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Since smallpox vaccination was discontinued in 1980, there has been a resurgence of poxvirus infections, particularly the monkeypox virus. Without a global recommendation to use the smallpox vaccine, the population is not immune, posing a severe threat to public health. Given these circumstances, it is crucial to understand the relationship between poxviruses and their hosts. Therefore, this study focuses on the ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox, which serves as an excellent model for studying poxvirus pathogenesis. Additionally, we investigated the role of mitochondria in innate antiviral immunity during ECTV infection, focusing specifically on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. The study used a Moscow strain of ECTV and L929 mouse fibroblasts. Cells were treated with ECTV and chemical modulators of mitochondrial network: Mdivi-1 and CCCP. Our investigation revealed that an elongated mitochondrial network attenuates the suppression of MAVS-dependent immunity by ECTV and reduces ECTV replication in L929 fibroblasts compared to cells with an unaltered mitochondrial network. Conversely, a fragmented mitochondrial network reduces the number of progeny virions while increasing the inhibition of the virus-induced immune response during infection. In conclusion, our study showed that modifications of mitochondrial network morphology alter MAVS-dependent immunity in ECTV-infected mouse L929 fibroblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role in inducing antiviral adaptive immune responses due to their extraordinary ability to prime and polarize naïve T cells into different effector T helper (Th) subsets. The two major subpopulations of cDCs, cDC1 (CD8α+ in mice and CD141+ in human) and cDC2 (CD11b+ in mice and CD1c+ in human), can preferentially polarize T cells toward a Th1 and Th2 phenotype, respectively. During infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus from the Poxviridae family, the timing and activation of an appropriate Th immune response contributes to the resistance (Th1) or susceptibility (Th2) of inbred mouse strains to the lethal form of mousepox. Due to the high plasticity and diverse properties of cDC subpopulations in regulating the quality of a specific immune response, in the present study we compared the ability of splenic cDC1 and cDC2 originating from different ECTV-infected mouse strains to mature, activate, and polarize the Th immune response during mousepox. Our results demonstrated that during early stages of mousepox, both cDC subsets from resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice were activated upon in vivo ECTV infection. These cells exhibited elevated levels of surface MHC class I and II, and co-stimulatory molecules and showed enhanced potential to produce cytokines. However, both cDC subsets from BALB/c mice displayed a higher maturation status than that of their counterparts from C57BL/6 mice. Despite their higher activation status, cDC1 and cDC2 from susceptible mice produced low amounts of Th1-polarizing cytokines, including IL-12 and IFN-γ, and the ability of these cells to stimulate the proliferation and Th1 polarization of allogeneic CD4+ T cells was severely compromised. In contrast, both cDC subsets from resistant mice produced significant amounts of Th1-polarizing cytokines and demonstrated greater capability in differentiating allogeneic T cells into Th1 cells compared to cDCs from BALB/c mice. Collectively, our results indicate that in the early stages of mousepox, splenic cDC subpopulations from the resistant mouse strain can better elicit a Th1 cell-mediated response than the susceptible strain can, probably contributing to the induction of the protective immune responses necessary for the control of virus dissemination and for survival from ECTV challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a causative agent of mousepox. It provides a suitable model for studying the immunobiology of orthopoxviruses, including their interaction with the host cell cytoskeleton. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) control the pericellular environment, capture antigens, and present them to T lymphocytes after migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Migration of immature DCs is possible due to the presence of specialized adhesion structures, such as podosomes or focal adhesions (FAs). Since assembly and disassembly of adhesive structures are highly associated with DCs' immunoregulatory and migratory functions, we evaluated how ECTV infection targets podosomes and FAs' organization and formation in natural-host bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC). We found that ECTV induces a rapid dissolution of podosomes at the early stages of infection, accompanied by the development of larger and wider FAs than in uninfected control cells. At later stages of infection, FAs were predominantly observed in long cellular extensions, formed extensively by infected cells. Dissolution of podosomes in ECTV-infected BMDCs was not associated with maturation and increased 2D cell migration in a wound healing assay; however, accelerated transwell migration of ECTV-infected cells towards supernatants derived from LPS-conditioned BMDCs was observed. We suggest that ECTV-induced changes in the spatial organization of adhesive structures in DCs may alter the adhesiveness/migration of DCs during some conditions, e.g., inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric and colorectal cancer are among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Searching for methods of therapy that complements treatment or has a preventive effect is desirable. Bacterial metabolites safe for human health, which have postbiotic effect, are of interest recently. The study aimed to preliminary assessment of the safety, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activity of cell-free metabolites of Gluconobacter oxydans strains isolated from Kombucha beverages as an example of the potential postbiotic activity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB). The study material consisted of five AAB strains of Kombucha origin and three human cell lines (gastric adenoma—AGS, colorectal adenoma—HT-29, and healthy cells derived from the endothelium of the human umbilical vein—HUVEC). Results of the study confirms the health safety and functional properties of selected AAB strains, including their potential postbiotic properties. The best potential anticancer activity of the AAB cell-free supernatants was demonstrated against AGS gastric adenoma cells. The conducted research proves the postbiotic potential of selected acetic acid bacteria, especially the KNS30 strain. Key points: •The beneficial and application properties of acetic acid bacteria are poorly studied. •Gluconobacter oxydans from Kombucha show a postbiotic activity. •The