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This paper introduces a household model of addiction that focuses on how a breakdown point, derived from non-cooperative and collective model outcomes, diverges with variations in the spousal preference for household addiction (PHA). The model reveals that in households with different PHAs between the husband and wife, the spouse with the negative PHA will garner higher utility from the collective outcome. When a spouse has a negative PHA, an increase in their relative decision power will decrease the consumption of the addictive good for the other partner. The model highlights a few reasons why people stay in addiction-affected households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies aimed at redistributing to the most vulnerable individuals must consider inequality within households as much as between households. In that spirit, many cash transfers are targeted at women rather than men. Tax legislations can also contain specific gender provisions that treat men and women differently. Whether these policies operate some intrahousehold redistribution, or are defeated by the household agency problem, is an open question. This paper provides new insights by adapting models of intrahousehold allocation to account for women's and men's net‐of‐tax earnings and targeted benefits as determinants of the household resource sharing function. We suggest applications using household expenditure data for Argentina and South Africa. Net‐of‐tax earnings and benefits commanded by women are often positively related to their and their children's resources. We provide counterfactual simulations to illustrate how women's financial power – and its sources – may modify their consumption share and thus their individual poverty status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research describes how procedural fairness can be used to resolve issues related to ethnic-cultural matters. The central finding in this strand of literature is that when minority members experience procedurally fair treatment by societal actors regarding ethnic-cultural issues, this will lead to a range of outcomes that are beneficial for social cohesion. Although these results are promising, it remains yet to be shown that such group-specific treatment fairness does not hamper social cohesion by inciting misapprehension among members of non-recipient groups. Therefore, the present study set out to examine two central questions. First, how would minority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to another minority group? Second, how would majority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to minority groups? Two experimental studies (total N = 908) examined these questions. In Study 1, we compared ethniccultural minorities’ reactions to procedurally (un)fair treatment of their own versus a different minority group. In Study 2, we compared minority and majority group members’ responses to procedurally (un)fair treatment of minority group members. Results show that minority group member reactions to ethnic-cultural procedural fairness emanate from a shared bond with the fairness recipient(s) of the other minority group. Conversely, majority group members’ reactions are driven primarily by a perceived moral obligation to act rightfully toward members of disadvantaged groups. Taken together, our results suggest that ethnic-cultural procedural fairness enactment fosters societal unity among different groups, possibly strengthening social cohesion for well-being and prosperity among members of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research describes how procedural fairness can be used to resolve issues related to ethnic-cultural matters. The central finding in this strand of literature is that when minority members experience procedurally fair treatment by societal actors regarding ethnic-cultural issues, this will lead to a range of outcomes that are beneficial for social cohesion. Although these results are promising, it remains yet to be shown that such group-specific treatment fairness does not hamper social cohesion by inciting misapprehension among members of non-recipient groups. Therefore, the present study set out to examine two central questions. First, how would minority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to another minority group? Second, how would majority group members respond to treatment fairness of citizens belonging to minority groups? Two experimental studies (total N = 908) examined these questions. In Study 1, we compared ethnic-cultural minorities’ reactions to procedurally (un)fair treatment of their own versus a different minority group. In Study 2, we compared minority and majority group members’ responses to procedurally (un)fair treatment of minority group members. Results show that minority group member reactions to ethnic-cultural procedural fairness emanate from a shared bond with the fairness recipient(s) of the other minority group. Conversely, majority group members’ reactions are driven primarily by a perceived moral obligation to act rightfully toward members of disadvantaged groups. Taken together, our results suggest that ethnic-cultural procedural fairness enactment fosters societal unity among different groups, possibly strengthening social cohesion for well-being and prosperity among members of these groups.

