Search

The depletion of crude oil sources and a growing understanding of the adverse environmental effects of using fossil fuels promoted the development of alternative techniques to convert waste biomass into biofuels. Considering ecological safety and economic challenges, this work investigates the catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production as a substitute for fossil fuels. Chicken eggshells were calcined at 900 °C to form CaO nanoparticles (NPs) and impregnated with Ag NPs solution prepared from fresh fenugreek leaf extract. Several characterization methods characterized the catalyst: FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and zeta-potential/particle sizer, confirming the composite's spherical shape and mesoporous structure. The optimal transesterification conditions were achieved by performing batch reaction experiments. The biodiesel product was analyzed, and its fuel features (density and acid number, kinematic viscosity, cloud, and flash points) were determined and compared to standards. Confirmatory techniques (GC-FID, FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) were also used to confirm the conversion of WCO into biodiesel. This study revealed the transformation of WCO into biodiesel with acceptable fuel features depending on the CaO/Ag catalyst's effectiveness as an excellent, safe commercial catalyst by its three times reusability with 90% biodiesel yield, ease of recovery, and cheap cost fabrication. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of female reproductive cancer death. It is estimated that dietary habits accounts for 30% of all cancers. This review sets out what we know about the food, nutrition and lifestyle factors that cause ovarian cancer, affect women with ovarian cancer and the problems associated with study design that may affect its prevention and patient survival. Studies reporting lifestyle, diet, nutritional benefits in ovarian cancer patients from 1980 to date were examined and insights into the potential problems related with study design evaluated. Poor diet and nutrition are associated with ovarian cancer and exacerbated by poor lifestyle choices. Although improvements in disease prevention and patient survival can be made through nutritional, dietary and lifestyle interventions uncertain evidence, resulting directly or indirectly from inadequate study design may negate this. Lifestyle, dietary and nutrition interventions may prevent and improve survival of ovarian cancer patients. However, inadequate clarity and gaps exists within the literature, eg., study design, data interpretation, absence of cohesive questions and scoring systems. Future directions that emphasize high quality studies and clinical trials should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future, hydrogen has the ability to meet the requirements for a clean non-fossil fuel. The Photocatalytic synthesis of H 2 by water splitting has been demonstrated, and considerable effort has been documented. The current study aims to improve the production of H 2 during water splitting by using manufactured nanoparticles based on metal oxide semiconductors in a photochemical reaction with visible light and methanol as a hole-scavenger. The synthesized nanoparticles were prepared using coprecipitation and ultrasound methods and their morphological structures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive analysis (Edax), diffused reflectance spectra (DRS), BET surface area, photoluminescence analysis (PL) and Gas chromatography (GC). In general, increased semiconductor activity is most likely owing to effective charge separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in the semiconductors. As a result, using different semiconductors in combination can enable improved hydrogen generation. in this study, two different semiconductors with varying concentrations were injected, either singly or in combination. They then created a large amount of H 2 54 % and 77 % for catalyst A and catalyst B respectively, which was identified and analyzed using gas chromatography. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of nano-sized mixed metal oxides NiO@Bi 2 O 3. • The preparation had followed the chemical precipitation and sono-chemical methods. • Good characteristics of the nano mixed metal oxides NiO@Bi2O3 were detected via various tools. • Innovative technique for hydrogen production. • Hydrogen production of 77 % and 15 % for catalyst B and catalyst A respectively were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized mainly by impairment in cognitive functions accompanied by memory loss, disturbance in behavior and personality, and difficulties in learning. Although the main causes of AD pathogenesis are not fully understood yet, amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are supposed to be responsible for AD onset and pathogenesis. Various demographic, genetic, and environmental risk factors are involved in AD onset and pathogenesis such as age, gender, several genes, lipids, malnutrition, and poor diet. Significant changes were observed in microRNA (miRNA) levels between normal and AD cases giving hope for a diagnostic procedure for AD through a simple blood test. As yet, only two classes of AD therapeutic drugs are approved by FDA. They are classified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (NMDA). Unfortunately, they can only treat the symptoms but cannot cure AD or stop its progression. New therapeutic approaches were developed for AD treatment including acitretin due to its ability to cross blood-brain barrier in the brain of rats and mice and induce the expression of ADAM 10 gene, the α-secretase of human amyloid-β protein precursor, stimulating the non-amyloidogenic pathway for amyloid-β protein precursor processing