of radiotherapy is continuously evolving with new advancements in technology and treatment delivery techniques that maximise patient satisfaction and treatment delivery efficacy. Radiation therapists undergo continuing education and training to broaden their knowledge of the field and stay current with standard practice. This review addresses the critical role of radiation therapists in clinical radiation therapy practices. It highlights their significance in delivering safe and effective treatment to radiotherapy patients. The review covers various aspects, including the responsibilities of technologists in treatment planning, equipment operation, patient care and safety, quality assurance, and research. This present review provides a comprehensive understanding of the importance of well-trained and skilled radiation therapists in ensuring the success of radiation therapy treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology (BCT) is an emerging technology that has been used mainly in supply chain and financial technology. However, the use of this technology in Medical Imaging (MI) is still limited. This study investigates the acceptability of BCT in MI in public hospitals in Iraq. Based on relevant theories, the study proposed that Effort Expectancy (EE), Performance Expectancy (PE), Social Influence (SI), and Facilitating Condition (FC) significantly affect the acceptability of BCT in MI. Similarly, EE, PE, SI, and FC are expected to affect Initial Trust (IT), which in turn is proposed to mediate the effect of EE, PE, SI, and FC on the acceptability of BCT in MI. Data were collected from 136 doctors from public hospitals in Iraq. The results indicated that EE, PE, and SI positively affected the acceptability of BCT in MI. EE and PE positively affected IT. Furthermore, IT positively affected the acceptability of BCT in MI and mediated the effect of EE and PE. The study offers valuable insights for both theoretical and practical implementations, can guide future research, and informs strategies for the effective acceptability of BCT in MI in public hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is a silent epidemic, causing approximately 300,000 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions annually, with a 30% mortality rate. Despite worldwide efforts to optimize the management of patients and improve outcomes, the level of evidence for the treatment of these patients remains low. The concomitant occurrence of thromboembolic events, particularly pulmonary embolism (PE), remains a challenge for intensivists due to the risks of anticoagulation to the injured brain. We performed a literature review on sTBI and concomitant PE to identify and report the most recent advances on this topic. We searched PubMed and Scopus for papers published in the last five years that included the terms "pulmonary embolism" and "traumatic brain injury" in their title or abstract. Exclusion criteria were papers referring to children, non-sTBI populations, and post-acute care. Our search revealed 75 papers, of which 38 are included in this review. The main topics covered include the prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary embolism, the challenges of timely diagnosis in the ICU, the timing of pharmacological prophylaxis, and the treatment of diagnosed PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential of smart crop management based on the incorporation of tools like digital agriculture, which considers current technological tools applied in agriculture, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing, and artificial intelligence (AI), to improve crop production efficiency and sustainability. This is essential in the context of varying climatic conditions that affect the availability of resources for agriculture. The integration of tools such as IoT and sensor networks can allow farmers to obtain real-time data on their crops, assessing key health factors, such as soil conditions, plant water status, presence of pests, and environmental factors, among others, which can finally result in data-based decision-making to optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Also, this can be enhanced by incorporating tools such as drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can increase monitoring capabilities through comprehensive field surveys and high-precision crop growth tracking. On the other hand, big data analytics and AI are crucial in analyzing extensive datasets to uncover patterns and trends and provide valuable insights for improving agricultural practices. This paper highlights the key technological advancements and applications in smart crop management, addressing challenges and barriers to the global adoption of these current and new types of technologies and emphasizing the need for ongoing research and collaboration to achieve sustainable and efficient crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long COVID, now unmistakably identified as a syndromic entity encompassing a complex spectrum of symptoms, demands immediate resolution of its elusive pathogenic underpinnings. The intricate interplay of diverse factors presents a complex puzzle, difficult to resolve, and thus poses a substantial challenge. As instances of long COVID manifest by repeated infections of SARS-CoV-2 and genetic predisposition, a detailed understanding in this regard is needed. This endeavor is a comprehensive exploration and analysis of the cascading pathogenetic events driven by viral persistence and replication. Beyond its morbidity, long COVID, more disabling than fatal, exacts one of the most substantial tolls on public health in contemporary times, with the potential to cripple national economies. The paper introduces a unified theory of long COVID, detailing a novel pathophysiological framework that interlinks persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, autoimmunity, and systemic vascular pathology. We posit a model where viral reservoirs, immune dysregulation, and genetic predispositions converge to perpetuate disease. It challenges prevailing hypotheses with new evidence, suggesting innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The paper aims to shift the paradigm in long COVID research by providing an integrative perspective that encapsulates the multifaceted nature of the condition. We explain the immunological mechanisms, hypercoagulability states, and viral reservoirs in the skull that feed NeuroCOVID in patients with long COVID. Also, this study hints toward a patient approach and how to prioritize treatment sequences in long COVID patients in hospitals and clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the power generation sector is the primary source of carbon emissions, largely due to the heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants, which account for 60% of electricity production. Reducing these emissions is essential to achieve national clean energy transition goals. However, achieving this initiative requires careful consideration, especially regarding the complex interactions among multiple stakeholders in the Indonesian electricity market. The electricity market in Indonesia is characterized by its non-competitive and heavily regulated structure. This market condition often requires the PLN, as the system operator, to address multi-objective and multi-constraint problems, necessitating optimization in the generation dispatch scheduling scheme to ensure a secure, economical, and low-carbon power system operation. This research introduces a multiparadigm approach for GS optimization in a regulated electricity market to support the transition to clean energy. The multiparadigm integrates multi-agent system and system dynamic paradigms to model, simulate, and quantitatively analyze the complex interactions among multiple stakeholders in the Indonesian regulated electricity market. The research was implemented on the Java–Madura–Bali power system using AnyLogic 8 University Researcher Software. The simulation results demonstrate that the carbon policy scheme reduces the system's carbon emissions while increasing the system's cost of electricity. A linear regression for sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between carbon policies and the system's cost of electricity. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers to develop an optimal, acceptable, and reasonable power system operation scheme for all stakeholders in the Indonesian electricity market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of sowing dates, climatic variables on major insect pests population, and host plant resistance with special reference to pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) ecosystem was studied on two cultivars namely, ICPL 87 and ICPL 88039. The insect pest population on two cultivars differed significantly across sowing dates. ICPL 87 was most vulnerable to insect pests as it suffered more damage by the pod borer H. armigera, pod sucking bugs (Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal.) than ICPL 88039. The maximum leaf/pod feeding insect population was recorded on first sowing and then gradually decline for the rest of the plantings. Maximum H. armigera egg population exhibited 21.10 on ICPL 87 in first sowing and at least 1.23 on ICPL 88039 in sixth sowing. Web forming insect pests Maruca virata (3.95) and leaf webber (4.66) weremaximum recorded on ICPL 88039 in second and first planting respectively. The leaf feeding beetle was recorded highest 6.29(ICPL 87) in the third planting. Amid two cultivars maximum insect-pests population was recorded on ICPL 87 when compared to ICPL 88039 except web forming insect Maruca and leaf webber due to its indeterminate genotypic character of ICPL 88039. Between the two genotypes, the sucking pests more preferred to ICPL 87 when compared ICPL 88039. Maximum jassids were recorded 12.76 and 8.38 (ICPL 87) in fourth sowing and third sowing respectively. It was observed that highest spider population recorded 2.23(ICPL 88039) in first and second sowing. Ladybird beetle Coccinella transvasalis population recorded a maximum 8.52 (ICPL 87). The leaf webber (r= 0.449**) and pod bug (r= 0.421**) showed a highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and H. armigera larvae population exhibited highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r= 0.491**) and morning relative humidity (r= 0.528**). Solar radiation also exhibited and showed a significant positive correlation with leaf webber (r= 533**). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining body hemostasis through both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic overstimulation as a reflex to multiple pathologies, such as septic shock, brain injury, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac arrest, could be harmful and lead to autonomic and immunologic dysfunction. The continuous stimulation of the beta receptors on immune cells has an inhibitory effect on these cells and may lead to immunologic dysfunction through enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1B IL-1B and tissue necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Sympathetic overstimulation-induced autonomic dysfunction may also happen due to adrenergic receptor insensitivity or downregulation. Administering anti-adrenergic medication, such as beta-blockers, is a promising treatment to compensate against the undesired effects of adrenergic surge. Despite many misconceptions about beta-blockers, beta-blockers have shown a promising effect in decreasing mortality in patients with critical illness. In this review, we summarize the recently published articles that have discussed using beta-blockers as a promising treatment to decrease mortality in critically ill patients, such as patients with septic shock, traumatic brain injury, cardiogenic shock, acute decompensated heart failure, and electrical storm. We also discuss the potential pathophysiology of beta-blockers in various types of critical illness. More clinical trials are encouraged to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of beta-blockers in improving mortality among critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inappropriate management of blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus leads to micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications, subsequently leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. In addition, diabetes independently increases the occurrence of cognitive impairment complicated by dementia. Scientific evidence on the magnitude of cognitive impairment will provide a sound basis for the determination of healthcare needs and the planning of effective healthcare services. Despite this, there are no comprehensive data on the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes in Africa. Methods: To identify relevant articles for this review, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar. After extraction, the data were imported into Stata software version 11 (Stata Corp., TX, USA) for further analysis. The random-effects model, specifically the DerSimonian and Laird (D+L) pooled estimation method, was used due to the high heterogeneity between the included articles. Begg's and Egger's regression tests were used to determine the evidence of publication bias. Sub-group analyses and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to handle heterogeneity. Results: The pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes in Africa is found to be 43.99% (95% CI: 30.15-57.83, p < 0.001). According to our analysis, primary level of education [pooled odds ratio (POR) = 6.08, 95% CI: 3.57-10.36, I² = 40.7%], poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (POR = 5.85, 95% CI: 1.64-20.92, I² = 87.8%), age above 60 years old (POR = 3.83, 95% 95% CI: 1.36-10.79, I² = 63.7%), and diabetes duration greater than 10 years (POR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07-1.19, I² = 0.0%) were factors associated with cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes. Conclusion: Based on our systematic review, individuals with diabetes mellitus exhibit a substantial prevalence rate (43.99%) of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was found to be associated with factors such as primary level of education, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, age above 60 years, and diabetes duration greater than 10 years. Developing suitable risk assessment tools is crucial to address uncontrolled hyperglycemia effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding image classification performance, having been successfully applied in several real‐world applications. However, there are performance limitations encountered in CNNs and few works have pointed out these limitations across the literature. Therefore, this survey aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of both the importance and performance limitations of CNNs on image classification tasks. In this paper, we start with a brief CNN background and follow the main CNN architectures along with their contributions and benchmark datasets. We propose a classification of the CNNs performance limitations, which are grouped into four categories: labeled datasets, translation invariance, adversarial attacks, and spatial relationship. In addition, we describe some approaches that are currently being developed to overcome these performance limitations. Finally, we introduce specific ongoing research to address these performance limitations through capsule networks (CapsNets) and CNNs combined with CapsNets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]