Married men are one of the main groups of labor market employed and therefore the study of their labor market behavior is one of the priorities of labor market policy. The present study attempts to identify the variables affecting the market working hours of married men with employed spouses based on the literature of the collective model (CM) of household labor supply. The research information is based on micro and cross-sectional data of Iran in 2018 and the statistical sample includes 724 married men living in urban and rural areas. The model was estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and related tests. The results show that the labor supply function of married men is standard (the substitution effect is larger than the income effect) and the supply increases with wage but at diminishing rate. Also, married men with higher levels of education than their wives spend more leisure-living time. Also, working hours of married men with employed spouses decrease with age. Moreover, higher education and number of children increase married men working hours.

We provide a new estimator, MR-LATE, that consistently estimates local average treatment effects when treatment is missing for some observations, not at random. If instead treatment is mismeasured for some observations, then MR-LATE usually has less bias than the standard LATE estimator. We discuss potential applications where an endogenous binary treatment may be unobserved or mismeasured. We apply MR-LATE to study the impact of women's control over household resources on health outcomes in Indian families. This application illustrates the use of MR-LATE when treatment is estimated rather than observed. In these situations, treatment mismeasurement may arise from model misspecification and estimation errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wave propagation, the hydrodynamic theory is used to investigate the generated deflagration wave structure when an accelerated plasma block due to nonlinear ponderomotive force collides with a solid target for fusion ignition. Through energy placement of the plasma block to the main fuel, the electron temperature profiles in the deflagration region are determined by hydrodynamic equations. The confinement conditions in deuterium–tritium (D–T) fuel were obtained with and without considering the collective model of plasma block energy placement in the deflagration region. Deflagration wave propagation increases the fuel temperature to 6 keV and improves the ignition threshold energy. In ignition, taking into account the collective effect, with the release of the deflagration wave, a slower expansion of the deflagration region by 0.0025 cm will increase the plasma self-heating by high-energy beams of accelerated plasma block protons under more stable conditions that it will be comparable to the case where the collective effect is not considered. Then the plasma will have the opportunity to increase temperature and gain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collective structure of 106Cd is elucidated by multi-step Coulomb excitation of a 3.849 MeV/A beam of 106Cd on a 1.1 mg/cm2 208Pb target using GRETINA-CHICO2 at ATLAS. Fourteen E2 matrix elements were obtained. The nucleus 106Cd is a prime example of emergent collectivity that possesses a simple structure: it is free of complexity caused by shape coexistence and has a small, but collectively active number of valence nucleons. This work follows in a long and currently active quest to answer the fundamental question of the origin of nuclear collectivity and deformation, notably in the cadmium isotopes. The results are discussed in terms of phenomenological models, the shell model, and Kumar-Cline sums of E2 matrix elements. The 〈02+||E2||21+〉 matrix element is determined for the first time, providing a total, converged measure of the electric quadrupole strength, 〈Q2〉, of the first-excited 21+ level relative to the 01+ ground state, which does not show an increase as expected of harmonic and anharmonic vibrations. Strong evidence for triaxial shapes in weakly collective nuclei is indicated; collective vibrations are excluded. This is contrary to the only other cadmium result of this kind in 114Cd by C. Fahlander et al. (1988) [38], which is complicated by low-lying shape coexistence near midshell.