resulting in amyloid-β reduction. Also stem cells may have a crucial role in AD treatment as they can improve cognitive functions and memory in AD rats through regeneration of damaged neurons. This review spotlights on promising diagnostic techniques such as miRNAs and therapeutic approaches such as acitretin and/or stem cells keeping in consideration AD pathogenesis, stages, symptoms, and risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia. Several drugs are used to improve the symptoms, but do not stop AD progression. There are more promising treatments that may have a significant role in AD diagnosis and treatment such as miRNAs and stem cells. The present study aims to develop a new approach for AD treatment by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or acitretin with special reference to inflammatory signaling pathway as NF-kB and its regulator miRNAs in AD-like rat model. Fourty-five male albino rats were allotted for the present study. The experimental periods were divided into induction, withdrawal, and therapeutic phases. Expression levels of miR-146a, miR-155, necrotic, growth and inflammatory genes were assessed using RT-qPCR. Histopathological examination of brain tissues was performed in different rat groups. The normal physiological, molecular, and histopathological levels were restored after treatment with MSCs and/or acitretin. The present study demonstrates that the miR-146a and miR-155 might be used as promising biomarkers for AD. MSCs and/or acitretin proved their therapeutic potential in restoring the expression levels of targeted miRNAs and their related genes concerning NF-kB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a disorder that occurs before the age of 40 among women and characterized by amenorrhea. POF usually occurs due to autoimmune disorders, X-chromosome disorders, viral infections, or after chemotherapeutic treatment. POF can be discovered either by histopathology or by using molecular techniques such as real-time PCR to measure the expression of miRNAs that has a role in POF development. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a well-known chemotherapy used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer, but it has many harsh side effects on many body organs such as the heart, liver, and gonads, especially after high doses administration. Cyclophosphamide-induced POF usually ends with a loss of follicles and granulose cell damage. Herbal medicine is the promising therapeutic approach of POF especially because of its great safety, availability, and low cost. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant distributed all around the world; cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. It has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and high nutritional and medicinal values and it is also used in different industries as cosmetics and lubricants for machines. Different parts of its plant are used in the treatment of edema, skin infections, inflammations, rheumatism, fever, anemia, bronchitis, and digestive problems. Furthermore, MO has a great promising effect on treating the toxicity of ovaries caused by chemotherapy or heavy metals. On the other side, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is also a herb with great medical importance that is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and it has anti-cancer activities, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. It plays a role in regulating the hormonal balance and enhancing the gonads activity by increasing the ovaries' weight. It enhances immunity due to its high antioxidant activities. Ashwagandha can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, it can reduce the symptoms of COVID-19. The leaves and roots are used in treating fever and joint inflammation, and roots have also been nominated among the drugs that neutralize the effect of snake venom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis the pure and metal doped magnesium aluminate spinel (MAS, MgA12O4) nanopowders using sol-gel method and characterized by different technique. • Measurement the optical properties of pure and metal doped MAS. • Nano powder has been applied as an adsorbent for BCG dye removal. • Optimization of different factors affecting the efficiency of the prepared MAS as an adsorbent for BCG dyes removal. • The equilibrium time for MAS nanopowder was 120 min. for BCG dye with removal efficiency of 94.60 %. A synthetic material having a cubic crystal structure and exceptional chemical, thermal, dielectric, mechanical, and optical capabilities is magnesium aluminate (MgAl 2 O 4) spinel. These characteristics made magnesium aluminium oxide (MgAl 2 O 4) an essential material for optically transparent windows, domes, armour, and some refractory applications. This research proposes an innovative and low-cost method for producing spinel magnesium aluminate (MgAl 2 O 4). Sol-gel auto-combustion method synthesis approach by ammonium hydroxide precipitation and citric acid as a fuel were used to create MgAl 2 O 4 nanocrystalline materials. The gels were dried at 120 °C while being doped with various vanadium ion concentrations with the same amount of rare earth Eu3+ ions and then calcined at 1100 °C for 8 h. Highly crystalline MgAl 2 O 4 :V3+:Eu3+ was obtained under fuel-rich conditions only. Physical and chemical methods, including X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–VIS-NIR spectrophotometry and photoluminescence analysis, were used to characterize the produced spinel materials. The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentrations on total bromocresol green (BCG) removal from wastewater were studied using real wastewater. Optimal conditions were found for total BCG removal. BCG removal and adsorption capacity of MgAl 2 O 4 :0.05V3+:0.011Eu3+ nanoparticles were achieved as 96.40 % and 90.10 %, respectively. In addition, other optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage and contact time were found as 1.5 g/L and 120 min. in this study, respectively. The removal of BCG using MgAl 2 O 4 :V3+:Eu3+ NPs was fitted with Langmuir isotherm kinetic model. The results indicated that MgAl 2 O 4 :V3+:Eu3+ nanospinel was suitable adsorbents for the removal of BCG from industrial wastewater. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic antitumor drugs with heterocyclic ligands, such as novel AMI (amino methyl imidazole) complexes [Pd(AMI)Cl2](1), [Cu(AMI)L1](2), and [Cu(AMI)L2·2H2O](3) where L1 = oxalate and L2 = malonate, were synthesized and characterized. Assessments included elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The cytotoxicity of AMI complexes compared to cisplatin was assessed using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay with breast (MCF-7) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. After treating these cells with the AMI complexes' IC50 values for 48 h, malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity were used to assess oxidative stress, antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging method, comet assays assessed DNA damage, and DNA fragmentation was evaluated using the gel electrophoresis. In vitro, antimicrobial activity was assessed using a disc diffusion method. The anticancer activity results showed that IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values of complex one, two, and three against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cells are 0.156 ± 0.0006, 0.125 ± 0.001, 0.277 ± 0.002 μM respectively for MCF-7 cells and 0.222 ± 0.0005, 0.126 ± 0.0009, 0.152 ± 0.001 μM respectively for HeLa cells. Complex two demonstrated strong anticancer activity against MCF-7 and Hela cells. The study of oxidative stress parameters revealed that Malondialdehyde levels increased in cancer cell lines treated with complexes compared to untreated cells. Catalase activity decreased in cells treated with palladium chelate. The DPPH radical scavenging assay results identified that complex one was a more potent antioxidant in MCF-7 and Hela cells than other complexes with SC50 values of 227.5 ± 0.28 and 361 ± 1.2 μL/mL, respectively. The comet assay results showed that complex two caused significant DNA damage in MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cells treated. Antimicrobial assays identified complex three as the most effective. Copper complexes give better antifungal activity against A. flavus than the palladium complex. We conclude that complex two is the most active in both cell types and might be assessed as a clinically useful drug for breast cancer treatment. The significance of the current study is the synthesis of antitumor drugs containing heterocyclic ligands, such as novel AMI complexes, and the study of their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The P53 protein has an essential role in several cellular processes, including DNA repair, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. The pathophysiology of many cancer types has frequently been linked to polymorphisms in the TP53 locus. Over 200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in TP53. However, Pro72Arg (rs1042522) at codon 72, shows contradictory results in terms of cancer risk. In this study, we aimed to determine if the Pro72Arg (rs1042522) SNP in the TP53 gene would be linked to breast cancer (BC) risk among Egyptian patients. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 100 healthy volunteers and 100 breast cancer patients (50 familial and 50 non-familial). TP53 Genotyping was performed using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation (Tetra-ARMS) PCR. Data were analyzed using SNPstat software. Results: The prevalence of TP53 (Pro72Arg) rs1042522 genotypes carrying the high-risk allele [Pro/Arg (CG) and Arg/Arg (GG)] were significantly higher in BC patients compared to healthy volunteers and were associated with BC susceptibility (OR 0.2; [95% CI 0.11–0.38]; P = 0.0001). However, there was no statistical significant difference in the prevalence of TP53 (Pro72Arg) rs1042522 genotypes carrying the high-risk allele between familial and non-familial BC patients. In addition, there was no association between the prevalence of TP53 (Pro72Arg) rs1042522 genotypes carrying the high-risk allele and BC patients' clinical and pathological characteristics including tumor size, tumor grade, lymph node status, presence of lymphovascular invasion, expression of ER, PR and Her-2 in both of familial and non-familial BC patients. Conclusions: TP53 (Pro72Arg) rs1042522 is more prevalent among BC patients but not associated with disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-generation RET inhibitors were multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) derived from secondary pharmacology targeting the adenine-binding pocket that resulted in poor clinical outputs. Recently developed second-generation RET inhibitors (primary pharmacology derived) exploit in addition further vulnerabilities within the active site e.g. the post-lysine pocket (PKP). We define the structural and dynamical determinants conferring high selectivity to these inhibitors agaisnt RET by targeting the PKP, making them clinically successful. [Display omitted] • The druggability landscape of the RET active site is determined by the structural dynamics of the P-loop and the αC helix. • RET selectivity is achieved by the occupancy of a small cryptic pocket adjacent to catalytic lysine defined by K758, L760, E768 and L772: the post-lysine pocket. • Efficient occupancy of the post-lysine pocket is restricted to a synchronous P-loop open and αC-in