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Lineal Megalithic Scripts (LMS) have been found in the Alcalar Dolmen complex (Portimao, Portugal) in a stoneslab which is located close to the reconstructed Dolmen 7. Exact situation of the megalithic Alcalar Stoneslab and scripts placing are shown in this paper. Their preliminar analysis has given also finding of some Iberian-Tartessian signs common to Cumbres Mayores Dolmens (Huelva, Spain), and other signs also found in Sahara Desert (Tim Missaou, Algeria) and Canary Islands rocks. The presence of these LMS admixed with some signs contained in the Iberian-Tartessian signary suggests a transition between LMS and lineal Tartessian signary. A religious funerary transcription has been proposed to these Tartessian signs based on Basque and ancient Iberian-Tartessian language close relatedness. The fact that Tartessian culture is located at Portuguese Algarve and Spanish Andalusia fits with the finding that both in Portugal (Alcalar) and Spain (Cumbres Mayores) Dolmens are found Iberian-Tartessian signs that may be as old as the megaliths (3-4 thousand years BC). It is also proposed that this development and concentration of megaliths in Algarve (Portugal) and Andalusia (Spain) is related to Tartessos civilization in the area which would follow the South Iberia Pyrite Belt, rich in cooper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and iron (Fe), that crosses South Portugal and Spain; Tartessos would be somewhat attached to the Iberian Pyrite Belt source of richness. Leisners archaeologists also observed and photographed “Iberian” signs in the San Bartolomé Dolmen (Huelva, Spain) in 1951 AD; they described here “Iberian” scripts in a small artifact most likely is a slinger soldier (“hondero”) projectile who could exixt since 3-4000 BC in South Spain.

Kurds are living at Middle East region comprising several countries (38 million people) and also have emigrated to Asia, Europe and America. Kurds from Iran have been HLA typed in the present work from Saqqez and Baneh towns, Kordestan province, Iran. Origin of Kurds is considered autochthonous from Anatolia and surrounding mountains :they have been referred as "the mountain people" by classic Persian, Greek and Roman authors. Present day Turks are also autochthonous from Anatolia, but they were not recognized by classical authors as living in the mountains and they speak a language of Asian origin that was imposed to Anatolia by a "elite" invasion without a noticeable high Asian gene input. Most frequent class I and class II HLA alleles found in Iranian Kurds population are: HLA-A*24:02, A*02:01 and HLA-B*35:01, and HLA-DRB1*11:01, DRB1*03:02 and HLA-DQB1*03:01; also, most frequent HLA extended haplotypes from this Iran Kurdish sample are not shared with Iranians but with Mediterranean, Turkish and Caucasus people. This is confirmed by Neighbour-Joining and correspondence analysis studied together with the corresponding populations. Finally, our studies show that both Kurds and Turks are genetically original from Anatolian Peninsula and surrounding countries and that an apparent Asian genetic or Aryan invasion does not exist in the area.

ClassicalHLA(Human Leukocyte Antigen) is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in man. HLA genes and disease association has been studied at least since 1967 and no firm pathogenic mechanisms have been established yet.HLA-Gimmune modulation gene (and also-Eand-F) are starting the same arduous way: statistics and allele association are the trending subjects with the same few results obtained byHLAclassical genes, i.e., no pathogenesis may be discovered after many years of a great amount of researchers’ effort. Thus, we believe that it is necessary to follow different research methodologies: (1) to approach this problem, based on how evolution has worked maintaining together a cluster of immune-related genes (the MHC) in a relatively short chromosome area since amniotes to human at least, i.e., immune regulatory genes (MHC-G, -E and -F), adaptive immune classical class I and II genes, non-adaptive immune genes like (C2, C4 and Bf) (2); in addition to using new in vitro models which explain pathogenetics ofHLAand disease associations. In fact, this evolution may be quite reliably studied during about 40 million years by analyzing the evolution ofMHC-G, -E, -F, and their receptors (KIR—killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, NKG2—natural killer group 2-, or TCR-T-cell receptor—among others) in the primate evolutionary lineage, where orthology of these molecules is apparently established, although cladistic studies show thatMHC-GandMHC-Bgenes are the ancestral class I genes, and that New World apesMHC-Gis paralogous and not orthologous to all other apes and manMHC-Ggenes. In the present review, we outline past and possible future research topics: co-evolution of adaptiveMHCclassical (class I and II), non-adaptive (i.e., complement) and modulation (i.e., non-classical class I) immune genes may imply that the study of full or part of MHC haplotypes involving several loci/alleles instead of single alleles is important for uncovering HLA and disease pathogenesis. It would mainly apply to starting research on HLA-G extended haplotypes and disease association and not only using single HLA-G genetic markers.

A big megalithic complex has been described at Cumbres Mayores (Huelva, Spain): it is composed of menhirs, a cromlech and some other not yet fully studied structures. Lineal Megalithic Scripts are present both on the rocks and the menhirs which also contain figure engravings. Iberian signs included within Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary are also found mixed with Megalithic scripts; Leisner archaeologists also noticed “Iberian Megalithic scripts” in 1951 at San Bartolomé Dolmen (Huelva). They are the same signs that also appear at a Sahara Desert cave (Ti-m Missaou, Algeria) and rocks throughout all seven Canary Islands. Lineal Megalithic Scripts have also been found in other Andalusian megaliths (dolmens) and throughout Andalusia in many big or small stones both in megalithic or non-megalithic contexts. These Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary signs present in a megalithic context would drive Iberian-Tartessian writing dating back to 3000 to 5000 years BP with a big geographic extension, comprising South Sahara Desert, Canary Islands and South Iberia. A political unit and a common language are not known to have existed but people from former green Sahara Area emigrated because rapid desertification after 6000 years BC and also people exchange across Gibraltar Strait exists since Prehistoric times. Finally, these Iberian-Tartessian megalithic signs are found in the core of classic Tartessian Cumbres Mayores area: this may put Tartessian civilization writing formation dating back to 5,000 - 3,000 years BC as already stated by Strabo.

Spain was invaded in 711 CE by mostly Berber North Africans carrying Muslim religion to a mostly Christian/Catholic Kingdom. A fight to expel Muslims soon started and were apparently driven out of Iberia (Spain) starting in 1492 CE. However, many of these expelled people were of Iberian old ancestry that had become Muslims at Las Alpujarras Mts. (South-East Spain). Also, Muslim North Africans converted to Christianity either remained there or came back after they more definetively were expelled by 1609 CE. Las Alpujarras region was also repopulated by northern Spaniards mostly from Galicia. Our HLA study of present day Alpujarrans shows that typical North Spain and European Atlantic façade HLA extended haplotypes are very frequent in nowadays Las Alpujarras region, i. e.: HLA-(A*29-B*44)-DRB1*07:01-DQA1*02:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*02-B*27)-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02. It is concluded that repopulation had a noticeable success even in today Alpujarran population.

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers "Kura" and "Ebro" or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.