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A wide range of articles describe the role of different probiotics in the prevention or treatment of various diseases. However, currently, the focus is shifting from whole microorganisms to their easier-to-define components that can confer similar or stronger benefits on the host. Here, we aimed to describe polysaccharide B.PAT, which is a surface antigen isolated from Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis CCDM 218 and to understand the relationship between its structure and function. For this reason, we determined its glycerol phosphate-substituted structure, which consists of glucose, galactose, and rhamnose residues creating the following repeating unit: To fully understand the role of glycerol phosphate substitution on the B.PAT function, we prepared the dephosphorylated counterpart (B.MAT) and tested their immunomodulatory properties. The results showed that the loss of glycerol phosphate increased the production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α in bone marrow dendritic cells alone and after treatment with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Further studies indicated that dephosphorylation can enhance B.PAT properties to suppress IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. Thus, we suggest that further investigation of B.PAT and B.MAT may reveal distinct functionalities that can be exploited in the treatment of various diseases and may constitute an alternative to probiotics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Nutraceuticals can reduce the risk of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, immune deficiencies, neurodegeneration, and others. Their delivery remains a challenge because it depends on many factors, most notably the stability of the bioactive compounds. Yolkin is a peptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk with immunomodulatory and neuroprotective potential. However, yolkin remains relatively poorly characterized. We aimed to determine the origin and glycosylation level of yolkin, its storage conditions, its thermal stability, and its aggregation ability and to assess its antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic potential. The peptide composition of yolkin was shown to be homologous to that of vitellogenin II and vitellogenin I. These results indicate the stability of yolkin in a lyophilized form, preferably at 4 °C, with nonaggregation, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. As a result, yolkin can be considered to have significant therapeutic potential and represents a valuable tool for the development of novel nutraceuticals.

Escherichia coli A0 34/86 (EcO83) is a probiotic strain used in newborns to prevent nosocomial infections and diarrhoea. This bacterium stimulates both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production and its intranasal administration reduces allergic airway inflammation in mice. Despite its benefits, there are concerns about the use of live probiotic bacteria due to potential systemic infections and gene transfer. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from EcO83 (EcO83-EVs) might offer a safer alternative to live bacteria. This study characterizes EcO83-EVs and investigates their interaction with host cells, highlighting their potential as postbiotic therapeutics. EcO83-EVs were isolated, purified, and characterised following the Minimal Information of Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines. Ex vivo studies conducted in human nasal epithelial cells showed that EcO83-EVs increased the expression of proteins linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, indicating an effective interaction between EVs and the host cells. Further in vivo studies in mice demonstrated that EcO83-EVs interact with nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, are internalised by airway macrophages, and stimulate neutrophil recruitment in the lung. Mechanistically, EcO83-EVs activate the NF-κΒ signalling pathway, resulting in the nitric oxide production. EcO83-EVs demonstrate significant potential as a postbiotic alternative to live bacteria, offering a safer option for therapeutic applications. Further research is required to explore their clinical use, particularly in mucosal vaccination and targeted immunotherapy strategies., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Extracellular Vesicles published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have already infected more than 0.7 billion people and caused over 7 million deaths worldwide. At the same time, our knowledge about this virus is still incipient. In some cases, there is a pre-pandemic immunity, however its source is unknown. The analysis of patients' humoral responses might shed a light on this puzzle. In this paper, we evaluated the antibody recognition of nucleocapsid protein, one of the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, we used pre-pandemic, acute COVID-19 and convalescent