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The single-point incremental forming process is useful for manufacturing prototypes and customised sheet metal parts. The application of single-point incremental forming to perform hole-flanging operations has been explored by many researchers. The flange can be formed by a single-stage or a multi-stage strategy of single-point incremental forming. A comparative study of both strategies is essential to understand their applicability. In this work, the formability of AA5052-H32 sheet metal has been analysed by finding the Limit Forming Ratio and thickness of the flanges formed with the single-stage and multi-stage strategies. The single-stage strategy reduced the operation time by 105%, whereas the multi-stage strategy increased the formability by 11%. Further, an experimental study has been carried out to understand the effect of process parameters on the flange quality in single-stage single-point incremental hole-flanging. The results show that the step depth is the most effective process parameter and there is a high interaction between the spindle speed and the feed rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a comparison has been conducted to investigate the efficiency of stitching using the near-surface mounted steel bars and externally bonded carbon fibers reinforced polymers technique for strengthening the T-deep beams having large opening within the shear spans and with deficient shear reinforcement. Eight specimens with two locations of openings were tested. It was found that stitching of beams by steel bars with openings located flush to the flange yielded improvement in capacity in range (10–39%). Furthermore, Stitching by external bonded carbon sheets yield enhancements in capacity was 96 and 78% for the top location compared to the control specimen and the vertical near-surface mounted stirrups system. The respective values for the bottom location were 62 and 42% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional beam elements ignoring distortion may overestimate the lateral resistance of frames and curved beams made of monosymmetric I-sections. This paper introduces two new distortional modes represented by mechanical couples relative to twisting and shearing of the two flanges that are opposite in directions but unequal in magnitudes. A straight beam element with nine degrees of freedom (DOFs) per node, including the conventional three translations, three rotations, warping and the new two distortions, is newly derived. This allows all the DOFs of the connected elements at a common joint to be easily transformed to the global coordinates for stiffness assembly. As a result, the warping–distortion compatibility problem that occurs in frames and curved beams is resolved. In the numerical examples, the results produced by the present beam element is demonstrated to agree excellently with the shell-element solutions for the lateral-distortional deformation of the angled frame and curved beam. It is observed that the cross-sectional distortion effect becomes extremely significant for angled frames of short unbraced length and for curved beams of high curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of bolt loosening in key components of aircraft engines faces problems such as complex and difficult-to-establish bolt loosening mechanism models, difficulty in identifying early loosening, and difficulty in extracting signal features with nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. Therefore, the automated structural bolt micro looseness monitoring method using deep learning was proposed. Specifically, the addition of batch normalization methods enables the established Batch Normalized Stacked Autoencoders (BNSAEs) model to converge quickly and effectively, making the model easy to build and effective. Additionally, using characterization functions preprocess the original response signal not only simplifies the data structure but also ensures the integrity of features, which is beneficial for network training and reduces time costs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by taking the bolted connection structures of two key components of aircraft engines, namely bolt connection structures and flange connection structures, as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Methods Results Conclusion To report the 10‐year clinical and radiographic outcomes of implants placed in grafted (GBR) and non‐grafted (no‐GBR) sites in a Swiss specialist private practice using hydrophilic implants with a low surface roughness flange.Fifty consecutively enrolled patients received 159 hydrophilic implants with a low surface roughness flange. A first re‐evaluation was performed 1 year after delivery of restoration (T1). An additional examination was performed at the 10‐year follow‐up (T2) including the assessment of clinical (i.e., periodontal/peri‐implant pockets probing depths (PPD) (mm), full‐mouth bleeding score (%), implant survival rate, mid‐buccal keratinized mucosa (KM) width in mm, and peri‐implant phenotype), and radiographic (i.e., marginal bone level change [ΔMBL]) outcomes. Biological, mechanical and technical complications were also recorded.Out of the initial cohort, 22 patients (9/40.9% male and 13/59% female) and 63 implants (47 with GBR, 16 without GBR), could be re‐examined at T2. Overall, ΔMBL (T2‐T1) was −0.56 ± 0.96 mm. In the GBR group, ΔMBL were significantly higher at the distal sites compared to the no‐GBR group (−0.75 ± 1.17 mm vs. −0.12 ± 1.29 mm, p = 0.045), however, in the GBR group MBL started at a higher level at T1 but were similar with the no‐GBR group at T2. Implant survival was 100% with only very few technical complications (6.3%). Mean PPD amounted to 3.84 ± 1.00 mm with significantly higher values in the GBR group (3.98 ± 1.08 mm vs. 3.45 ± 0.60 mm; p = 0.016). Nineteen implants (30.1%) were diagnosed with peri‐implant health while 44 (69.9%) presented with peri‐implant mucositis.Within the limitations of this study, favorable clinical and radiographic conditions were recorded around hydrophilic implants with a low surface roughness flange placed in pristine and augmented bone after 10 years in function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTo study the influence of opening ratio on the shear performance of steel-bamboo composite cellular beams (SBCC), taking the opening size as the basic parameter, experimental research was carried out on five test beams. The failure modes and deformation characteristics of the specimens were observed, and the influence and law of the change of hole size on the shear performance of steel-bamboo composite cellular beams were analyzed. Through nonlinear finite element simulation calculation, multi-parameter analysis was carried out on the composite cellular beams, and the contribution of flanges to the shear performance of cellular composite beams was studied. The results show that the integrity of steel-bamboo composite cellular beams is good. The failure is mainly manifested as the fracture of bamboo web at the beam hole area, the buckling of section steel and the debonding and separation of steel-bamboo interface. The opening ratio has a great influence on the shear performance of steel-bamboo composite cellular beams. The thickness of bamboo flange cannot be ignored for the shear contribution of cellular beams. The shear capacity of cellular beams is shared by flanges and webs. The larger the opening ratio, the greater the shear contribution of flanges to composite cellular beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT With shortening development cycles, digital development rises in importance. Therefore, we present an approach to segment digital carlines based on their corrosion risk using digital data sets. A typical carline is described via STL‐Files that accumulate to approximately 25 million triangles. While physics‐based simulation models exist capable of predicting the onset of corrosion in local geometry settings, an application to a complex surface mesh would be prohibitively