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In this study, the phylogenetic relationship among Fusarium graminearum Schwabe isolates was established for the first time based on mitochondrial cox3 and rnl gene variations. The genes were amplified from 45 isolates purified from Türkiye and Iran together with 2 Korean strains by polymerase chain reaction. The amplicons were sequenced and nucleotide polymorphisms were detected by alignment. The phylogenetic relationship was constructed by using PAUP 4.0a with the maximum parsimony method. Fragments with 477 bp length, belonging to cox3, were obtained from 46 samples; 1547 bp-amplicons of rnl were produced from 45 samples. Sequence similarities were calculated as 30-100 % and 17-94 % for cox3 and rnl, respectively. Nucleotide variations within the rnl was found higher than within cox3. It was shown that SNPs and in-dels, found in coding regions, cause a codon change and may alter more than one codon by causing frame shift without affect gene functions. Bootstrap values belonging to cox3 and rnl dataset was found ranging from 57 to 84 %, and 54 to 100 %, respectively. Parsimony analysis revealed that Korean isolates were in monophyletic relationship with Turkish and Iranian isolates. It is proposed that the methodology can be applied to other fungal species because the phylogenetic relationships at the intraspecific level are able to establish among Fusarium species based on mitochondrial gene variation., Bu çalışmada, mitokondriyal cox3 ve rnl genlerinin varyasyonlarına dayalı olarak Fusarium graminearum izolatları arasındaki filogenetik ilişki ilk kez ortaya kondu. cox3 ve rnl genleri polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile 2 Kore suşu ile Türkiye ve İran'dan saflaştırılan 45 izolattan çoğaltıldı. Amplikonlar dizilendi ve hizalama analizleri ile nükleotid polimorfizmleri tespit edildi. Filogenetik ilişki, maksimum tutumluluk yöntemiyle PAUP 4.0a programı kullanılarak oluşturuldu. 46 örnekten cox3'e ait 477 bp uzunluğunda fragmentler çoğaltılırken; rnl genine ait 1547 bp-amplikon 45 örnekten çoğaltıldı. cox3 ve rnl için dizi benzerlikleri sırasıyla %30-100 ve %17-94 aralığında hesaplandı. rnl gen bölgesinde, cox3’e kıyasla nukleotid varyasyonlarının daha yüksek oranda taşındığı belirlendi. Kodlama bölgelerinde bulunan SNP'lerin ve in-del'lerin gen fonksiyonlarını etkilemeden çerçeve kaymasına neden olduğu ve bu varyasyonların birden fazla kodonu değiştirebildiği belirlendi. Filogenetik analizlerle hesaplanan cox3 ve rnl veri setine ait bootstrap değerleri sırasıyla %57 ile %84 ve %54 ile %100 arasında hesaplandı. Parsimoni analizi, Kore izolatlarının Türk ve İran izolatları ile monofiletik ilişki içinde olduğunu ortaya koydu. Fusarium’da tür içi filogenetik ilişkilerin mitokondriyal gen varyasyonuna dayalı olarak belirlenebilmesi nedeniyle yöntemin diğer mantar türlerine de uygulanabileceği önerilmektedir.

Objective: Fusarium spp. cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot (CR) diseases. They also have harmful effects on animal and human health through their mycotoxins. Within the scope of this study, F. graminearum and F. culmorum isolates were purified from wheat ears and stalks contaminated with phytopathogens, which had been collected from various regions of Turkey, were identified and characterized by conventional and molecular methods. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight Fusarium samples were isolated by single spore analysis and classified according to their macroconidia shape and size. Morphologically characterized samples were verified by amplification of SCAR markers. Their mating types (MAT) and chemotypes were also determined through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Thirty-eight F. graminearum and 30 F. culmorum isolates were identified via amplification of UBC85 and OPT18 SCAR markers, respectively. All isolates were determined as trichothecene producers by amplification of the tri5 gene. All F. graminarum isolates carry both MAT-1 and MAT-2 loci, whereas 7 of F. culmorum isolates were also determined as MAT-1 and 23 of them as MAT-2 mating types. Deoxynivalenol production capacity of all isolates was identified by tri13 amplification for chemotype determination. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of phytopathogens and their mycotoxin levels is a requirement since their annual levels may vary depending on environmental factors. This work provides knowledge about the distribution of Fusarium spp. leading to FHB and CR in different regions of Turkey between 2010 and 2020. Also, their chemotypes were demonstrated. Our studies will contribute to disease profiling and it is the first step in disease management.