patients' sera to identify and map nucleocapsid protein epitopes. We identified a common epitope KKSAAEASKKPRQKRTATKA recognized by sera antibodies from all three groups. Some motifs of this sequence are widespread among various coronaviruses, plant or human proteins indicating that there might be more sources of nucleocapsid-reactive antibodies than previous infection with seasonal coronavirus. The two sequences MSDNGPQNQRNAPRITFGGP and KADETQALPQRQKKQQTVTL were detected as specific for sera from patients in acute phase of infection and convalescents making them suitable for future development of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Knowledge of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for the design of appropriate diagnostic tools and vaccine antigens., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)

OBJECTIVE P. AERUGINOSA: (PA), the major pathogen of lung cystic fibrosis (CF), polarizes macrophages into hyperinflammatory tissue damaging phenotype. The main aim of this study was to verify whether training of macrophages with β-glucan might improve their response to P. aeruginosa infections., Methods: To perform this task C57BL/6 mice sensitive to infections with P. aeruginosa were used. Peritoneal macrophages were trained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan and exposed to PA57, the strong biofilm-forming bacterial strain isolated from the patient with severe lung CF. The release of cytokines and the expression of macrophage phenotypic markers were measured. A quantitative proteomic approach was used for the characterization of proteome-wide changes in macrophages. The effect of in vivo β-glucan-trained macrophages in the air pouch model of PA57 infection was investigated. In all experiments the effect of trained and naïve macrophages was compared., Results: Trained macrophages acquired a specific phenotype with mixed pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution characteristics, however they retained anti-bacterial properties. Most importantly, transfer of trained macrophages into infected air pouches markedly ameliorated the course of infection. PA57 bacterial growth and formation of biofilm were significantly suppressed. The level of serum amyloid A (SAA), a systemic inflammation biomarker, was reduced., Conclusions: Training of murine macrophages with S. cerevisiae β-glucan improved macrophage defense properties along with inhibition of secretion of some detrimental inflammatory agents. We suggest that training of macrophages with such β-glucans might be a new therapeutic strategy in P. aeruginosa biofilm infections, including CF, to promote eradication of pathogens and resolution of inflammation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Highly stable, colloidal iron oxide nanoparticles with an oxyhydroxide-like surface were used as bacteria-capturing nano-baits. Peptidoglycan isolated from Listeria spp was used as bacteria polysaccharide model, and the nanoparticle binding was characterized showing a Langmuir isotherm constant, K L , equal to 50 ± 3 mL mg -1 . The chemical affinity was further supported by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared and UV-Vis data, pointing at the occurrence of extended, coordinative multiple point bindings. The interaction with Gram (+) (Listeria spp) and Gram (-) (Aeromonas veronii) bacteria was shown to be effective and devoid of any toxic effect. Moreover, a real sample, containing a population of several oligotrophic bacteria strains, was incubated with 1 g L -1 of nanoparticle suspension, in the absence of agitation, showing a 100 % capture efficiency, according to plate count. A nanoparticle regeneration method was developed, despite the known irreversibility of such bacterial-nanosurface binding, restoring the bacteria capture capability. This nanomaterial represents a competitive option to eliminate microbiological contamination in water as an alternative strategy to antibiotics, aimed at reducing microbial resistance dissemination. Finally, beyond their excellent features in terms of colloidal stability, binding performances, and biocompatibility this nanoparticle synthesis is cost effective, scalable, and environmentally sustainable., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bifidobacterium species are one of the most important probiotic microorganisms which are present in both, infants and adults. Nowadays, growing data describing their healthy properties arise, indicating they could act at the cellular and molecular level. However, still little is known about the specific mechanisms promoting their beneficial effects. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is involved in the protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can be provided by epithelial cells, macrophages, or bacteria. The present study explored whether induction of iNOS-dependent NO synthesis in macrophages stems from the cellular action of Bifidobacterium species. The ability of ten Bifidobacterium strains belonging to 3 different species (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium animalis) to activate MAP kinases, NF-κB factor, and iNOS expression in a murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages cell line was determined by Western blotting. Changes in NO production were determined by the Griess reaction. It was performed that the Bifidobacterium strains were able to induce NF-қB-dependent iNOS expression and NO production; however, the efficacy depends on the strain. The highest stimulatory activity was observed for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animals CCDM 366, whereas the lowest was noted for strains Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCDM 371 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CCDM 372. Both TLR2 and TLR4 receptors are involved in Bifidobacterium-induced macrophage activation and NO production. We showed that the impact of Bifidobacterium on the regulation of iNOS expression is determined by MAPK kinase activity. Using pharmaceutical inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK, we confirmed that Bifidobacterium strains can activate these kinases to control iNOS mRNA expression. Concluding, the induction of iNOS and NO production may be involved in the protective mechanism of action observed for Bifidobacterium in the intestine, and the efficacy is strain-dependent., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: The impact of probiotic strains on host health is widely known. The available studies on the interaction between bacteria and the host are focused on the changes induced by bacteria in the host mainly. The studies determining the changes that occurred in the bacteria cells are in the minority. Within this paper, we determined what happens to the selected Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum in an experimental environment with the intestinal epithelial layer. For this purpose, we tested the bacteria cells' viability, redox activity, membrane potential and enzymatic activity in different environments, including CaCo-2/HT-29 co-culture, cell culture medium, presence of inflammatory inductor (TNF-α) and oxygen., Results: We indicated that the external milieu impacts the viability and vitality of bacteria. Bifidobacterium adolescentis decrease the size of the live population in the cell culture medium with and without TNF-α (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). In contrast, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum significantly increased survivability in contact with the eukaryotic cells and cell culture medium (p < 0.001). Bifidobacterium adolescentis showed significant changes in membrane potential, which was decreased in the presence of eukaryotic cells (p < 0.01), eukaryotic cells in an inflammatory state (p < 0.01), cell culture medium (p < 0.01) and cell culture medium with TNF-α (p < 0.05). In contrast, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum did not modulate membrane potential. Instead, bacteria significantly decreased the redox activity in response to milieus such as eukaryotic cells presence, inflamed eukaryotic cells as well as the culture medium (p < 0.001). The redox activity was significantly different in the cells culture medium vs the presence of eukaryotic cells (p < 0.001). The ability to β-galactosidase production was different for selected strains: Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum indicated 91.5% of positive cells, whereas Bifidobacterium adolescentis 4.34% only. Both strains significantly reduced the enzyme production in contact with the eukaryotic milieu but not in the cell culture media., Conclusion: The environmental-induced changes may shape the probiotic properties of bacterial strains. It seems that the knowledge of the sensitivity of bacteria to the external environment may help to select the most promising probiotic strains, reduce research costs, and contribute to greater reproducibility of the obtained probiotic effects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Microbiome dysbiosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of many urological diseases, including bladder cancer (BC). The aim of the study was to compare the urinary and gut microbiota of patients with BC with a healthy control (HC) group., Methods: The study group included patients hospitalized in 2020 to 2021 with diagnosed BC and HC. Prior to the transurethral resection of bladder tumor, patients collected their urine and stool which was then subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing., Results: Overall, 25 patients were enrolled in the study: 18 in the BC group and 7 in the HC group. Analysis of the urine and stool microbiome showed no statistically significant differences between patients with BC and HC in alpha diversity, beta diversity, and difference in taxa relative abundance. Detailed analysis of urine and stool microbiome depending on patient- and tumor-related characteristics also showed no statistically significant differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity. Differences in abundance (ANCOM) were noted in both types of samples in patients with BC. In the urine test, genus Lactobacillus was more common in patients with a positive history of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, while genus Howardella and the strain Streptococcus anginosus were more common in women. In stool samples, abundance of phylum Desulfobacterota was most abundant in Grade G1 and least in G2. Class Alphaproteobacteria , order Rhodospirillales , order Flavobacteriales , and family Flavobacteriaceae were more common in women., Conclusions: The microbiome of urine and stool of patients with BC does not differ significantly from that of HC; however, its composition in patients with BC varies according to the patient's sex., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Bifidobacteria are among the most common bacteria used for their probiotic properties and their impact on the maturation and function of the immune system has been well-described. Recently, scientific interest is shifting from live bacteria to defined bacteria-derived biologically active molecules. Their greatest advantage over probiotics is the defined structure and the effect independent of the viability status of the bacteria. Here, we aim to characterize Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCDM 368 surface antigens that include polysaccharides (PSs), lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), and peptidoglycan (PG). Among them, Bad368.1 PS was observed to modulate OVA-induced cytokine production in cells isolated from OVA-sensitized mice by increasing the production of Th1-related IFN-γ and inhibition of Th2-related IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines (in vitro). Moreover, Bad368.1 PS (BAP1) is efficiently engulfed and transferred between epithelial and dendritic cells. Therefore, we propose that the Bad368.1 PS (BAP1) can be used for the modulation of allergic diseases in humans. Structural studies revealed that Bad368.1 PS has an average molecular mass of approximately 9,99 × 10 6  Da and it consists of glucose, galactose, and rhamnose residues that are creating the following repeating unit: →2)-β-D-Glcp-1→3-β-L-Rhap-1→4-β-D-Glcp-1→3-α-L-Rhap-1→4-β-D-Glcp-1→3-α-D-Galp-(1→ n ., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Lung cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by chronic infections and hyperinflammatory response of neutrophils and macrophages. P. aeruginosa (PA) and S. aureus (MSSA, MRSA) are major pathogens of advanced CF. The main goal of this study was to compare the inflammatory phenotype of murine C57BL/6 macrophages exposed to PA57 with that exposed to MSSA60, both strains isolated from the same patient with severe CF. In the present study, we used C57BL/6 mice sensitive to lung infection with P. aeruginosa., Methods: We measured the release of cytokines and the expression of phenotypic markers of murine neutrophils and macrophages exposed to bacterial cells and biofilm components (i.e., EPS) of the selected bacteria. In addition, a quantitative proteomic approach was used for the characterization of proteome-wide changes in macrophages., Results: Neutrophils stimulated with PA57 and MSSA60 strains produced hyperinflammatory pattern of cytokines. The pro-inflammatory impact of PA57 was significantly higher than that of MSSA60 (IL-6/IL-10 ratio: PA57 = 9.3 vs. MSSA60 = 1.7). Macrophages produced significantly lower amount of cytokines, but showed classical pattern of M1 markers (iNOS-High; arginase-1 and mannose receptor MRC1-Low). Importantly, as evidenced by proteomic analysis, PA57 and PA57-EPS were stronger inducers of M1 macrophage polarization than the MSSA60 counterparts., Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that strong biofilm P. aeruginosa strains, CF isolates, are dominant inducers of M1 macrophages, termed biofilm-associated macrophages (BAMs). We suggest that repolarization of detrimental BAMs might be a new therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the airway damage in CF., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that infects mainly hospitalized and elderly people who have been treated with long-term antibiotic therapy leading to dysbiosis. The deteriorating demographic structure and the increase in the number of antibiotics used indicate that the problem of CD infections (CDI) will continue to increase. Thus far, there is no vaccine against CD on the market. Unfortunately, clinical trials conducted using the CD toxin-based antigens did not show sufficiently high efficacy, because they did not prevent colonization and transmission between patients. It seems that the vaccine should also include antigens found in the bacterium itself or its spores in order not only to fight the effects of toxins but also to prevent the colonization of the patient. This literature review summarizes the latest advances in research into vaccine antigens that do not contain CD toxins.

