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Previous research on gender differences in young people's digital development has shown that boys and girls differ in frequency and type of internet use, but vital gaps in the literature remain. In recent years, gender is increasingly considered to be a multidimensional concept with a growing number of young people identifying as non-binary (i.e. genderfluid, an umbrella term for gender identities that are not conforming to the male/female dichotomy). Non-binary youth more frequently engage with a variety of digital risks such as misinformation, cyberbullying, and co-rumination than binary youth. Despite this, no research so far has investigated how digital development differs between non-binary and binary youth. In this online survey study among adolescents in six European countries (N=6,221), we focus on differences in digital skills and digital activities. Non-binary youth tend to make greater use of the internet for content creation and mental and physical health information than boys and girls. They also report greater content creation skills than boys and girls. Disparities in terms of entertainment and social relationship use are also found. Furthermore, findings on digital skills indicate that non-binary youth closely mirror boys in this regard. We conclude with recommendations for future research that should help bolster our understanding of how digital contexts may predict the development and well-being of non-binary youth.

In recent years, public discourse and political actors have increasingly used a deservingness rhetoric to refer to the arrival and permanent settlement of migrant groups. However, scholars have drawn on the concept of deservingness without developing a clear theoretical framework for it. Following our recent work on the migrant deservingness framework, in the present study we use the CARIN criteria (Control, Attitude, Reciprocity, Identity, Need) to establish the extent to which host nationals in eight nations impose conditions towards accepting permanent settlement among migrants. Specifically, we examine the links of these deservingness perceptions with news media consumption in seven European countries and Colombia using online survey panel data (N = 12,142). Our findings indicate that consuming news via commercial television and in popular newspapers, in particular, is linked to greater conditionality regarding migrant settlement. Consuming public television or quality news sources is only weakly linked to (reduced) conditionality. We discuss these findings using the migrant deservingness framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although young people spend increasing amounts of time on the internet, many caveats remain in the literature with regard to the development of digital skills. We focus on the influence of perceived discrimination given its strong link with youth development. We also consider the multidimensional nature of digital skills, focusing on five dimensions, and on digital knowledge. Using online survey data from 6221 children and young people aged 12–20 in six European countries, we seek to understand how discriminated youths may differ from their more advantaged peers with respect to digital skills. The findings show that young people who are discriminated against generally hold greater digital skills than their counterparts who are not being discriminated against. The relationship between perceived discrimination and digital skills is partially mediated by peer support and internet use. We discuss these findings in light of young people's increased social isolation due to discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Europe has seen a rise of authoritarian sentiments in both politics and among the public, which is frequently manifested through perceived threats from immigrants. This study investigates the link of news media consumption with right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation through an online survey sample in seven European countries (N = 10,599; Austria, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden). Our findings indicate that viewing commercial television and reading popular newspapers is linked with greater levels of authoritarianism, and, in turn, greater perceived threat. Viewing public service television and reading quality newspapers is linked with lower levels of authoritarianism. We find this both through direct and indirect relationships. This pattern is replicated in most countries, although Hungary is an exception. Here, the pattern of public service and commercial television viewing is reversed. These results offer grounds for refinements and nuances in media effects theories and political debates in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Identification with a superordinate entity, like Europe, reduces prejudice towards immigrants in general, but no research so far investigated if this differs between prejudice towards immigrants from inside and outside Europe. Using online survey data from four European countries, we determined whether national and European identification are (differently) related to attitudes towards immigrants from inside and outside Europe, and to which extent these relations can be explained by differences in refugee threat perceptions. We found that those who strongly identify with Europe hold more favorable views towards both European and non-European immigrants, while the reverse effect is found for strong national identifiers – an effect that can be explained by realistic and symbolic refugee threat perceptions. We did not find evidence for our expectation that the strength of the associations of national identification on attitudes and threat perceptions would depend on the level of European identification of participants. Overall, our findings provide mixed support for the Common In-group Identity Model because European identifiers, although more positive towards immigrants, did not make strong distinctions between European and non-European immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]