expensive to compute. This calls for data reduction techniques that reduce the number of triangles by identifying areas prone to corrosion, as well as those that are protected by measures such as adhesives. Therefore, the implementation of corrosion‐prone areas of a body‐in‐white part, as presented in Waibel et al., is extended by implementing a design measure segmentation for adhesive pipes. This work introduces a method to predict corrosion‐protected areas for flanges with adhesives by implementing a feature extraction and a transfer learning‐based workflow for data‐efficient training. The results of the implementation are the validated prediction on body‐in‐white parts with high precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flange holes on large aluminum ball shells are processed on-site by industrial robots, and the flange holes need to ensure the hole position and axial accuracy requirements at the same time, but it is challenging to ensure that these two indexes meet the requirements at the same time due to the lower machining accuracy of the industrial robots. For this reason, the paper proposes a robot integrated error compensation method for hole position and axial deviation constraints. First, the robot machining path is generated, and the cutting allowance and hole inner wall measurement strategy are determined by running the machining path empty before machining. Integrated error compensation is then introduced and a new hole surface is constructed as a mirror surface under its conditions. The tool path is adjusted according to the mirror compensation principle to ensure consistency between the machined and target holes. The reconstructed target hole surface satisfies the integrated error constraints and realizes the balanced constraints of positional and axial tolerances, making full use of both tolerances. Finally, the method's effectiveness has been verified in a large-scale work. Experimental results show that hole position error is reduced from uncompensated (1.03, − 0.51) mm to compensated (0.25, − 0.005) mm, and axial error from uncompensated 22.32 mm to compensated 1.39 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal link is an important carrier used to transfer the cooling capacity and suppress the temperature fluctuation in cryostat. To balance these two points, it is usually necessary to find the optimum thermal link parameters. This paper establishes a model for the cryocooler cold head-thermal link-second flange based on a cryostat. Utilizing the response surface method, response equations correlating thermal link parameters with the temperature and its fluctuations of the second stage flange are developed at the lowest temperature of cryocooler. Through dual-objective optimization of cooling capacity transfer and temperature fluctuations at the second flange, the optimal thermal link parameters are determined and experimentally validated based on predicted results. The experimental and predicted values show good agreement with an error of 2 %. The optimized thermal link led a minor temperature increase and a significant temperature fluctuation reduction, decreasing from 230mK at the cold head to 2.900mK at the second flange, achieving a 98.74 % reduction. Furthermore, compared with non-optimization structure, the optimization one has further lowered the temperature fluctuation at the second flange from 4.000mK to 2.900mK with 27.5 % improvement. These results show that the present methods are reliable and useful to help to realize highly stable low-temperature environment in cryostat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing advancement of wind turbines, aiming for taller towers to harness more intense winds, poses substantial structural challenges. Soil‐structure interaction (SSI) assumes fundamental importance, necessitating precise analysis, and mathematical modeling. This study focuses on examining how SSI influences horizontal‐axis wind turbine tower‐foundation systems. Six numerical models, varying from simplified to more complex representations, are created using the finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS software. The analysis reveals significant sensitivity to support conditions, particularly elastic supports, causing the greatest displacement at the tower's top (1.899 m), highlighting the substantial influence of SSI and second‐order effects. Incorporating SSI and second‐order effects results in a 30.11% increase in von Mises stress at the base flange (73.4 MPa), compared to models excluding these factors. Stress variation along the tower height notably increases with second‐order effects; however, the structure maintains a 13.32% safety margin relative to steel load‐bearing capacity. Foundation analyses indicate stresses exceeding concrete's allowable stress by 24.3%, underscoring the need for foundation optimization. These results stress the importance of considering SSI and geometric nonlinearity for wind turbine development. The lack of comparable studies in literature underscores the significance of this research in advancing the field's knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flanging process is widely used in stamping production: when collar drawing small holes for threads or to increase the stiffness of a draw piece. It can also replace the operation of deep drawing cylindrical draw pieces with a large flange followed by cutting the bottom. The paper discusses the influence of the shape of the punch and the grade of material on load changes at various collar drawing coefficients. Flat, spherical and conical punches and samples made of EN-AW 1050A aluminium, Cu-ETP copper, CuZn37 brass, S235JRG2 steel, X6Cr17 steel and X5CrNi18-10 steel were used for testing. The relative thickness of test pieces was 0.015 (which corresponded to a thickness of 1 mm and a blank diameter of 66 mm). Various collar drawing factors ranging from 0.32 to 0.54 were adopted in the studies. An analysis of the obtained height of collars and wall thicknesses was carried out. The experimental tests were carried out using special tooling mounted on a testing machine with a 20 kN load for 0.5 metrological class. Changes in the force as a function of the displacement of the punches were recorded using Test&Motion software that is commonly applied in research laboratories. Based on the obtained results at various technological parameters, possibility of flanging process was evaluated in industrial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the results of technological tests of pressability (Erichsen's - IE index and capping - limit drawing ratio (LDR)). It also presents on which material parameter (ductility, strain hardening exponent, coefficient of normal anisotropy...) should be given more emphasis when choosing a steel sheet, if stretching stress (uniaxial tension, biaxial tension) dominates during the production of stampings, or if dominates the "pull-pressure" technique (pulling out from under the flange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simplified method of the equivalent compression flange represents an illustrative and easy‐to‐use engineering model for lateral torsional buckling. The basic concept of the verification procedure has existed since its introduction in the 1950s. It is still frequently used today for preliminary design and application cases where the solution of the 'correct lateral torsional buckling problem' is complex and time‐consuming. To adapt the method to the current state of the art, it was further developed in the framework of the Eurocode 3 evolution. This 'new' method is part of the second generation of Eurocode 3, Part 1‐1 and is valid for classes 1 to 3 cross sections in major axis bending. The method must be adapted for use in other contexts and for specific applications. Applying the equivalent compression flange verification method to the structural fire design of building structures must consider the temperature‐dependent material properties of steel and their impact on the stability behaviour. Moreover, typical applications for