The role David Rowe played in advancing our understanding of nuclear structure has been pivotal to modernizing the theory into one that does not require the use of an effective charge concept, and one that is extensible across the chart of the nuclides. We briefly review how this flows from the early history of the field, focusing especially on David's role in helping to bridge the divide between single-particle models and collective models of nuclear structure, and how this has led to the development of a beautiful and bold algebraic framework that underpins a theory of choice for future nuclear structure studies. Looking forward, David Rowe's work also underpins current follow-on efforts focused on paving the way for the construction of yet another bridge, one that should help to span the chasm between low-energy and high-energy nuclear physics. If successful, the latter could ultimately lead to a truly ab initio framework for gaining a far broader understanding of nuclear structure, one that tracks forward from the fundamental structure of hadrons, especially protons and neutrons, and how they in turn conspire to give us atomic nuclei that in reality are the building blocks of the universe in which we live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the relationship between dowries – wealth transfers from the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage – and individual-level poverty in rural India. Based on the estimates of a collective household model, we show that the share of household consumption expenditure allocated to a woman is strongly associated with the dowry she paid at the time of her marriage. We compute poverty rates separately for women and men and find that women's poverty relative to men decreases with dowry. Moreover, women who paid dowries are less likely to be poor relative to women who did not, even when their households' consumption expenditures are the same. Our counterfactual policy analysis indicates that abolishing or reducing dowries (through anti-dowry laws or taxes, for example) may have the unintended effect of aggravating intra-household inequality and increasing women's risk of living in poverty after marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comparative study of children's resource shares in male-headed and female-headed households. To this end we estimate a household collective model using a rotating panel of households from the Jamaican Survey of Living Conditions over a period of 21 years (1990–2010). We find that the gender of the household head is important in determining individual resource shares within the household. Our results also indicate that children receive substantially larger resource shares in female-headed households than in male-headed ones and hence children who live in relatively poor female-headed households are not necessarily worse off. Additionally, the effects of household characteristics on the shares of children are shown to vary considerably based on the gender of the household head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical point symmetry (CPS) for odd-odd nuclei is built in the core-particle coupling scheme with the even-even core assumed to follow the spherical to triaxially deformed shape phase transition. It is shown that the model Hamiltonian can be approximately solved with the solutions being expressed in terms of the Bessel functions of irrational orders. In particular, the CPS predicts that collective multiple chiral doublets may exist in transitional odd-odd systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (N = 88 - 108) light mass Os isotopes exhibit level spectra different from the heavier (N > 108) isotopes. The spectral pattern, for ground, β - and γ - bands is illustrated empirically, and analyzed in terms of the collective rotation vibration model and the algebraic sd Interacting Boson Model IBM-1. The variation of the spectral features with neutron number N has been linked to the odd- A neighbors and to the occupation of the underlying Nilsson orbits. The quadrupole β vibration produces the axially symmetric shape of light mass Os isotopes, in contrast to the main role of the asymmetry parameter γ in the heavier Os isotopes. The energy level spectra, and the inter band B (E 2) ratios in IBM-1 reproduce the shape variation from spherical to the X(5) symmetry status, and to the prolate deformed rotor, as in experiment. This reveals the interesting physics of the rotation vibration model by high lighting the special features of the light mass 164−184Os isotopes. The detailed band structure and their variation with neutron number N of the Os isotopes is presented empirically and in IBM-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Consumption inequality within families is widespread among refugees and surrounding communities in East Africa. • Refugee children are up to three times more likely to be poor than adults. • Refugee children not only suffer from the experience of forced migration, but also from low nutrition and a disproportionately high poverty risk. • A small set of easily observable traits predict child poverty in refugee settlements remarkably well. • There is scope for improving the targeting of child poverty in these contexts at low cost. There are now more violent conflicts globally than at any time in the past three decades, resulting in the largest forced displacement crisis ever recorded. Understanding at a granular level the well-being of refugees is essential to inform successful poverty alleviation strategies and unlock refugees' potential. As forced displacement can lead to a reorganization of a family's structure, we use a structural model in combination with data from refugee camps and surrounding communities in Uganda and Kenya to estimate the allocation of consumption within families. We compute poverty rates that account for intra-household inequality, finding that refugee children can be up to three times more likely to be poor than adults. So, refugee children not only suffer from the experience of forced