configuration, a distinctive feature of RET crystal structures. • LOXO-292 and BLU-667 target the post-lysine pocket and exploit extensive ATP mimicry. • Engineered mutants targeting the post-lysine pocket impact on inhibitor binding and sensitivity, as well as RET tyrosine kinase activity. The structural and dynamic determinants that confer highly selective RET kinase inhibition are poorly understood. To explore the druggability landscape of the RET active site in order to uncover structural and dynamic vulnerabilities that can be therapeutically exploited. We apply an integrated structural, computational and biochemical approach in order to explore the druggability landscape of the RET active site. We demonstrate that the that the druggability landscape of the RET active site is determined by the conformational setting of the ATP-binding (P-) loop and its coordination with the αC helix. Open and intermediate P-loop structures display additional druggable vulnerabilities within the active site that were not exploited by first generation RET inhibitors. We identify a cryptic pocket adjacent to the catalytic lysine formed by K758, L760, E768 and L772, that we name the post-lysine pocket, with higher druggability potential than the adenine-binding site and with important implications in the regulation of the phospho-tyrosine kinase activity. Crystal structure and simulation data show that the binding mode of highly-selective RET kinase inhibitors LOXO-292 and BLU-667 is controlled by a synchronous open P-loop and αC-in configuration that allows accessibility to the post-lysine pocket. Molecular dynamics simulations show that these inhibitors efficiently occupy the post-lysine pocket with high stability through the simulation time-scale (300 ns), with both inhibitors forming hydrophobic contacts further stabilized by pi-cation interactions with the catalytic K758. Engineered mutants targeting the post-lysine pocket impact on inhibitor binding and sensitivity, as well as RET tyrosine kinase activity. The identification of the post-lysine pocket as a new druggable vulnerability in the RET kinase and its exploitation by second generation RET inhibitors have important implications for future drug design and the development of personalized therapies for patients with RET-driven cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of thiosemicarbazone (TSCN) compounds including ((E)-2-((E)-1-(2-(p-tolyl)hydrazono)propan-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (TSC1), (E)-N-ethyl-2-((E)-1-(2-(p-tolyl)hydrazono)propan-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (TSC2), and (E)-N-phenyl-2-((E)-1-(2-(p-tolyl)hydrazono)propan-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (TSC3) were synthesized and fully characterized by diverse spectroscopies, such as X-ray single-crystal, infrared, mass, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet-visible. Potentiometric measurements, molecular modeling, and biological and antitumor activity screening were studied. The thermodynamics and protonation constants of TSC1 as a representative of the synthesized TSCs were calculated and discussed. The solution speciation of different species was studied with pH. The molecular parameters of the optimized structures were calculated and discussed. The X-ray single crystals of TSC2 and TSC3 were established. Considering the antimicrobial activities and correlating structure-activity relationship of the synthesized compounds, the TSC1 molecule was considered a promising candidate as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans. Thus, it would be extremely helpful in the field of medicinal chemistry, particularly as an antimicrobial agent. The results are of significance to the chemistry of antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 @Ag NS has been synthesised and fully characterized. • TiO 2 @Ag NS enhance the removal of hydrogen sulphide from gas phase of AD. • TiO 2 @Ag NS can enhance biomethane production from sewage sludge by AD. • TiO 2 @Ag NS enhance the degradation efficiency of sewage sludge. Herein, we report a novel supplement called TiO 2 @Ag core–shell nanostructure that revealed a high removal of hydrogen sulfide gas with boosting the bio-methane production from the anaerobic digestion process of sewage sludge. TiO 2 @Ag core–shell nanostructure was synthesized by the deposition of Ag shell NPs on TiO 2 core NPs using a reduction method. The prepared samples of the core–shell and its components were characterized using different techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM and AFM. A concentration of TiO 2 @Ag core–shell NS (50 mg/L) was supplemented with anaerobic bioreactors to study their effect on the removal of hydrogen sulfide from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge compared to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alone. The results showed a 3-fold increase in the produced bio-methane upon the use of TiO 2 @Ag core–shell NS with a high removal of hydrogen sulfide (91.9 %) compared to using only silver nanoparticles or titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Concisely, the prepared TiO 2 @Ag core–shell NS was multifunctional and more active than its components in removing hydrogen sulfide, enhancing bio-methane production, and detoxifying hazardous materials from sewage sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies suggested that the pathogenesis of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is related to inflammatory manifestations accompanied by specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in the IBC tumor microenvironment (TME). IBC is characterized by significantly higher infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that contribute to its metastatic process via secreting many cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 that enhance invasion and angiogenesis. Thus, there is a need to first understand how IBC-TME modulates the polarization of TAMs to better understand the role of TAMs in IBC. Herein, we used gene expression signature and Synchrotron Fourier-Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-μFTIR) to study the molecular and biochemical changes, respectively of in vitro polarized TAMs stimulated by the secretome of IBC and non-IBC cells. The gene expression signature showed significant differences in the macrophage's polarization-related genes between stimulated TAMs. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands in the region of 1700–1500 cm−1 attributed to the amide I ν (C=O), & ν AS (C N), δ (N H), and amide II ν(C N), δ (N H) proteins bands. Moreover, three peaks of different intensities and areas were detected in the lipid region of the ν CH 2 and ν CH 3 stretching modes positioned within the 3000–2800 cm−1 range. The PCA analysis for the second derivative spectra of the amide regions discriminates between stimulated IBC and non-IBC TAMs. This study showed that IBC and non-IBC TMEs differentially modulate the polarization of TAMs and SR-μFTIR can determine these biochemical changes which will help to better understand the potential role of TAMs in IBC. [Display omitted] • IBC patients showed high infiltration of MAC387+ TAMs. • IBC TAMs characterized by high mRNA expression of IL-10 and TLR1 versus non-IBC • SR-μFTIR able to discriminate between IBC and non-IBC TAMs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sheep pox vaccine Romanian strain stimulates both humoral and cellular responses in pregnant cows. • The titers of neutralizing antibody were maintained in protective level till 7 month post vaccination. • The longevity of maternal antibodies is influenced by the pregnancy period at which dams vaccinated. The present study aimed to evaluate the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response to Romanian sheep pox vaccine in pregnant cows (n = 12) vaccinated at different times of gestation period and the duration of maternal immunity in calves born to these cows. Evaluation of cellular immunity revealed an increase in lymphocytic proliferation that peaked at 10th day post vaccination (dpv) then gradually decreased. Capripoxvirus-specific antibodies were detected by SNT and ELISA in sera collected from vaccinated dams and also in calves born to these cows. In cows, the antibody titers persisted above the protective level till the seventh month post-vaccination. Passively transferred antibody titers in newly born calves started from the first week after parturition and persisted in a protective level until 2, 3 or 4 months of ages in calves born to cows vaccinated at ≤4th, 4.5:6th, or >6:8th months of pregnancy respectively. Results proved that the average neutralizing antibody titers did not differ between pregnant cows vaccinated at different times of gestation period however, the longevity of maternally derived antibodies depends on the pregnancy stage at which the dam receive vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress and nutrient status are highly important for plant growth and productivity. Two field experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) at El-Molak, Abo-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt. This work was conducted under sandy soil conditions to evaluate the effects of foliar application with growth regulators (PGRs) such as cycocel (CCC), applied at 0, 500, or 1000 mg L−1, and/or salicylic acid (SA), applied at 0, 0.05, or 0.1 mM on the productivity as well as improving drought tolerance of three wheat cultivars, i.e., Gemmeiza 11, Misr 1, and Giza 171 under three irrigation intervals, i.e., 10, 15, and 20 days. Foliar spray was given at 35 and 50 days after planting (DAP). The obtained results showed that mean squares as a result of the main effect and first- and second-order interactions were significant (p ≤ 0.01) for all studied traits. The application of SA increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area (cm2) while the number of days to 50% heading was decreased; however, the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC. The cultivar Misr 1 outperformed the other cultivars in the most studied traits. Estimates of heritability in the broad sense (h2b) were, on average, higher in five physiological traits than other agronomic traits, and the highest estimate of h2b (95.1%) was shown by the number of days to 50% heading followed by protein content (91.90%). Among the interactions between irrigation and growth regulators, the I(10) × SA(0.1) recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions between irrigation and cultivars, the I(10) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions among irrigation, growth regulators and cultivars, the I(10) × SA(0.1) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Correlation coefficient between grain yield (t ha−1) and each of the number of days to 50% heading, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content, number of spikes m−2, number of grains spike−1, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. Three main factors for the studied variables were created from the application of the factor analysis technique. Grain yield ha−1 (Y) can be predicted by the method of forwarding stepwise through applying the automatic linear regression analysis. Besides, the best prediction equation of grain yield ha−1 (Y) was formulated as: Ỷ = −14.36 + 0.11 number of grains spike−1 (NGS) + 0.09 1000-grain weight (THW) + 0.04 number of spike m−2 (NSm) + 0.03 days to 50% heading (DF) + 0.02 total chlorophyll content (TC) with adjusted-R2 (87.33%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]