bridge structures, runway beams, and H‐piles in combined walls require additional consideration of class 4 cross sections and various combined loadings, e. g., N–M interaction behaviour. This article presents theoretical studies on extending the simplified method of the equivalent compression flange to meet these demands. Finally, the application of the verification method is demonstrated in working examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 70% low-floor trains on the light rail lines in Changchun, a multi-linkage forced steering device (FSD) is developed aiming at relieving the independently rotating wheelset (IRW) excessive flange wear and improving IRW bogie system running safety on curve line. This FSD employs guiding mode of steering four independently rotating wheels separately in a two-axle bogie, that is, four FSDs are employed to work together to realize the steering of a two-axle bogie. One side of an FSD is connected to the axle of an independently rotating wheel while the other side is attached to the front or rear vehicle body. When train passes through curve, the yaw angle between the IRW bogie and the front or rear carbody drives the linkage system to rotate to guide the independently rotating wheel towards its radial position. The coupled vehicle-track dynamics model for a 6-module single-type low-floor light rail train is developed and simulations of the train passing through tangent and curved tracks with and without FSD proposed are carried out. The results indicate that the FSD can improve the IRW restoring capability on tangent track and curve negotiation performance on whether sharp, medium, or large curved track. For example, passing through a curve with a radius of 200m, the IRW friction work has the biggest drop by 62.07% and the wheelset attack angle is second with a reduction rate of 55.02%. Adopting of larger steering stiffness, smaller steering clearance, and lever ratio greater than the ideal value can guarantee the higher steering ability of FSD. Besides, lower longitudinal stiffness of the trailer primary suspension is recommended because it can also enhance the steering ability of the FSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The prestressed anchor bolt system is a reasonable connection mode between the upper steel tower and the bottom concrete foundation for multi‐megawatt wind turbines. This prestressed anchor bolt connection with forged flanges has a similar form to the prestressed high‐strength bolt connection with forged flanges between steel tubes for the tower. However, their mechanical performances have a great difference because of the influence of the stiffness of the anchorage zone in the concrete foundation. Based on the Petersen's method, the engineering calculation method of the prestressed anchor bolt system for wind turbine foundation is derived. The tensile force of the anchor bolt, the anchorage stiffness and clamping force of the base are all deduced according to the theories of mechanics of materials. The numerical models of the segment foundation with the unfavorable anchor bolt and the overall foundation with all anchor bolts are developed for researching the influence of the spatial effect of adjacent segments on the restraint stiffness of the concrete foundation. The numerical analyses of four engineering cases designed by engineering calculation method are carried out for verifying the effectiveness of engineering calculation method. The analysis results show the spatial effect of adjacent segments can be neglected and the Petersen's method can be directly applied for the design of the prestressed anchor bolt system for wind turbine foundation in engineering practice. The engineering calculation method meets the accuracy requirements in engineering practice and can be used to design the prestressed anchor bolt system of wind turbine foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slim-floor composite beam's structural performance relies on the composite action provided by shear connectors. However, the information on the performance of composite slim-floor beam with HSTs connectors in flexural in term of moment capacity, shear interaction and ductility still needs to be clarified. Thus, six specimens of the composite beams with square and rectangular HSTs with two different beam sections, I and inverted T, were tested. The main failure was found to be concrete crushing in the area of the connectors. HST connectors prevented the concrete slab from uplifting, particularly in the specimens without a top flange. Subsequently, this increased moment capacity to 230% and 152% for inverted T and I-beam sections, respectively. Furthermore, ductility behavior was also improved and met EC4 requirements. The degree of shear interaction was increased from 0.4 up to 0.9 compared to the beam without HST. The predicted results from the suggested procedure to estimate moment capacity agreed well with the experimental results, with a maximum difference of 7% in the I-section specimen. In contrast, the predicted value for the inverted T specimen overestimates about 26%. Overall, the beam with the HST shear connector significantly improved the flexural performance of the composite slim floor beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In response to the challenges posed by the conventional manual flange docking method in the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) loading process, such as low positioning accuracy, constraints on production efficiency and safety hazards, this study analyzed the LNG five-axis loading arm's main functions and structural characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: An automated solution for the joints of the LNG loading arm was designed. The forward kinematic model of the LNG loading arm was established using the Denavit–Hartenberg (D-H) parameter method, and its workspace was analyzed. The Newton–Raphson iteration method was employed to solve the inverse kinematics of the LNG loading arm, facilitating trajectory planning. The relationship between the target position and the joint variables was established to verify the stability of the arm's motion. Flange center identification was achieved using the Hough transform function. Based on the ROS platform, combined with Gazebo and Rviz, an experimental simulation of automatic docking of the LNG loading arm was conducted. Findings: The docking errors in the XYZ directions were all less than 0.8 mm, meeting the required docking accuracy. Moreover, the motion performance of the loading arm during docking was smooth and free of abrupt changes, validating its capability to accomplish the automatic docking task. Originality/value: The proposed trajectory planning and automatic docking scheme can be used for the rapid filling of LNG filling arms and LNG tankers to improve the efficiency of LNG transportation. In guiding the docking, the proposed automatic docking scheme is an accurate and efficient way to improve safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemented and mechanically clamped types of end fittings (fitting-C and fitting-M) are commonly used in transformer bushings. During the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake that occurred in China on September 5, 2022, all transformer bushings with the two types of end fittings in a 500 kV substation were damaged. Post-earthquake field investigations were conducted, and the failures of the two types of bushings were compared. Two elementary simulation models of the transformer-bushing systems were developed to simulate the engineering failures, and further compute their seismic responses for comparison. The results indicate that the hitch lugs of the connection flange are structurally harmful to seismic resistance. Fitting-M can decrease the bending stiffness of the bushing due to the flexible sealing rubber gasket. Since it provides a more flexible connection that dissipates energy, the peak accelerations and relative displacements at the top of the bushing are significantly lower than those of the bushing