migration, but also from potentially low nutrition and a disproportionately higher poverty risk. Using a supervised machine learning algorithm, we show that a small set of observable traits, such as a child's age, household composition, and access to sanitation and clean water, predict child poverty in refugee settlements and surrounding communities remarkably well, often better than per-capita household expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collective structure of 106Cd is elucidated by multi-step Coulomb excitation of a 3.849 MeV/ A beam of 106Cd on a 1.1 mg/cm2208Pb target using GRETINA-CHICO2 at ATLAS. Fourteen E 2 matrix elements were obtained. The nucleus 106Cd is a prime example of emergent collectivity that possesses a simple structure: it is free of complexity caused by shape coexistence and has a small, but collectively active number of valence nucleons. This work follows in a long and currently active quest to answer the fundamental question of the origin of nuclear collectivity and deformation, notably in the cadmium isotopes. The results are discussed in terms of phenomenological models, the shell model, and Kumar-Cline sums of E 2 matrix elements. The 〈 0 2 + | | E 2 | | 2 1 + 〉 matrix element is determined for the first time, providing a total, converged measure of the electric quadrupole strength, 〈 Q 2 〉 , of the first-excited 2 1 + level relative to the 0 1 + ground state, which does not show an increase as expected of harmonic and anharmonic vibrations. Strong evidence for triaxial shapes in weakly collective nuclei is indicated; collective vibrations are excluded. This is contrary to the only other cadmium result of this kind in 114Cd by C. Fahlander et al. (1988) [38] , which is complicated by low-lying shape coexistence near midshell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group models based on simple rules are viewed as a bridge to clarifying animal group movements. The more similar a model to real-world observations, the closer it is to the essence of such movements. Inspired by the fish school, this study suggests a principle called fellow-following for group movements. More specifically, a simple-rules-based model was proposed and extended into a set of concrete rules, and two- and three-dimensional group models were established. The model results are intuitively similar to the fish school, and when the group size increases, the milling phase of both the model and fish school tends from unstable to stable. Further, we proposed a novel order parameter and a similarity measurement framework for group structures. The proposed model indicates the intuition similarity, consistency of dynamic characteristics, and static structure similarity with fish schools, which suggests that the principle of fellow-following may reveal the essence of fish school movements. Our work suggests a different approach for the self-organized formation of a swarm robotic system based on local information., (© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

An investigation of the Davydov-Chaban Hamiltonian with Kratzer potential for the variable β and γ fixed to π / 6 , is performed by taking into account a deformation-dependent mass term. The energies and wave functions of the eigenvalue problem are obtained in compact form by using the asymptotic iteration method. The numerical results of the energy spectrum and the electric quadrupole transition ratios are calculated and compared with the experimental data for 128,130,132Xe and 192,194,196Pt nuclei as well as other theoretical models. In this way, it is highlighted the importance had by the effect of the shape flatness of the Kratzer potential and the deformation dependent mass term on the numerical predictions in relation to the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the health service needs of empty nest families from a household perspective. A multistage random sampling strategy was conducted to select 1606 individuals in 803 empty nest households in this study. A questionnaire was used to ask each individual about their health service needs in each household. The consistency rate was calculated based on their consistent answers to the questionnaire. We used a collective household model to analyze individuals' public health service needs on the family level. According to the results, individuals' consistency rates of health service needs in empty nest households, such as diagnosis and treatment service (H1), chronic disease management service (H2), telemedicine care (H3), physical examination service (H4), health education service (H5), mental healthcare (H6), and traditional Chinese medicine service (H7) were 40.30%, 89.13%, 98.85%, 58.93%, 57.95%, 72.84%, and 63.40%, respectively. Therefore, family-level health service needs could be studied from a family level. Health service needs of H1, H3, H4, H5, and H7 for individuals in empty nest households have significant correlations with each other ( r = 0.404, 0.177, 0.286, 0.265, 0.220, p < 0.001). This will be helpful for health management in primary care in rural China; the concordance will alleviate the pressure of primary care and increase the effectiveness of doctor-patient communication. Health service needs in empty nest households who took individuals' public needs as household needs ( n = 746) included the H4 (43.3%) and H5 (24.9%) and were always with a male householder (94.0%) or at least one had chronic diseases (82.4%). Health service needs in empty nest households that considered one member's needs as household needs ( n = 46) included the H1 (56.5%), H4 (65.2%), H5 (63.0%), and H7 (45.7%), and the member would be the householder of the family (90.5%) or had a disease within two weeks (100.0%). In conclusion, family members' roles and health status play an important role in health service needs in empty nest households. Additionally, physical examination and health education services are the two health services that are most needed by empty nest households, and are suitable for delivering within a household unit.