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Erythroneurini is the largest tribe of the microleafhopper subfamily Typhlocybinae. Most prior research on this tribe has focused on traditional classification, phylogeny, and control of agricultural pests, and the phylogeography of the group remains poorly understood. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 10 erythroneurine species were sequenced, and sequences of four genes were obtained for 12 geographical populations of Seriana bacilla. The new sequence data were combined with previously available mitochondrial DNA sequence data and analyzed using Bayesian and Maximum‐Likelihood‐based phylogenetic methods to elucidate relationships among genera and species and estimate divergence times. Seriana was shown to be derived from within Empoascanara. Phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of the endemic Chinese species Seriana bacilla suggest that the species diverged about 54.85 Mya (95% HPD: 20.76–66.23 million years) in the Paleogene period and that population divergence occurred within the last 14 million years. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that Seriana bacilla may have originated in the central region of Guizhou, and geographical barriers are the main factors affecting gene flow among populations. Ecological niche modeling using the MaxEnt model suggests that the distribution of the species was more restricted in the past but is likely to expand in the future years 2050 and 2070. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Erythroneurini is the largest tribe of the microleafhopper subfamily Typhlocybinae. Most prior research on this tribe has focused on traditional classification, phylogeny, and control of agricultural pests, and the phylogeography of the group remains poorly understood. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 10 erythroneurine species were sequenced, and sequences of four genes were obtained for 12 geographical populations of Seriana bacilla. The new sequence data were combined with previously available mitochondrial DNA sequence data and analyzed using Bayesian and Maximum‐Likelihood‐based phylogenetic methods to elucidate relationships among genera and species and estimate divergence times. Seriana was shown to be derived from within Empoascanara. Phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of the endemic Chinese species Seriana bacilla suggest that the species diverged about 54.85 Mya (95% HPD: 20.76–66.23 million years) in the Paleogene period and that population divergence occurred within the last 14 million years. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that Seriana bacilla may have originated in the central region of Guizhou, and geographical barriers are the main factors affecting gene flow among populations. Ecological niche modeling using the MaxEnt model suggests that the distribution of the species was more restricted in the past but is likely to expand in the future years 2050 and 2070.

The leafhopper genus Anufrievia was established by Dworakowska with A. rolikae Dworakowska as its type species. They are widely distributed in China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam.Two new species, A. ventricosa sp. nov. and A. unianxialis sp. nov., found in the karst area of Guanling and Shibing City, Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated. The key to the identification of the specie of this genus is given.