with fitting-C. Compared with fitting-C, fitting-M transfers the high-stress areas from the connection flange to the root of the porcelain, so the latter becomes the most vulnerable component. Fitting-M increases the failure risk of the low-strength porcelain, indicating the unsuitability of applying it in high-intensity fortification regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel I-beams are often strengthened by welding steel cover plates to the bottom flanges of the beams. However, very limited studies have been conducted on the effect of welding heat on the behaviour of I-beams reinforced while under load. This paper presents a finite element (FE) analysis-based study on the behaviour of preloaded steel I-beams reinforced with cover plates welded to the bottom flanges of beams, considering welding procedure simulation. FE analysis is conducted to study the effects of welding heat, welding sequence, and weld length on the residual welding deformation and behaviour of steel I-beams reinforced while under load. It is observed that an appropriate welding sequence and weld length can reduce the residual lateral deformations induced from welding of a reinforcing plate to the bottom flange of the preloaded I-beam and thus control the unfavourable welding effects. Based on the analyses, a welding segment length of L/9, where L is the length of the beam, is recommended for practical applications. In addition, FE analysis shows that the direction and magnitude of the initial geometrical imperfection can change the value and direction of the residual deformation resulting from welding. Furthermore, it is observed that preloading does not have any significant effect on the behaviour and ultimate capacity of the I-beam reinforced at a preload level up to 50% of the strength of the unreinforced beam. Also, when compared with the current standards AISC 360-16 and CSA S16-9, FE analysis of reinforced steel I-beams considering welding simulation shows that the current standards significantly overpredict the moment capacities of the reinforced beams when the top flange loading effect is not considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen rapid development of offshore wind energy around the world. Furthermore, to improve the efficiency of power generation, wind turbine development has been trending towards increasingly large and tall turbines. These developments call for innovations in the form of wind turbine towers to address the challenges faced by existing tower forms (e.g., steel tubular towers and prestressed concrete towers) in structural adequacy, construction efficiency and/or maintenance. This paper presents a new form of hybrid wind turbine towers which possesses many important advantages over the existing tower forms and are particularly suitable for large offshore wind turbines. The new hybrid towers, termed herein hybrid FRP-concrete-steel prestressed double-skin wind turbine towers or PDSWTs, are prefabricated in segments and then assembled on site. The PDSWT segments are a variation of hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular members (DSTMs), and they consist of an outer confining tube made of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP), a thin steel inner tube with welded shear studs, prestressed concrete between the two tubes, and flanges welded at the ends of the steel tube. The onsite assembly of the tower involves mainly connecting the steel flanges of two adjacent segments using high-strength bolts, and installing prestressed tendons through the whole tower. In this paper, the rationale behind the development of PDSWTs is first explained, followed by a discussion of the design considerations and future research needs to facilitate the practical applications of the new tower form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study of the behaviour of concrete-filled rectangular tubular flange girders (CFRFGs) was undertaken. The CFRFGs were steel beams in which the top flange plate is replaced with a concrete-filled steel section, resulting in greater load-carrying capacity and lateral torsional buckling resistance compared with a regular steel beam of similar proportions. They are complex members and their behaviour is governed by several interrelated parameters, which were studied in this work. Using the Abaqus program, a three-dimensional finite-element (FE) model was developed to investigate the flexural behaviour of simply supported CFRFGs. Using available experimental results, the computational model was validated and then used to study the influence of the most salient properties on the overall response. Based on a fundamental assessment of the behaviour, a simplified analytical model was developed to predict the capacity of these types of section in a way that is suitable for designers. The results were compared with those from the FE analysis and it was found that the analytical model is capable of providing an accurate depiction of the behaviour and the bending moment capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations carried out on cellular steel beams so far were mainly focused on the behavior of non-composite homogeneous sections. Hybrid I-beams are built-up sections where different steel grades are used for flanges and web parts. But perforated hybrid hot-rolled I-sections, where the top and bottom T sections would have different steel grades, can be achieved due to their cutting process. This paper presents a comprehensive parametric study focusing on the inelastic behavior of hybrid and homogeneous cellular steel beams made from hot-rolled parent sections. Finite element modeling using ABAQUS software was employed to validate previously tested hybrid and homogeneous cellular steel beams made from hot-rolled sections. To observe the effect of hybrid sections; the results of hybrid cellular steel beams were compared to the homogeneous ones of the same geometry but with different materials property. A broad spectrum of parent sections (section ratio), restraining conditions, spacing to opening ratio, span lengths, and various steel grades were included in the analysis. Results showed that the upper Tee is mainly the governing part in cellular beams. Moreover, the use of hybrid cellular beams with successive steel grades showed more compatible results compared to sections with non-successive grades for both restrained and unrestrained sections failing under global buckling. According to Eurocode 3 design rules, a set of modified equations were proposed to be used for the Lateral Torsional Buckling resistance calculations of hybrid cellular beams made from hot-rolled sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes, research has increasingly focused on achieving high ductility in beam-to-column connections. This study investigates the seismic performance of connections featuring widened beam-end flanges in mid-flange H-beams and box columns, an area with limited prior research compared to I-section columns and narrow-flange H-beams. Detailed finite element modeling using ABAQUS 6.1.4 demonstrates that widened beam-end flanges significantly improve bending capacity and ductility by relocating the plastic hinge away from the connection, thereby enhancing seismic resilience. Key findings include the identification of optimal design parameters: flange length ranging from 0.55 to 0.75 times the beam flange width, beam flange cutting length between 0.36 and 0.39 times the beam depth, and flange cutting depth from 0.19 to 0.23 times the beam flange width. These parameters ensure effective plastic hinge development and improved structural performance. This study introduces a novel approach that emphasizes geometric optimization over material-based enhancements, offering a cost-effective and practical solution for improving seismic performance and extending previous research insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple for dead load and continuous for live load (SDCL) steel bridge system offers an accelerated construction solution for steel bridges. Currently, the available