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Abstract Wastewater can be contaminated with all kinds of microorganisms and small organisms, including bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. Therefore, it can be said that biological pollution is one of the most dangerous pollutions. These types of pollution can endanger human health and the environment. In this study, industrial wastewater disinfection has been investigated in a laboratory pilot. In this study, ultraviolet waves have been used for wastewater disinfection. In this research, treatment indicators such as wastewater pH, phosphate, nitrate, biological oxygen and chemical oxygen, organic carbon, and wastewater turbidity have been investigated. The results of this research show that if 4.5 g of dry ice is added to the wastewater entering the disinfection unit, the pH of the wastewater will decrease to about 7.9. The results presented from the disinfection unit show that the amount of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand have decreased by about 35% and 20.3%, respectively. The results of this unit show that the amount of phosphate and nitrate has decreased by 61.3 and 71.9%, respectively. Laboratory results show that the TDS of wastewater has decreased from 600 to 451 mg/l.

Today, the lack of drinking water has caused severe crises in many countries. One of the ways to deal with water shortages is to treat wastewater. Petrochemical industries are among the factories that produce significant wastewater. These industries cause a lot of damage to the ecosystem. The use of nanomaterials can play a significant role in the removal of wastewater pollutants. The use of nano-packing in the filtration structure has not been investigated in previous literature. In this research, a gravity filtration unit was used to treat the outlet wastewater from the Fajr petrochemical desalination unit. This unit is filled with titanium dioxide nano-packings. The results of this research show that the turbidity of the effluent discharged from the gravity filtration bed is reduced by about 39 %. This research shows that nano-packing has a significant effect on reducing total dissolved solids and organic carbon. This study shows that the amount of total dissolved solids and organic carbon in treated wastewater is equal to 1 % and 17.1 %, respectively. This research shows that the use of a gravity filtration unit has a significant role in reducing petrochemical effluent pollutants.

Background: Preconception care (PCC) aims to address health risks before conception for better pregnancy outcomes. Effective PCC starts before pregnancy and involves interventions to improve well-being and prevent adverse outcomes. Unintended pregnancies and pre-existing illnesses increase risks. Early provision of care is crucial, as fetal development can be affected early. Improving women's knowledge and access to PCC is essential for optimal maternal and child health in Saudi Arabia., Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding preconception care among women between the ages of 18 and 45 who live in Saudi Arabia, who matched the inclusion criteria. All women working in or studying in the medical field were excluded from the research. Data was collected using Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, CA) via social media apps. Data was cleaned in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and analyzed using IBM SPSS, version 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY)., Results: Our study assessed awareness about PCC among 788 women. Age distribution revealed 24.9% (n=196) were 30-35 years old and 23.6% (n=186) were 40-45 years. Most were Saudi nationals (86.9%, n=685) and married (94.4%, n=744). University education was reported by 83.0% (n=654). Among notable findings, 79.1% disagreed or were neutral on PCC's necessity, and 78.6% supported free PCC. Barriers included fear of blood draws (68.7%) and negative family reactions (63.8%). Notably, 44.2% (n=348) demonstrated high knowledge and positive attitude towards PCC. Multivariate analysis indicated that marital status was significantly associated with high PCC knowledge (Exp(B)=1.956, p=0.049), while other sociodemographic factors were not associated with PCC knowledge., Conclusion: Our study showed an adequate level of knowledge about PCC among women. However, there is a need for further improvement in PCC awareness among Saudi women. A significant number of women supported free PCC services. Barriers included fear of procedures and family reactions. Marital status was significantly associated with higher PCC knowledge, emphasizing targeted educational interventions., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. National Committee of Bioethics/Umm Al-Qura University IRB issued approval HAPO-02-K-012. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Edris et al.)

Introduction: Chronic urinary retention (CUR) is a major problem in elderly patients and leads to high levels of morbidity. CUR can be treated surgically with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), but surgery is frequently avoided in elderly patients due to increased perioperative risks and the presence of detrusor underactivity, which can lead to surgical failure. We report on contemporary outcomes for catheterized elderly patients undergoing TURP from a high-volume university teaching hospital. Patients and Methods: Catheterized patients 80 years of age and older undergoing TURP for CUR at a university teaching hospital between 2012 and 2020 (9 years) were eligible. Those with neurogenic bladder, urethral stricture, or prior TURP were excluded. Surgical success was defined as being catheter free at 3- and 12-month follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test for grouped data and logistic regression modeling for continuous data. Results: A total of 147 patients were included and underwent TURP. Of these, 118 (80.3%) were completely catheter free or using intermittent self-catheterization at initial 3-month follow-up. One hundred seventeen (79.6%) remained catheter free at 1-year follow-up. Postvoid residual >1500 mL before TURP ( p  = 0.017); age ≥90 ( p  = 0.0067); and World Health Organization performance status ≥3 ( p  < 0.00001) were all identified as independent risk factors for surgical failure. A selected subset of patients excluding these risk factors showed overall catheter-free rates of 88.8% at 3-month follow-up. Early and late complications were noted in 6.8% and 2.7% of patients. Conclusion: Our contemporary series demonstrate high rates of successful postoperative voiding for selected elderly patients after TURP, with catheter-free rates at 12 months of 88.8%. Overall complication rate was 9.5%, which may be justified given the alternative morbidity of long-term catheterization. TURP remains an efficacious and cost-effective treatment for selected elderly patients who are catheterized for CUR.