Background and Objectives: Global policy emphasizes the need to promote healthy aging through supporting inclusivity, safety, and functional independence. Research indicates that efforts to enhance resilience can contribute to meeting these objectives. We employed a meta-analytical approach to examine evidence on resilience in community-living older adults., Research Design and Methods: We searched electronic databases until January 13, 2020 for observational studies investigating factors associated with resilience in this population. Articles had to provide quantitative data based on standardized assessment and include samples where mean participants' age and lower 95% confidence interval were more than 55 years. We included 49 studies reported in 43 articles and completed 38 independent meta-analyses, 27 for personal and 11 for contextual factors associated with resilience., Results: A range of personal and contextual factors were significantly associated with resilience, with effects sizes predominantly small to moderate (0.1 < r < 0.49). Factors reflecting psychological and physical well-being and access to/quality of social support were associated with higher resilience. Factors indicative of poorer psychological well-being and social challenges were associated with lower resilience. Longitudinal evidence was limited. The level of between-study heterogeneity was substantial to considerable. Where relevant analysis was possible, the identified publication bias was also considerable., Discussion and Implications: The quality of the available evidence, as well as issues related to measurement of resilience, indicates the need for further work relative to its conceptualization and assessment. The presented findings have important clinical implications, particularly within the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 impact on resilience in older adults., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.)

In recent years a continuous increase in new cases of respiratory disorders, such as rhinitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has been observed. The exact pathomechanism of these diseases is still blurry, resulting in the lack of targeted and effective therapy. The conventional use of treatment strategies, such as antihistamine drugs and/or glucocorticosteroids act mainly symptomatically and have significant side effects. Specific allergen immunotherapy is only useful in the management of specific allergies and selected patients. Therefore, new therapeutic solutions are constantly being sought. The novelty of recent years has been the association between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the development of airway inflammatory diseases. This seems to be an interesting therapeutic target that may support or even replace traditional therapies in the future. The review presented, discusses the contribution of NLRP3 inflammasome to the development of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and COPD. Moreover, the modulatory properties of probiotics as potential inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome are emphasised., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Leszczyńska, Jakubczyk and Górska.)

Most pathogens enter the body through the surfaces of the mucous membranes, e.g. the nose or the intestines. The mucosal immune response is essential for the effective elimination of invading pathogens. Unfortunately, most vaccines which are administered intramuscularly by injection do not induce an adequate protective immune response on mucous membranes. For example, after intramuscular injection, the level of secretory IgA antibodies is low and often insufficient to successfully combat the pathogen. On the other hand, mucosal-induced immunity produces a long-lasting effect in the form of a local and systemic response to the pathogen. Moreover, the administration of such vaccines does not generate hazardous medical waste and their application does not require the presence of qualified medical personnel. Therefore, intensive research into vaccines administered via the mucosal route is ongoing. An obstacle in the development of mucosal vaccines is the natural defense mechanisms of the mucosa, the overcoming of which requires the use of specialized adjuvants. Currently, there are no such formulations on the market.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the uropathogens that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aims of this article were molecular characterization, an analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, adherence to bladder endothelial cells, and the detection of immunoreactive proteins of 94 clinical strains of GBS isolated from adult Polish patients with UTI. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion. Serotyping and Alp family genes detection were studied using multiplex PCR. Genetic profiles were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The adherence ability of the studied strains was estimated by incubation on human bladder microvascular endothelial cell line. Immunoreactive proteins were studied by immunoblotting. Antibiotic susceptibility investigation revealed that 22% of GBS strains were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 18% demonstrated resistance to clindamycin. cMLS B was present in 76% of the resistant strains, M phenotype was detected in 14%, whereas iMLS B was present for 10%. The most common serotype was serotype III (31%), followed by serotype V (27%), and serotype Ia (17%). The genes that dominated among other Alp genes were: epsilon (29%), alp 2 (27%), and rib (23%). The most common co-occurring serotypes and Alp genes were: Ia and epsilon , III and rib , III and alp 2, V and alp 2, and V and alp 3 ( p < 0.001). The PFGE method showed high clonality for serotype V and cMLS B ( p < 001). The PFGE method showed high clonality for serotype V. Furthermore, this serotype was significantly associated with the cMLS B phenotype ( p < 0.001). The most common immunoreactive proteins demonstrated masses of 50 kDa and 45-47 kDa. Although examined GBS isolates showed high genetic diversity, immunoreactive proteins were common for most of the studied GBS isolates, which may indicate their conservation, and allows to consider them as potential immunodiagnostic markers. Although the examined GBS isolates showed high genetic diversity, immunoreactive proteins were shared by most of the studied GBS isolates. It may indicate their conservation, thus allowing to consider them as potential immunodiagnostic markers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dobrut, Ochońska, Brzozowska, Górska, Kaszuba-Zwoinska, Gołda-Cępa, Gamian and Brzychczy-Wloch.)