details for this system consist of a girder-end detail and a cast-in-place normal strength concrete (NSC) diaphragm with tight tolerances. This paper presents a study on developing a continuity detail SDCL system using ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) as the diaphragm to simplify construction, improve durability, and increase tolerances. The study involved calibrating a coupled damage plasticity microplane model for UHPC and validating the material models using experimental data on similar continuity details with NSC diaphragms and a large-scale UHPC specimen. The validated models were used in a parametric study to develop a simplified connection detail utilizing UHPC. Compared to the conventional SDCL detail using NSC, the UHPC diaphragm can simplify girder-end details, eliminate the need for continuity of bottom flanges, and subsequently increase construction tolerances. In this paper, the effect of parameters like the gap between girders and the seat height of girders is studied. The diaphragm can be partially cast with UHPC, while the remaining portions can be constructed with the NSC pier. Unlike the NSC diaphragm, the UHPC portion does not require additional reinforcing bars. Implementation of this developed detail could improve the on-site construction time, durability, and constructability of SDCL steel bridge systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The punching shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) slab–column joints with shearhead reinforcement was investigated to optimize shearhead reinforcement design. Nine slab–column joint specimens were designed with different flange thicknesses, web thicknesses, cantilever lengths, and anchor stud sizes. The specimens were subjected to reversed static loading tests to investigate their failure history and failure modes; measure the load capacity, deformation, and strain of the joints; investigate the influence of different design combinations on the punching shear failure mode and load capacity of the joints; and elucidate their failure mechanisms. Test simulation analysis and numerical parametric analysis were conducted based on the test results. The results showed that the shearhead enhanced the punching shear performance of the slab–column joint and improved the brittleness of the punching shear failure. Installing steel section flanges and anchor studs enhanced the synergy among the longitudinal reinforcement, steel section, and concrete in the joint, and increasing the web thickness and installing flanges both improved the punching shear capacity and ductility of the joint. The installation of flanges on the web of the steel section increased the ultimate load capacity by more than 40% and increased the mid-span displacement at failure by more than twice that of the specimen without flanges and the specimen with studs. Adding anchor studs to the web of the steel section increased the ultimate punching shear capacity of the RC slab–column joint by 25%. Using anchor bolts instead of flanges improved the punching shear capacity of the joint but was not as effective in improving ductility. Increasing the flange thickness to increase the load capacity had a marginal effect; the ultimate load capacity increased by only 7% when the web area increased by 2/3, and the shearhead did not enhance punching shear capacity if the cantilever of the steel section was too short. Finally, based on the existing code, test results and numerical parametric analysis results, a method for calculating the punching shear capacity of RC slab–column joints with shearhead reinforcement was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty analysis is essential for estimating variability within specified tolerances, particularly in three-dimensional (3D) assembly tolerance analysis. This study introduces a novel analytical approach for assessing assembly deviations, integrating the Jacobian–Torsor model with the bootstrap technique. The Jacobian–Torsor model combines the efficiency of representing tolerances with the adaptability of the Jacobian matrix for their propagation. This computerized method, based on the unified Jacobian–Torsor approach, focuses on cam-clamping devices, specifically the fastening flange component. The novelty of this study lies in the application of the bootstrap technique, a Monte Carlo Simulation approach, for uncertainty analysis to estimate variability within specified tolerances. A comprehensive comparison of statistical methods—bootstrap, stratified sampling, Bayesian statistics, and analytical methods—demonstrates the advantages of the Bootstrap approach. The results emphasize its user-friendliness and precision, even with complex shapes. The primary aim is to highlight the utility of the unified Jacobian–Torsor method for tolerance analysis. An experiment involving the fastening flange assembly illustrates the practical application of this approach. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating its accuracy and reliability for cam-clamping devices in real-world assembly scenarios with intricate geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical theory of folded developables suggests that curved crease folding can be applied to sheet metal of high strength to manufacture parts with complex geometries. However, its application has been limited to sheet metals with low strength and requires grooving or perforation of the material at the fold lines. Applying the geometrical concept otherwise remains unexplored despite its potential in sheet metal-intensive industries like automotive, transportation, and construction. The current study introduces a novel sheet metal forming technique called developable forming. The theory of folded developables is applied to design a die tool for flange drawing a developable-shaped steel sheet. A developable connection is produced from high-strength material without resorting to thickness accommodation techniques. Experimental findings establish that the novel process does not follow the premises of the theory of folded developables. New shape effects are observed and the terms curving and coning are introduced to describe these. Additionally, significant redundant strains are identified in the flange, highlighting the different deformation modes in the developable forming process. A higher formability is achieved for a material with limited uniaxial elongation highlighting the need for further investigation on the mechanisms involved in the novel process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding the use of 6xx aluminum alloy series in various industries is challenging due to the need for cost-effective welding processes and optimal settings to ensure high-quality joints. The present research focused on the comparison of joint performance of the pipes and plates using tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) The AA6082 alloy material is used for pipes and plates used in the study. Various techniques were utilized, including hardness and tensile tests, and microstructural examinations. