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Translation, an ancient activity, has only been acknowledged as an independent discipline since the 1970s. Translation Studies was introduced as a program in Turkish higher education in the 1980s, with English translation and interpreting programs being the first to emerge. It was not until 2011 that the first program for training Arabic translators and interpreters was established at Kirikkale University. Subsequently, the same program was introduced in nine other universities. In this study, we explore the profiles of prospective Arabic translators and interpreters in ten Turkish universities offering undergraduate-level programs for Arabic translation and interpreting, focusing on various aspects such as gender, geographical location, educational background, high school type, academic ranking, foreign language test scores, program preferences, and post-graduation plans. Our findings indicate that female students show a greater inclination towards the program, with one-third of the students choosing the program in their city. Arabic translator-interpreter candidates mostly originate from the Central Anatolian Region, with one-third being recent graduates and another third being experienced ones. More than half of the students who enrolled in the program graduated from Imam-Hatip High School, and top-performing students are less inclined to select this program. On average, a language test score of forty-six is required for admission to the program. Finally, we found that students who completed the program often preferred programs related to Arabic language teaching and literature.

Although the history of translation is almost as old as the history of humankind, it was not until the second half of the twentieth century that translation studies were recognized as an independent discipline. Perhaps due to this fact, translation and interpreting programs at the higher education level started to be introduced in Turkey in the 1980s. These programs were English translation and interpreting programs. The first program to train Arabic translators and interpreters was opened at Kirikkale University in 2011 and remained the only program in its field until 2017. Between 2017 and 2023, nine more Arabic translation and interpreting programs, six at public universities and three at private universities, started actively admitting students. In this study, Arabic translation and interpreting programs in Turkey are examined from various angles. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the demand for the departments at state universities was higher, the students with the highest scores preferred Istanbul University. Interpreter and translator students scored an average of forty-two points in the eighty-question foreign language exam and there were an average of 3.8 faculty members in these programs. Eight faculty members work in these programs and the students who are admitted to them are mostly placed in universities in their home cities. The total capacity of the programs is sufficient and, although there is no unity in the curriculum of the programs, similar courses are offered in different classes. The programs focus on language skills for the first two years and, subsequently, focus on translation-oriented courses. At the end of the study, we make some suggestions for translation and interpreting programs by making associations with the findings of the related literature.

Today, technology has become a concept that expresses a serious need in terms of individual and society, especially in the last period of the global epidemic. Technological developments, which are closely followed all over the world, contribute to the improvement of communication between people at the same rate, and as a result of this information transfer process, individuals find the opportunity to express their feelings and thoughts on various media platforms. The use of this platform, which is called social media, has the feature of responding to the social needs of crowded masses consisting of all existing cultures and segments. Because of these reasons and needs, social media has a very important place in human life with its feature that brings together large masses. Foreign language learning activities have also developed through social media, and many foreign language lessons have become common on YouTube. Among these languages is Arabic, which is spoken by approximately 450 million people in the world. Arabic is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in our country. In this context, it is clear that social media, like other technologies, creates a suitable basis for the use of education in the Arabic teaching process. In this study, the opinions of university students about the use of YouTube, one of the social media tools, in teaching Arabic are included. 200 students studying in Arabic preparatory classes within higher education institutions participated in the research; His views on the Arabic lessons given on YouTube were examined. At the end of the study, Arabic preparatory class students; It has been revealed that they think that the use of YouTube in the Arabic teaching process is beneficial. As a result of the answers given to the open-ended question asked whether YouTube lessons are advantageous in teaching Arabic; It has been determined that YouTube Arabic lessons contribute to the students in the preparation process and course repetitions at school. Another result of the study is; It has emerged that the number of Arabic lessons given on YouTube is less than other languages, which is perceived as a serious deficiency by the students.

Although the history of training foreign language teachers in Turkey dates back to the Tanzimat period until the 19th century, in the first years, the French teacher was trained in the last years. Arabic, on the other hand, has been perceived as a religious language rather than a foreign language for a long time, and this perception has not changed completely even today. Perhaps because of this perception, the first program to train Arabic teachers within the higher education system was established in 1984. Sixteen years after the establishment of the first Department of Arabic Language Education established at Gazi University, departments to train Arabic teachers in both private/foundation and public universities began to open. In this study, the profiles of a total of eight hundred and forty-three teacher candidates who settled in the Arabic teaching program at eight universities between 2019, 2020 and 2021 were examined from various angles. At the end of the study, Arabic teaching was preferred by female students, teacher candidates came from different cities in state universities, they came from the same city in private/foundation universities, Arabic teacher candidates preferred the Marmara Region the most, about seven out of ten teacher candidates graduated from Imam-Hatip High School, almost none of the teacher high school graduates preferred Arabic teaching, and the teacher candidates did not prefer Arabic teaching. In the eighty-question foreign language test, it was concluded that they made an average of forty-five nets, and that Arabic teacher candidates preferred English-related departments the most after Arabic. As a result of the study, some recommendations were made to teacher training programs for innovations in the student selection system by associating them with the relevant literature findings.