【Objective】The present paper aimed to know the composition and distribution characteristics of Erythroneurini leafhoppers in the world, and to explore their world distribution pattern and possible origin and evolution path. 【Method】Based on Dmitriev’s 3 I interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases, China Knowledge Network, Web of Science and other databases, the relevant literature on the classification of leafhoppers is collected and analyzed, and the species composition and world geographical distribution of Erythroneurini from 1851 to July 2021 was studied according to the geographical distribution data of leafhoppers.【Result】A total of 204 genera and 1929 species of Erythroneurini have been recorded worldwide. The Erythroneurini leafhoppers were distributed in all zoogeographic regions, mainly in the Oriental region, with a total of 133 genera and 857 species, including 98 endemic genera and 765 endemic species, accounting for 48.04% and 39.66% of the total number of the Erythroneurini, respectively. The Afrotropical region took second place, with a total of 51 genera and 293 species, 34 endemic genera and 257 endemic species, accounting for 16.67% and 13.32% of the total number of the Erythroneurini, respectively. The Palaearctic region had 45 genera and 324 species, 12 endemic genera and 230 endemic species, accounting for 5.88% and 11.92% of the total number of Erythroneurini tribe, respectively. The cross-regional distribution of genera and species was dominated by the Oriental-Palaearctic world, with 17 genera and 68 species, accounting for 8.33% and 3.53% of the total number of genera and species, respectively, while the rest regions, except for the Nearctic region, have a lower proportion. The clustering analysis of the geographical distribution of Erythroneurini leafhoppers in the world showed the correlation of the world’s animal geographical divisions, which indicated that the relationship between the Oriental and the Palaearctic, the Oriental and the Afrotropical, the Nearctic and the Neotropical are strong, and the species in these regions communicate frequently. 【Conclusion】A total of 204 genera and 1929 species of Erythroneurini are recorded in the world, which are distributed in various zoogeographical regions, mainly in the Oriental world. The species similarity between the Oriental regions and the Palaearctic regions is the highest, and the interval connection is the closest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this article, based on satellite imagery, field survey collection, and molecular sequencing data, the habitat fragmentation, species diversity, and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in three typical karst areas (the Shibing Yuntai Mountain Nature Reserve, the Bijie Salaxi Demonstration Zone, and the Zhenfeng-Huajiang Demonstration Zone) in southwest China were explored. The results of the study show that the fragmentation degree of Erythroneurine leafhopper habitat is affected by the degree of rocky desertification in the area, and there is a positive correlation between them. The species diversity and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in the study area and its various plots are all affected by habitat fragmentation, and there are certain differences in species, quantity, and gene-flow among different fragmented populations. The weaker the degree of habitat fragmentation in the region, the higher the species diversity and genetic diversity. In order to better protect the species diversity and genetic diversity of other organisms such as the Erythroneurine leafhopper species and their host plants, the following measures can be taken based on the background of the study area. (1) Strengthen the control of rocky desertification; (2) Enhance farmers' awareness of ecological protection; (3) Increase the continuity of suitable habitats; (4) Improve the stability of the ecosystem; and (5) Improve management policies for protected areas. Karst rocky desertification is one of the main causes of habitat fragmentation in Southwest China. Guizhou Province is located in the center of the karst area in southern China and is a typical karst ecological environment fragile area. Many studies have shown that habitat fragmentation is the main factor leading to the loss of biodiversity and species extinction, and it is also one of the important factors that threaten the survival of natural organisms. This study initially explored the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity, and genetic diversity of leafhoppers in three typical karst areas in Guizhou. The study was combined with the general situation of the study area, understanding the main factors affecting habitat fragmentation, and putting forward reasonable protection suggestions for species resources. Based on satellite imagery, field survey collection, molecular sequencing data, and related index measurement methods, we measured the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity index, and genetic diversity index of Erythroneurine leafhoppers of Shibing Yuntai Mountain Nature Reserve, Bijie Salaxi Demonstration Zone, Zhenfeng-Huajiang Demonstration Zone. Moreover, we compared the differences in the three study areas, carried out correlation analysis with relevant environmental factors, and discussed the main factors that formed the results. The results of the study show that the species diversity and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in the study areas are affected by habitat fragmentation, and the weaker the degree of habitat fragmentation in the region, the higher the species diversity and genetic diversity, which is specifically manifested in species, quantity, and gene-flow. Understanding the status of biodiversity in karst areas is conducive to the sustainable development of biological resources. In order to better protect the diversity of such insects and their host plants and other biological diversity, combined with the background of the research area, we propose corresponding protection measures for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Guizhou is regarded as one hotspot for China's Erythroneurini diversity, from where numerous rare new species have been, or are being, described. A new genus and species of Erythroneurini from Huajiang, Guizhou, China, Anuihuajianga pyramidalis gen. et sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The new genus is characterized by subgenital plate extremely short, with long macrosetae dorsally at base, and small teeth-like setae at apex. The characteristic aedeagus shaped like two overlapping cones can also easily distinguish it from other genera. In general, this study further enriches the diversity of Erythroneurini in southwestern China.

Karst rocky desertification is one of the main causes of habitat fragmentation in Southwest China. Guizhou Province is located in the center of the karst area in southern China and is a typical karst ecological environment fragile area. Many studies have shown that habitat fragmentation is the main factor leading to the loss of biodiversity and species extinction, and it is also one of the important factors that threaten the survival of natural organisms. This study initially explored the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity, and genetic diversity of leafhoppers in three typical karst areas in Guizhou. The study was combined with the general situation of the study area, understanding the main factors affecting habitat fragmentation, and putting forward reasonable protection suggestions for species resources. Based on satellite imagery, field survey collection, molecular sequencing data, and related index measurement methods, we measured the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity index, and genetic diversity index of Erythroneurine leafhoppers of Shibing Yuntai Mountain Nature Reserve, Bijie Salaxi Demonstration Zone, Zhenfeng-Huajiang Demonstration Zone. Moreover, we compared the differences in the three study areas, carried out correlation analysis with relevant environmental factors, and discussed the main factors that formed the results. The results of the study show that the species diversity and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in the study areas are affected by habitat fragmentation, and the weaker the degree of habitat fragmentation in the region, the higher the species diversity and genetic diversity, which is specifically manifested in species, quantity, and gene-flow. Understanding the status of biodiversity in karst areas is conducive to the sustainable development of biological resources. In order to better protect the diversity of such insects and their host plants and other biological diversity, combined with the background of the research area, we propose corresponding protection measures for reference.

[Display omitted] • Two new species from Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated. • The appearances of two known species are supplementarily described. • A key to distinguish all known species of the genus from China is provided. Two new species: A. (Arboridia) xiaotungensis sp. nov. and A. (Arboridia) luojiashangensis sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated. In addition, the appearances of A. reniformis Song & Li (2013a) and A. anteoculara Song & Li (2013a) are supplementarily described. A key to distinguish all known species of the genus from China is provided. LSID: https://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3DD14108-ED08-430D-AE8D-CD0 FCC215A4E [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]