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface fracture of the specimens that failed under tensile tension was also examined. The present research also included the economic impact on the welding processes used. Results demonstrated that the weld obtained using FSW was defects free whereas, internal flaws were seen in TIG welded samples. The hardness value increased over the base material (BM) for the FSW and TIG by 31-35% and 46-40%, respectively. The FSW joint was welded at a maximum UTS of 3 mm/min and a rotational speed of 3000 rpm. FSW can create the AA60682 flange joints more efficiently and effectively than fusion welding procedures like TIG processes in pipeline applications. For AA6082 flange joints, overall total cost comparisons between FSW and TIG were also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strand debonding patterns and release (prestress transfer) practices can result in significant local stresses at prestressed girder ends, which are not accounted for in design. This article presents a numerical and analytic study of various single-webbed prestressed concrete girder shapes for which large amounts of prestressing are necessitated by the use of 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) diameter strands. Shapes with wide bottom flanges are shown to potentially exhibit large stresses that effectively pry, or peel, the portions of the flanges extending from the web away from the web. Such peeling stresses can be mostly mitigated by partially debonding strands in the recommended pattern from the outside in. Similarly, releasing or cutting strands in a uniform manner mitigates peeling stresses. While releasing all strands simultaneously is optimal, it is unlikely to be practical for large prestressed components. For conventional release operations, the results presented in this article indicate that a symmetrical top-down method would not result in significant peeling stress. Moreover, prestressed girder end region detailing requirements aimed at providing adequate flange confinement and strand anchorage at the ultimate limit would be adequate to control peeling stresses, including those resulting from the inadvertent use of a poor release sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the seismic behavior of composite columns with high-strength concrete-filled steel tube flanges and honeycomb steel webs (STHHC) after being subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, 36 full-scale STHHCs were designed with the following main parameters: the shear span ratio (λs), the axial compression ratio (n0), the number of freeze-thaw cycles (Nc), the concrete cubic compression strength (fcu), and the steel ratio of the section (αs). Compared with existing experimental data, the validity of the finite element modeling method was verified. Parameter analysis was conducted on 36 full-scale STHHCs to obtain the hysteresis curve of the composite columns and to clarify the impact of the different parameters on the skeleton curve, the energy dissipation capacity, the stiffness degradation, and the ductility of the composite columns. The results showed that the hysteresis curves of all specimens after freeze-thaw cycles exhibited an ideal shuttle shape, reflecting that this kind of composite column has good energy dissipation ability and freeze-thaw resistance. The specimens' maximum bulging deformation and maximum stress both occurred at the column base. Finally, the restoring force model of this kind of composite column is therefore established, and design recommendations based on these results are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions of increased reliability of responsible connections at a stage of their assembly are considered in the paper. This step provides the necessary operational characteristics of outputs. The special place among such responsible connections is occupied with the group threaded connections. Their assembly technology provides reception in fixing details normalized relatively identical axial efforts in regular intervals loading a sealing layer. The presented work results of experimental research on the group threaded connection assemblage process are given. Alternate calculations of efforts change in tightened pairs of threaded connections and their graphic interpretation are presented. An algorithmic calculation model of overload factors for fixing details has been developed. Recommendations about the use of the received settlement dependences, taking into account comparative theoretical and experimental data on assembly of group threaded connection, are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of versatile and environmentally friendly joining techniques, joining by forming has proven to be a very useful tool. From this category, hemming is widely used for sheet metal parts like car body panels. Still, hemming of concave and convex geometries represents a challenge for conventional hemming as well as for the more flexible roller hemming. Especially for smaller radii and greater flange lengths, these methods can reach their limits. In the present work, incremental sheet forming (ISF), a flexible forming process without dedicated tools and high formability, is utilized to implement the hemming process. Due to its local and incremental deformation characteristics, a favorable material flow in the flange area is expected, which might prevent cracking and wrinkling. Therefore, the material flow in ISF-hemming will be investigated. Closed circular specimens with radii of 50 mm and 200 mm and varying flange lengths are analyzed. Conclusions about the material flow are drawn by measuring the change in sheet thickness and elongation of the flange. The results show that, for stretch hemming, considerable thinning and elongation of the flange takes place and no cracking is detected. For shrink hemming, significant thickening of the flange and elongation in radial direction is observed, which suppresses wrinkling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembled corrugated steel initial support structure is a new prefabricated structure in highway tunnel engineering, achieving a balance between economy and safety. This study proposes a simplified calculation method and elucidates the mechanical mechanisms of assembled corrugated steel initial support structures. Firstly, the stiffness characteristics of corrugated steel plates were studied based on full-scale tests. A general equivalent stiffness coefficient table was established. Numerical simulations of corrugated steel flange joints were conducted to explore their bending mechanical properties. A two-stage rotational stiffness model for corrugated steel flange joints was proposed. Finally, a plane strain-spring simplified calculation method for the assembled corrugated steel initial support structure was developed, and the monitoring data from the Qipanshan Tunnel validated the correctness and reliability of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that (1) the plane strain-spring simplified model consists of the planar strain equivalent calculation method for corrugated steel plates and the two-line stiffness equivalent spring of the corrugated steel flange joint. The simplified model was validated as effective by monitoring data. (2) Corrugated steel plates exhibit two stages under loading, namely gap elimination and elastic stages. The elastic stage stiffness of corrugated steel plates decreases with increasing ratio of depth to pitch (RDP), positively correlating with plate thickness when the RDP exceeds 0.333 and otherwise negatively correlated. (3) Corrugated steel lining flange joints exhibit distinct elastic and plastic stages in their linear moment–rotation curves under loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the uplift capacity and facilitate the installation of multi-row perfobond connectors at shallow burial depths, this study puts forward a novel notched T-perfobond connector. The design incorporates an integrated flange at the bottom of the connector and a notch at the edge of the hole. Through pull-out model tests on four notched T-perfobond connectors, this research investigates their failure mechanisms and pull-out capacities. Utilizing the explicit dynamics method in ABAQUS, a finite-element model of the pull-out resistance test for notched T-perfobond connectors is established and verified against experimental data. Furthermore, a detailed parametric analysis involving 54 models is conducted, examining crucial parameters such as rib dimensions, hole geometry, flange size, notch width, bar diameter, and material properties. Based on the combined experimental and numerical results, this paper assesses the suitability of current formulas for calculating the pull-out capacity of perfobond connectors and proposes a refined calculation method specifically for notched T-perfobond connectors. All the findings reported in this paper can serve as a reference in the design and construction of composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a finite element method (FEM) based curing analysis for predicting the process-induced deformation (PID) of CFRP woven composites using shell-type elements. This method can efficiently consider various fabric parameters and stacking sequences, even for complex structures. For woven composite plates and L-shaped flanges, FEM-based PID prediction using shell elements reduced computation times by 50–59% compared to solid elements, while maintaining acceptable accuracy with relative errors of 0.17–7.35%. Furthermore, the impacts of various fabric parameters and stacking sequences on the PID of woven composites are analyzed in detail. The main finding is that the variation in material properties due to fabric parameters and stacking sequences significantly impacts the PID of woven composite structures. This prediction method can be applied in the design of composite structures and molds, thereby enhancing the dimensional precision and performance of composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the seismic performance and self-centering behavior of a three-story steel frame equipped with self-centering brace (SCBs) using pseudodynamic tests aided by OpenSees version 2.5.7 and OpenFresco version 2.7.0. The three-story self-centering braced frame (SCBF) was simplified to a three-story shear building model, and a generic experimental element with three nodes with horizontal degrees of freedom was used to establish a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model. The input ground motions were scaled to a service level earthquake (SLE), design basis earthquake (DBE), maximum considered earthquake (MCE), and a very rare earthquake (VRE) with 63%, 10%, 2%, and 0.5% probability of exceedance in 50 years, respectively. The test results demonstrated the excellent seismic performance and self-centering behavior of the SCBF. The maximum story drift ratio and maximum residual story drift ratio of the SCBF under a VRE were 1.91% and 0.119%, respectively, below the thresholds of 2.0% and 0.5%. The SCBs provided more than 90% of the initial lateral stiffness of the SCBF and dissipated approximately 55% of the seismic input energy. The seismic performance of the SCBF satisfied the no-damage criterion under an SLE and DBE. Although the columns in Story 1 yielded under an MCE and VRE, no visible residual deformation of the column flanges was detected in Story 1 after the tests. In addition, the maximum residual drift ratio of Story 1 was only 0.066%. Therefore, the columns in Story 1 only required simple and quick reinforcements before being usable. Unexpected factors, such as the fit-up tolerances around the pins, out-of-sync activation of the SCBs in the same story, residual deformation of the SCBs, and the out-of-sync activation of the two groups of disc springs in the same SCB, did not affect the seismic performance and self-centering capacity of the SCBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the progressive collapse resistance of a fully welded joint (FWJ) by introducing sliding inner cores within the joint, which is referred to as the FWJ with sliding inner cores (FWJS). Two specimens were prepared and designed with additional consideration of composite action of the slab. Quasi-static tests and refined numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the damage mode, deformation behavior, strain distribution patterns, internal forces, and resistance development in both specimens. The test results revealed that the first fracture occurred in the tensile beam flanges for both FWJ and FWJS specimens, whereas the FWJS specimen exhibited delayed crack of the tensile beam flange compared to the FWJ specimen. The FWJS specimen demonstrated better utilization of the catenary mechanism during the flexural–catenary combined stage. Additionally, in the elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic, and flexural–catenary combined stages, the addition of the sliding inner cores in the FWJS specimen significantly enhanced its resistance by 15.6%, 22.3%, 23.4%, and 70.2%, respectively. It is also revealed that the response of the sliding inner core consisted of bending, transition, and full tension stages, which was shown to effectively replace the fractured beam flange in redistributing the internal forces. Based on the analysis of the working mechanism and numerical parametric analysis, optimal values for the 10 design parameters of the FWJS are suggested, and a comprehensive design procedure for the FWJS is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a modular, assembled steel beam-column flange connection joint that efficiently connects prefabricated beams and columns using high-strength bolts. It enables the rapid repair of damaged joints after earthquakes by replacing flange connectors and high-strength bolt groups. Four joint specimens with varying thicknesses and lengths of the inner flange sleeve, scaled at a 1:2 ratio, were fabricated to evaluate performance. These specimens were subjected to low circumferential reciprocal loads to investigate damage modes, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility performance, energy dissipation capacity, and seismic performance, including stiffness degradation. The test and analysis results reveal that the primary failure mode is characterized by bulging of the flange jacket cover, with damage concentrated in the plastic hinge zone at the beam end. The flange connection joint exhibits excellent load-bearing, rotational, and energy dissipation capacities. The 'secondary strengthening' feature significantly enhances joint load-bearing capacity, ductility performance, and energy dissipation, increasing overall safety redundancy. Increasing the thickness and length of the flange connector substantially improves seismic performance and enlarges the plastic development area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the axial compression behavior of composite columns with high-strength concrete-filled steel tube flanges and honeycombed steel web (STHHC) under load during freeze–thaw cycles, 48 full-scale composite column specimens were designed with different parameters: the restraint effect coefficient (ξ), concrete strength (fcu), number of freeze–thaw cycles (nd), slenderness ratio (λ), space–height ratio (s/hw), and hole–height ratio (d/hw). The finite element models of STHHC composite columns were simulated using ABAQUS finite element software (Version: 2021). The modeling method's rationality was verified by comparing simulation results with experimental outcomes. Based on the finite element model, a parametric analysis of the composite columns under freeze–thaw cycles was conducted, analyzing their failure modes and load-bearing processes. The results indicate that the bearing capacity of the STHHC increased with increases in ξ and fcu, and decreased with a rise in λ. In contrast, the influence of s/hw and d/hw on the ultimate bearing capacity of the composite columns was relatively minor. An equation for calculating the axial bearing capacity of the STHHC composite columns under freeze–thaw cycles was derived using statistical regression methods and considering the impact of different parameters on the axial compressive performance of the composite columns, laying the foundation for the promotion and application of this type of composite column in practical engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents the implementation of an online model updating algorithm within a full‐scale hybrid simulation (HS) of a six story, four bay steel moment frame. The experimental substructure consists of a cruciform subassembly generating critical data on the nonlinear behavior of the first story column and two beams with reduced beam sections (RBSs) on each side. The updating algorithm focuses on the modeling parameters of plastic hinge elements representing the RBSs in the numerical model. A smooth plasticity model is utilized for beam plastic hinges with updating parameters identified from on‐line experimental data through a modified version of the unscented Kalman filter. The HS shows that