This study aims to explore the autonomy level and use of language learning strategies in a preparatory school of a state university before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. One hundred fifty-five preparatory school students from a state university participated in the research. For the data collection, Oxford's Language Learning Strategy (LLS) and a learner autonomy questionnaire developed by Zhang and Li were used. Means, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson's r-correlation were used to analyze the data. The results showed that while participants' level of learner autonomy before the pandemic was high, during the pandemic it was moderate. Additionally, the results from the LLS questionnaires showed that students used a moderate proportion of language learning strategies before and after the pandemic. Finally, the correlation analysis used to determine the relationship between the level of learner autonomy and LLS use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic indicated that there is a positive and linear relationship between the level of learner autonomy and LLS use.

The Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) is at a pivotal juncture in its energy development, facing significant challenges such as increasing emissions and an unreliable energy supply that hampers economic progress. This study assesses the potential for integrating diverse renewable energy (RE) sources into the CEMAC grid, specifically focusing on river hydro, dam hydropower, onshore wind, and solar photovoltaics. Using the EnergyPlan tool, we conduct a dynamic one-year simulation to model energy dispatch on monthly and hourly scales. The modelling result indicates that achieving a 100 % electricity access in the CEMAC region by 2030 will require an annual electricity demand of 8.59 TWh. If this demand is fully met by natural gas (1143 MW), it will result in about 3.75 Mt of carbon emissions. The result shows that by implementing a mix of these renewable technologies in the proposed integrated grid system, the CEMAC region could reduce its carbon emissions by up to 48.7 % relative to using a single RE source in the grid, with annual renewable electricity production of 4.19 TWh/year. Also, by maximising the RE potential from each CEMAC region, there is 49 % RE integration in the proposed integrated grid, with the highest RE share from hydro. This study quantitatively shows that the proposed synchronized regional grid incorporating these renewable sources could enhance electricity reliability and further reduce emissions in the CEMAC region. This research also highlights the transformative potential of RE in achieving sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions for CEMAC, setting a roadmap towards a resilient energy future by 2050.

Abstract In this article, by using the notion of quantum calculus, we define a new type Szász–Mirakjan operators based on the q-integers. We derive a recurrence formula and calculate the moments Φ n , q ( t m ; x ) $\Phi _{n,q}(t^{m};x)$ for m = 0 , 1 , 2 $m=0,1,2$ and the central moments Φ n , q ( ( t − x ) m ; x ) $\Phi _{n,q}((t-x)^{m};x)$ for m = 1 , 2 $m=1,2$ . We give estimation for the first and second-order central moments. We present a Korovkin type approximation theorem and give a local approximation theorem by using modulus of continuity. We obtain a local direct estimate for the new Szász–Mirakjan operators in terms of Lipschitz-type maximal function of order α. Finally, we prove a Korovkin type weighted approximation theorem.

The mixture of nanoparticles with base fluid for heat transfer fluid’s performance enhancement has received wide research attention recently. These nanofluids have been proposed by researchers as a better alternative in different thermal systems. However, the detailed comparison of these fluids is limited in the existing literature. Therefore, in this paper, a detailed parametric comparison of mono/hybrid nanofluids with other fluids’ applications in solar thermal collectors is presented. Specifically, the flat plate and solar parabolic trough collectors are considered within the scope of this study. While the flat plate collectors are modeled for low-temperature applications, the parabolic trough collectors are considered for high-temperature applications. Five nanofluids with different nanoparticles, namely; Al2O3, SiO 2, CuO, Al2O3-ZnO, and Al2O3-Fe are compared with four normal fluids (water, salt (7NaNO 3_40NaNO 2_53KNO2), Therminol_VP1, and Dowtherm_Q). From the energy/exergy efficiencies and useful energy output results of this study, the nanofluids had a better performance when applied in the flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Also, the working fluids with higher temperature output had lower energy efficiencies and useful energy output. Hence, the base (normal) fluids are more suitable for some specific temperature applications in a flat plate and parabolic trough collectors.

Abstract It is commonly recommended to incorporate diesel generators into distributed hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) to lower the system's total cost and make the generated electricity affordable. Due to the environmental and economic issues associated with fossil fuel use, biomass power technologies (BPT) appear to be an attractive alternative to diesel generators. The HOMER software was used to model, simulate, and optimise two photovoltaic/wind/battery systems integrated with different BPT (anaerobic digestion or gasification) to satisfy the electrical needs of Babadam, a remote community in northern Cameroon. The results indicated that the anaerobic digester integrated system's overall optimal architecture included a 98.1 kW photovoltaic array, a 30 kW biogas generator, and 200 batteries, with a cost of energy (COE) of $0.347/kWh. On the other hand, the gasifier integrated option is made up of an 81.8 kW photovoltaic array, a 15 kW syngas generator, and 200 batteries and has a COE of $0.319/kW. Additionally, compared to the PV/Wind/Battery system, integrating the biogas (resp. syngas) generator showed a potential COE decrease of 29% (resp. 40%). The sensitivity analysis highlighted the validity of this COE reduction potential everywhere in sub‐Saharan Africa, leading to the conclusion that integrating BPT into HRESs can effectively contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 7.