Ageing is accompanied by the inevitable changes in the function of the immune system. It provides increased susceptibility to chronic infections that have a negative impact on the quality of life of older people. Therefore, rejuvenating the aged immunity has become an important research and therapeutic goal. Yolkin, a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolks, possesses immunoregulatory and neuroprotective activity. Considering that macrophages play a key role in pathogen recognition and antigen presentation, we evaluated the impact of yolkin on the phenotype and function of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages of the BMDM cell line. We determined yolkin bioavailability and the surface co-expression of CD80/CD86 using flow cytometry and IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β and iNOS mRNA expression via real-time PCR. Additionally, the impact of yolkin on the regulation of cytokine expression by MAPK and PI3K/Akt kinases was determined. The stimulation of cells with yolkin induced significant changes in cell morphology and an increase in CD80/CD86 expression. Using pharmaceutical inhibitors of ERK, JNK and PI3K/Akt, we have shown that yolkin is able to activate these kinases to control cytokine mRNA expression. Our results suggest that yolkin is a good regulator of macrophage activity, priming mainly the M1 phenotype. Therefore, it is believed that yolkin possesses significant therapeutic potential and represents a promising possibility for the development of novel immunomodulatory medicine.

In continuation of our research on the influence of selenium incorporation on the biosynthesis, structure, and immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides of fungal origin, we have isolated from a post-culture medium of Lentinula edodes a selenium (Se)-containing exopolysaccharide fraction composed mainly of a highly branched 1-6-α-mannoprotein of molecular weight 4.5 × 10 6 Da, with 15% protein component. The structure of this fraction resembled mannoproteins isolated from yeast and other mushroom cultures, but it was characterized by a significantly higher molecular weight. X-ray absorption fine structure spectral analysis in the near edge region (XANES) suggested that selenium in the Se-exopolysaccharide structure was present mainly at the IV oxidation state. The simulation analysis in the EXAFS region suggested the presence of two oxygen atoms in the region surrounding the selenium. On the grounds of our previous studies, we hypothesized that selenium-enriched exopolysaccharides would possess higher biological activity than the non-Se-enriched reference fraction. To perform structure-activity studies, we conducted the same tests of biological activity as for previously obtained mycelial Se-polyglucans. The Se-enriched exopolysaccharide fraction significantly enhanced cell viability when incubated with normal (human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)) cells (but this effect was absent for malignant human cervical HeLa cells) and this fraction also protected the cells from oxidative stress conditions. The results of tests on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested a selective immunosuppressive activity, like previously tested Se-polyglucans isolated from L. edodes mycelium. The Se-exopolysaccharide fraction, in concentrations of 10-100 µg/mL, inhibited human T lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogens, without significant effects on B lymphocytes. As with previously obtained Se-polyglucans, in the currently tested Se-polymannans, the selenium content increased the biological activity. However, the activity of selenium exopolysaccharides in all tests was significantly lower than that of previously tested mycelial isolates, most likely due to a different mode of selenium binding and its higher degree of oxidation.

The chemical structure of the lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide repeating unit of Edwardsiella tarda strain PCM 1155 was studied for the first time. The complete structure of repeating unit was investigated by chemical methods, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The rarely occurring monosaccharide, 2,3-diacetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-l-mannose (L-RhapNAc3NAc) was identified. The following structure was established., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)