the numerical beam hinges based on simple hysteretic model with updated parameters are able to capture the characteristic behavior observed in experiments. Due to fracture of beam flanges is observed in the experiments, a selective updating concept is proposed to allow for updating multiple numerical components accounting for asymmetric behavior and variability in the response. The selective updating method is validated through virtual HSs that are better able to identify and isolate the effects of fracture and other behavioral characteristics. The combination of results from physical and virtual tests highlights the benefits of model updating on the local and overall system‐level response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, one of the most common forms of connection is the Bolted Flange Plate (BFP) moment connection. Nevertheless, their current setups do not satisfy the strict requirements outlined in AISC 358-22. Therefore, this study uses advanced sub-assemblage numerical modeling simulations using ANSYS software to propose a novel way to integrate a half WF extended end-plate connection and trapezoidal haunch in order to fortify BFP moment connections, which does not meet the requirement required by AISC 358-22. Methodologically, the research entails comprehensive modeling and analysis of the proposed retrofit scheme. Six distinct connection models were scrutinized: the BFP-UR representing the existing connection extracted from a structure in Surabaya; the BFP-R4E and BFP-R4ES models, embodying connection retrofits with a half WF extended end-plate; and the BFP-RTR and BFP-RSTR models, embodying connection retrofits with a trapezoidal haunch. Additionally, the BFP-RTRE model integrates both an extended end plate and a trapezoidal haunch in the retrofit scheme. The analytical findings unveil that the proposed strengthening paradigm manifests heightened and superior rotational moment characteristics relative to the pre-reinforcement configuration, albeit encountering stiffness degradation attributable to buckling effects on the main beam. Notably, the analysis indicates that degradation ensues when rotational displacement exceeds 4%, with only the BFP-RTR and BFP-RSTR models exhibiting degradation at a 3% rotation threshold. Crucially, the connections demonstrate the capability to withstand 80% of the beam's plastic moment under a 4% rotational displacement, thereby aligning with the stringent requisites delineated in AISC 341-22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable cross‐section beams are widely used, especially I‐section stepped beams with variable height, which have benefits such as saving materials to match the moment diagrams, reducing the structure height, and access for technical services. However, lowering the beam height also leads to a significant decrease in lateral torsional buckling resistance. Currently, the standards do not provide calculation rules for this type of beam yet, and some studies on lateral torsional buckling of beams have only focused on those with varying flange width and thickness while keeping the beam height constant. This article introduces an approximate formula to determine the critical moment of simply supported I‐section beams when the height varies. The proposed formula is validated by comparing with finite element simulation results obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. The evaluation shows that the formula has a low coefficient of variation and high coefficient of determination, ensuring its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative rotation angle between two cabins should be automatically and precisely obtained during automated assembly processes for spacecraft and aircraft. This paper introduces a method to solve this problem based on distributed vision, where two groups of cameras are employed to take images of mating features, such as dowel pins and holes, in oblique directions. Then, the relative rotation between the mating flanges of two cabins is calculated. The key point is the registration of the distributed cameras; thus, a simple and practical registration process is designed. It is assumed that there are rigid and scaling transformations among the world coordinate systems (WCS) of each camera. Therefore, the rigid-correct and scaling-correct matrices are adopted to register the cameras. An auxiliary registration device with known features is designed and moved in the cameras' field of view (FOV) to obtain the matrix parameters so that each camera acquires traces of every feature. The parameters can be solved using a genetic algorithm based on the known geometric relationships between the trajectories on the registration devices. This paper designs a prototype to verify the method. The precision reaches 0.02° in the measuring space of 340 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing of thin-walled components with protrusions holds importance for the advancement of extrusion technology, expanding the application scope of extrusion processes and achieving lightweight equipment. To accomplish these objectives, a novel two-step combined extrusion process is proposed, drawing on numerous research achievements and theories in flange forming. Detailed analysis of metal flow characteristics during extrusion is conducted using finite element simulation, and the strain heterogeneity index is introduced to quantitatively evaluate the influence of different process parameters and die cavity dimensions on the forming results. The results indicate that the forming quality of the protrusions depends on lower extrusion speeds, appropriate friction coefficients, and rounded die inlet corners. Furthermore, the generation mechanism of defects during the forming process is investigated through the analysis of billet and die cavity dimensions, leading to the establishment of a 3D forming limit diagram. Finally, multiple sets of physical experiments are designed and conducted to validate the feasibility of the forming process and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents research results regarding the development of a new manufacturing technology for an element assigned to belt conveyor flights in the extractive industry through hot die forging (of a forging with a double-sided flange) instead of the currently realized process of producing such an element by welding two flanges onto a sleeve or one flange onto a flange forging. The studies were conducted to design an innovative and low-waste technology, mainly with the use of numerical modelling and simulations, partially based on the current technology of producing a flange forging. Additionally, during the development of the forging process, the aspect of robotization was considered, both in respect of the forging tools and the process of transportation and relocation of forging between the impressions and the forging aggregates. A thermo-mechanical model of the process of producing a belt conveyor flight forging with deformable tools was elaborated by means of the Forge 3NxT program. The results of the conducted numerical modelling made it possible, among other things, to develop models of forging tools ensuring the proper manner of material flow and filling of the impressions, as well as temperature and plastic deformation distributions in the forging and also the detection of possible forging defects. For the technology elaborated this way, the tools were built together with a special instrument for flanging in the metal, and technological tests were performed under industrial conditions. The produced forgings were verified through a measurement of the geometry, by way of 3D scanning, as well as the hardness, which definitively confirmed the properness of the developed technology. The obtained technological test results made it possible to confirm that the elaborated construction, as well as the tool impressions, ensure the possibility of implementing the designed technology with the use of robotization and automatization of the forging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]