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The breeding of sport horses to compete in the Olympic disciplines of show jumping, eventing, and dressage is fast becoming a global industry with the increased use of reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Reproductive technologies have facilitated the dissemination of genetics from elite horses across multiple countries and breeds as breeders are no longer limited by location. Due to this increased level of crossbreeding, there is an increased need for estimated breeding values (EBVs) for sport horse performance that can be compared across breeds and countries. However, the implementation of across-breed or across-country genetic evaluations has been limited by the differences in each studbook's individual breeding programs and genetic evaluations. Consequently, the aim of this review was to compare the genetic evaluations for show jumping of sport horse studbooks worldwide. The top sport horse studbooks in the world according to the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses Studbook Rankings 2019 were contacted by email to request information on their current breeding programs and genetic evaluations. Twenty-six of the 51 studbooks contacted replied to this request but only 18 of these studbooks conducted their own genetic evaluations or were part of a larger genetic evaluation in their country of origin. The other eight studbooks were not involved in genetic evaluations at present but expressed an interest in the implementation of such in the future. Overall, many differences were identified among the genetic evaluations of each studbook or each country. The definition of show jumping performance differed within each evaluation and the methods and models utilized also differed. Despite some stallions and mares being registered in multiple studbooks or having progeny in multiple studbooks, these differences make comparison of EBVs across studbooks difficult. Further transparency and collaboration of sport horse studbooks with organizations such as Interstallion, will be essential to facilitate any future implementation of international genetic evaluations for show jumping performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breeding of sport horses to compete in show jumping is fast becoming a global industry with the increased use of reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination and embryo transfer, facilitating the dissemination of genetics from elite horses across multiple countries and breeds. Due to this increased level of crossbreeding, there is an increased need for estimate breeding values for sport horse performance that can be compared across breeds and countries. However, the implementation of a cross-breed or across-country genetic evaluations has been limited by the differences in individual breeding programs and genetic evaluations in each studbook. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the genetic evaluations for show jumping of sport horse studbooks worldwide. An email was sent to the studbooks included in the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses Studbook Rankings for show jumping in 2019 to request information on their current breeding programs and genetic evaluations. Twenty-six of the 51 studbooks contacted replied to this request. Only 18 of these studbooks conducted their own genetic evaluations or were part of a larger genetic evaluation in their country of origin. Overall, many differences were identified among the genetic evaluations of each studbook or each country. The definition of show jumping performance differed within each evaluation and the methods and models utilized also differed (Table 1). Despite some stallions and mares being registered in multiple studbooks or having progeny in multiple studbooks, these differences make comparison of estimated breeding values across studbooks difficult. Further transparency and collaboration of sport horse studbooks with organizations such as Interstallion, will be essential to facilitate any future implementation of international genetic evaluations for show jumping performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current genetic evaluations of the Irish Sport Horse are undertaken on a single trait called the Lifetime Performance Rating (LPR). The LPR represents the highest level a horse has achieved two double clear rounds in show jumping in both national and international performances. The objective of this study was to compare the method currently used in these evaluations (Model 1, Table 1) to a modified methodology to determine the most accurate method for estimating breeding values (EBV) for the LPR. Genetic parameters and EBVs were generated based on the LPR of 30,355 horses using eight different animal models. Each of the eight models considered the additive genetic variance as the random effect and a combination of following fixed effects: sex, year the highest level was first achieved, age the highest level was achieved, maximum age of the animal in the competition data, Thoroughbred percentage (TB%), and TB% divided into eights. (Table 1). The goodness-of-fit of each model was evaluated using the Akaike's information criteria and the genetic parameters produced by each model. Heritability estimates for LPR ranged from 0.26 to 0.32 depending on the model used (Table 1). The inclusion of age or maximum age in the model decreased the residual variances, and thus, increased the heritability estimates of LPR; these models also performed better than those that did not consider age in any form. The models that considered the effect of TB% were not a significantly better fit than those that did not consider this effect. In conclusion, future genetic evaluations of LPR in the Irish Sport Horse would benefit from using a model that considers either the age or maximum age of performance of each horse, alongside the year the highest level was achieved, and the sex of the horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate whether the use of a labor mirror during the active pushing phase of the second stage of labor is associated with a shorter duration of pushing. Additionally, we examined maternal and neonatal outcomes secondary to mirror use versus non-mirror use., Design: Retrospective observational cohort study., Setting/local Problem: Community hospital in the midwestern United States with a Level 3 maternity center and approximately 2,000 births annually., Participants: Four hundred fifty-three women ≥18 years old who had a singleton pregnancy at term (37-41 weeks' gestation) with a spontaneous vaginal birth., Intervention/measurements: The use of a ceiling-mounted labor mirror offered before or at the beginning of the active pushing phase of the second stage of labor. Use was determined by patient choice., Results: One hundred seventy-seven (39.1%) women elected use of the labor mirror. Mirror users and nonusers were similar in terms of clinical and demographic characteristics except for epidural use (93.2% vs. 86.6%, respectively; p = .0298). Among nulliparous women who used the mirror, second stage labor duration was shortened by an average of 19.4 minutes (p = .0198). This effect was not seen in multiparous women (p = .2208). Mirror users and nonusers did not differ on rates of postpartum hemorrhage (p = .5498) or chorioamnionitis (p = .6528). Among nulliparous and multiparous women, Apgar scores and NICU admission rates did not differ between mirror users and nonusers., Conclusion: The labor mirror represents a simple, noninvasive tool for labor and delivery units. Use of the labor mirror during the active pushing phase of the second stage of labor may be associated with decreased pushing duration for nulliparous women., (Copyright © 2024 AWHONN. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)