best anticancer activity of the G. oxydans showed against gastric adenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric and colorectal cancer are among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Searching for methods of therapy that complements treatment or has a preventive effect is desirable. Bacterial metabolites safe for human health, which have postbiotic effect, are of interest recently. The study aimed to preliminary assessment of the safety, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activity of cell-free metabolites of Gluconobacter oxydans strains isolated from Kombucha beverages as an example of the potential postbiotic activity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB). The study material consisted of five AAB strains of Kombucha origin and three human cell lines (gastric adenoma—AGS, colorectal adenoma—HT-29, and healthy cells derived from the endothelium of the human umbilical vein—HUVEC). Results of the study confirms the health safety and functional properties of selected AAB strains, including their potential postbiotic properties. The best potential anticancer activity of the AAB cell-free supernatants was demonstrated against AGS gastric adenoma cells. The conducted research proves the postbiotic potential of selected acetic acid bacteria, especially the KNS30 strain. Key points: •The beneficial and application properties of acetic acid bacteria are poorly studied. •Gluconobacter oxydans from Kombucha show a postbiotic activity. •The best anticancer activity of the G. oxydans showed against gastric adenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and graphene monolayer is still a less discussed topic but crucial in the context of creating a graphene skin dressing. Moreover, capturing early changes in the cytoskeleton may prove to be a valuable indicator of cell condition after direct contact with the biomaterial. In this context, here, we investigated the response of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) to graphene monolayer as a scaffold, based on cytoskeleton architecture. Three main components of the cytoskeleton — microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules were characterized as well as analyzed its entire cell morphology (focal adhesions). Based on microscopic analysis and cell area measurements, it can be stated that graphene did not cause a damage or disturbance of any cytoskeleton members and linker proteins (plectin, vinculin) and gap junction protein (connexin 43). hBM-MSCs growing on the graphene monolayer were more spread than cells growing on the glass but without any other significant difference. This suggested that graphene substrate as a monolayer could be a structural reinforcement for MSCs cultivation without affecting their cytoskeleton, which determines cell integrity, connections and migration, all important cell properties in the process of skin wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a causative agent of mousepox. It provides a suitable model for studying the immunobiology of orthopoxviruses, including their interaction with the host cell cytoskeleton. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) control the pericellular environment, capture antigens, and present them to T lymphocytes after migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Migration of immature DCs is possible due to the presence of specialized adhesion structures, such as podosomes or focal adhesions (FAs). Since assembly and disassembly of adhesive structures are highly associated with DCs' immunoregulatory and migratory functions, we evaluated how ECTV infection targets podosomes and FAs' organization and formation in natural-host bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC). We found that ECTV induces a rapid dissolution of podosomes at the early stages of infection, accompanied by the development of larger and wider FAs than in uninfected control cells. At later stages of infection, FAs were predominantly observed in long cellular extensions, formed extensively by infected cells. Dissolution of podosomes in ECTV-infected BMDCs was not associated with maturation and increased 2D cell migration in a wound healing assay; however, accelerated transwell migration of ECTV-infected cells towards supernatants derived from LPS-conditioned BMDCs was observed. We suggest that ECTV-induced changes in the spatial organization of adhesive structures in DCs may alter the adhesiveness/migration of DCs during some conditions, e.g., inflammation.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role in inducing antiviral adaptive immune responses due to their extraordinary ability to prime and polarize naïve T cells into different effector T helper (Th) subsets. The two major subpopulations of cDCs, cDC1 (CD8α + in mice and CD141 + in human) and cDC2 (CD11b + in mice and CD1c + in human), can preferentially polarize T cells toward a Th1 and Th2 phenotype, respectively. During infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus from the Poxviridae family, the timing and activation of an appropriate Th immune response contributes to the resistance (Th1) or susceptibility (Th2) of inbred mouse strains to the lethal form of mousepox. Due to the high plasticity and diverse properties of cDC subpopulations in regulating the quality of a specific immune response, in the present study we compared the ability of splenic cDC1 and cDC2 originating from different ECTV-infected mouse strains to mature, activate, and polarize the Th immune response during mousepox. Our results demonstrated that during early stages of mousepox, both cDC subsets from resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice were activated upon in vivo ECTV infection. These cells exhibited elevated levels of surface MHC class I and II, and co-stimulatory molecules and showed enhanced potential to produce cytokines. However, both cDC subsets from BALB/c mice displayed a higher maturation status than that of their counterparts from C57BL/6 mice. Despite their higher activation status, cDC1 and cDC2 from susceptible mice produced low amounts of Th1-polarizing cytokines, including IL-12 and IFN-γ, and the ability of these cells to stimulate the proliferation and Th1 polarization of allogeneic CD4 + T cells was severely compromised. In contrast, both cDC subsets from resistant mice produced significant amounts of Th1-polarizing cytokines and demonstrated greater capability in differentiating allogeneic T cells into Th1 cells compared to cDCs from BALB/c mice. Collectively, our results indicate that in the early stages of mousepox, splenic cDC subpopulations from the resistant mouse strain can better elicit a Th1 cell-mediated response than the susceptible strain can, probably contributing to the induction of the protective immune responses necessary for the control of virus dissemination and for survival from ECTV challenge.