This study proposes a design of a trigeneration plant for the usage of Periwinkle Lifestyle Estate in Lagos State Nigeria. The proposed system would provide electricity, heating and freshwater requirements for residential buildings from a renewable energy source. Concentrated photovoltaic solar thermal (CPV/T) collector is used to generate the electricity and provides the required amount of thermal energy to the multistage flash desalination plant and Kalina cycle due to its high electrical and thermal effectiveness. The EES is used to model the tri-generation system by solving the governing equations with an interconnected structure, while TRNSYS and HOMER software was also used to collect the solar data for the case study area. The combined trigeneration structure can produce 0.6412 kg/s of freshwater, 1520.25 kW of electricity generation, and 91.57 kW of heat required for the district heating application, for the usage of Periwinkle lifestyle estate Lagos State Nigeria. The designed system can serve as an alternative to producing high-quality freshwater for drinking and irrigation, reliable and steady electricity and heating services during the winter season, without pollution.

The human ileum contains a high density of enteroendocrine L-cells, which release the appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in response to food intake. Recent evidence highlighted the potential role of food structures in PYY release, but the link between food structures, ileal metabolites, and appetite hormone release remains unclear owing to limited access to intact human ileum. In a randomized crossover trial (ISRCTN11327221; isrctn.com), we investigated the role of human ileum in GLP-1 and PYY release by giving healthy volunteers diets differing in fiber and food structure: high-fiber (intact or disrupted food structures) or low-fiber disrupted food structures. We used nasoenteric tubes to sample chyme from the intact distal ileum lumina of humans in the fasted state and every 60 min for 480 min postprandially. We demonstrate the highly dynamic, wide-ranging molecular environment of the ileum over time, with a substantial decrease in ileum bacterial numbers and bacterial metabolites after food intake. We also show that high-fiber diets, independent of food structure, increased PYY release compared with a low-fiber diet during 0 to 240 min postprandially. High-fiber diets also increased ileal stachyose, and a disrupted high-fiber diet increased certain ileal amino acids. Treatment of human ileal organoids with ileal fluids or an amino acid and stachyose mixture stimulated PYY expression in a similar profile to blood PYY concentrations, confirming the role of ileal metabolites in PYY release. Our study demonstrates the diet-induced changes over time in the metabolite environment of intact human ileum, which play a role in PYY release. Editor's summary: The digestion of different foods as they travel the length of the gastrointestinal tract is highly orchestrated, and the true complexity of this process is just beginning to be understood. Dagbasi et al. studied how fiber content and food structure affect nutrient metabolism and release of appetite-controlling peptides such as PYY in the human ileum. They found that high dietary fiber consumption, regardless of the extent of food processing, promoted ileal PYY (but not GLP-1) release in healthy volunteers. This PYY release was promoted by ileal metabolites, showing how what we eat may signal to the intestine to feed back on whole-body physiology. —Catherine Charneski [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'double burden of malnutrition' is a global health challenge that increasingly affects populations in both low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). This phenomenon refers to the coexistence of undernutrition and overweight or obesity, as well as other diet‐related non‐communicable diseases, in the same population, household or even individual. While noteworthy progress has been made in reducing undernutrition in some parts of the world, in many of these areas, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, particularly in urban areas, resulting in greater numbers of people who were undernourished in childhood and have overweight or obesity in adulthood. This creates a complex and challenging situation for research experts and policymakers who must simultaneously address the public health burdens of undernutrition and overweight/obesity. This review identifies key challenges and limitations in the current research on the double burden of malnutrition in individuals, including the need for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the drivers of malnutrition, the importance of context‐specific interventions and the need for greater attention to the food environment and food systems. We advocate for the re‐evaluation of research strategies and focus, with a greater emphasis on multidisciplinary and systems approaches and greater attention to the synergistic relationship between the biological, environmental, commercial and socio‐economic determinants of malnutrition. Addressing these key challenges can enable us to better comprehend and tackle the multifaceted and dynamic issues of the double burden of malnutrition, particularly in individuals and work towards more effective and sustainable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents load forecasting and optimal sizing for minimizing the Annualized Cost of the System (ACS) of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)/wind/battery hybrid renewable energy system. To achieve load forecasting, the Support Vector Regression (SVR) was integrated with the emerging Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms to form two hybrid SVR algorithms (SVR-HHO and SVR-PSO). The single SVR and the two obtained hybrid SVR algorithms were used to predict the load demand variability of remote areas in Kano and Abuja, Nigeria. For optimal sizing, a PSO algorithm was used. The prediction accuracy of the algorithms was evaluated using Correlation Coefficient (R), Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results show that both hybrid SVR algorithms outperformed the single SVR in terms of prediction accuracy. Furthermore, SVR-HHO has the highest goodness of fit and lowest prediction error. Besides, the SVR-HHO proved merit over SVR-PSO despite its reliability. These results concluded that metaheuristic algorithms are more promising in forecasting load demand and hence can serve as a reliable tool for decision making.