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Currently, issues related to the study of civic identity, the all-Russian civic identity are being updated. However, at the same time, civic identity and the all-Russian civic identity are insufficiently developed areas of scientific knowledge. Under civic identity, the authors consider the conscious attitude of a person to a certain community, which is formed in the process of his/her life activity in a certain historical, socio-cultural space. Civic identity is the basis for the formation of human behavior models as a subject of the historical process, in which civic consciousness becomes decisive. Identity is considered as a social phenomenon (ontological approach); as a value that determines the relationship between consciousness and objective reality and determines the actions of a person in a historical setting, giving her guidelines for action (axiological approach). The research uses such methods as conceptual synthesis, inductive generalization, construction, system-structural analysis and expert survey in the form of interviews. In order to identify the role of Buddhism in the formation of civic identity, we carried out the study determining that Buddhist religious institutions of the Trans-Baikal Territory have a direct impact on the formation of Russian identity. The results of the study confirmed that Buddhism acts as a moral guideline for citizens, because in this teaching the main principles and rules of morality are formulated, without these principles it is not possible for peoples to exist, organize their social and daily life. The article defines the importance of Buddhist institutions in the formation and support of civic identity, which comes from the content of Buddhism itself, its postulates and doctrines.

Introduction. In modern conditions, patriotic education of young people is of particular importance, the implementation of which is possible using the potential of the Russian Cossacks. The Russian Cossacks have the necessary resources for the formation of youth patriotism, including the presence of their own ideology, ethnopsychological and ethno-cultural features, behavioral models, the system of patriotic education as part of the “Cossack pedagogy”. This potential of the Cossacks should be used in the modern social practice of patriotic education from the younger generation. The purpose of the article is based on the results of the analysis of public opinion in the Trans-Baikal Territory to investigate the attitude of the population to the Cossacks and its role in the patriotic education of the younger generation. Materials and Methods. The methodology of the study is presented by the theory of social identity of V. A. Tishkov, the pedagogical theory of patriotic education of V. V. Ivanov. Within the framework of the study, the attitude of the Trans-Baikal Territory residents to the Cossacks and the opinion about the potential of the Cossacks in the patriotic education of young people are characterized. The study was conducted in 2021–2022. A survey in the form of a questionnaire was used as the main method. 500 residents of the Trans-Baikal Territory were interviewed. The method of cluster (territorial) single-stage sampling was used in the study. Results. It is revealed that in the Trans-Baikal Territory, a positive attitude to the Cossacks, their traditions and values prevails. The results obtained in the course of the study indicate that today the process of revival of the Cossacks is supported in society. It is shown that the Cossacks play an important role in the patriotic education of young people. Discussion and Conclusion. The residents of the Trans-Baikal Territory recognize the value of using the patriotic traditions of the Cossacks and the need for the participation of the Cossacks in the patriotic education of young people. The results obtained can be used in the development of programs of patriotic, spiritual and moral education of the younger generation based on the traditional values of the Cossacks.

The article analyzes the problems of religious security presented in modern research concepts. The article is aimed at proving the idea that in Western science the problems of religious security are conceptualized within the framework of discussing the contradiction between concepts asserting the spiritual essence of religious extremism and concepts proving the social nature of threats emanating from religious associations. The theoretical basis of the presented work is the theory of structural realism. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach that reveals the structure of religious security as a state of protection of religious systems and values of society. The scientific novelty of the study is the fact which reveals that in Western security studies, the contradiction between the concept asserting the spiritual essence of religious threats and the concept proving the social nature of threats emanating from religious associations is essential. In conclusion, the authors state that in Western social philosophy, despite the fact that the concept of “religious threat” was practically not used, the phenomenon associated with it was discussed from various points of view. As a result of this discussion, it was attributed to a number of concepts related to the theories of religious conflict, within which it began to be evaluated as a label that was used in the process of combating confessional opponents by those who presented themselves as representatives of a “genuine” tradition and defenders of social foundations and values. The scientific and theoretical significance of the work lies in enriching the concept of structural realism with the idea of the need to distinguish between extremism as a violent act and religious doctrines as the value content of religion. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used in the implementation of policies aimed at preventing interaction between secular and confessional institutions and the state.

The study of the insect distribution in geographical areas is relevant since it is important in terms of understanding the global trend of biodiversity decline. The paper presents the results of a study on the distribution of six species of Panorpidae (Mecoptera), carried out in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2017–2020. One part of data was collected by the authors. Other material was provided by colleagues from 11 regions in Russia. In European Russia, six species of Panorpa are reliably known, namely Panorpa alpina, P. cognata, P. communis, P. germanica, P. hybrida, and P. vulgaris. The most common and frequently encountered species are P. communis (in 21 regions), P. hybrida (in 12 regions), P. vulgaris (in 11 regions), and P. cognata (in 11 regions). It is assumed that all studied species can be found in other regions of European Russia as a result of further investigations. Among the studied species, P. alpina and P. germanica are the rarest species, recorded from two and one regions, respectively. Panorpa vulgaris was found for the first time in Russia.

The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the growing infl uence of society on nature, often leading to environmental problems, and, on the other hand, to insuffi cient understanding of the role of the natural foundations of human social behavior. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main methodological approaches to the study of the “nature – society” system and their potential for obtaining new knowledge. The article uses a historical approach: the well-known methodologies for studying this system are analyzed as they are introduced into scientifi c circulation, as well as a comparative approach: similarities and differences between the analyzed methodologies and the degree of their heuristicity are revealed. The article analyzes the methodological schemes by E. V. Girusov, V. A. Kobylyansky, N. D. Subbotina, E. Yu. Zakharova and others. The foreign authors K. Fuchs, R. Rees and R. Hambleton were selected, as their views, on the one hand, are very close to the theories of domestic specialists on this issue, on the other hand, they complement them. The authors conclude that almost all of the above methodological approaches are heuristic, they can be used to obtain new knowledge in this area of research. We suggest that these methodologies can be used to study a new phenomenon ‒ a digital system. The study is also of practical importance, as it argues that it is necessary to use these methodologies in the appraisal of social and technical projects.