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C10H15Br2N5Ru, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.9081(4) Å, b = 8.4334(4) Å, c = 25.9374(13) Å, V = 1729.82(15) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0637, wRref(F2) = 0.1579, T = 173(2) K.

C38H66Br2O2OsP2, triclinic, P1‾ $P\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 10.4091(2) Å, b = 10.6868(2) Å, c = 21.3533(4) Å, α = 84.658(1)°, β = 89.764(1)°, γ = 64.918(1)°, V = 2140.36(7) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0248, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0578, T = 173(2) K.

C12H9N2Br, triclinic, P1‾$\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 7.4005(13) Å, b = 9.4122(16) Å, c = 9.7916(17) Å, α = 98.235(9)°, β = 101.744(8)°, γ = 111.005(7)°, V = 605.69(18) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0209, wRref(F2) = 0.0514, T = 100(2) K.

C38H38Cl2N2P2Ru, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.8827(3) Å, b = 30.6226(7) Å, c = 20.2089(4) Å, β = 93.8560(10)°, V = 6719.5(3) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt (F) = 0.0306, wRref (F 2) = 0.0636, T = 173(2) K.

Background. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a principal cause of diarrhea in travelers, deployed military personnel, and children living in low to middle-income countries. ETEC expresses a variety of virulence factors including colonization factors (CF) that facilitate adherence to the intestinal mucosa. We assessed the protective efficacy of a tip-localized subunit of CF antigen I (CFA/I), CfaE, delivered intradermally with the mutant E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LTR192G, in a controlled human infection model (CHIM). Methods. Three cohorts of healthy adult subjects were enrolled and given three doses of 25 μg CfaE + 100 ng LTR192G vaccine intradermally at 3-week intervals. Approximately 28 days after the last vaccination, vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects were admitted as inpatients and challenged with approximately 2 × 107 cfu of CFA/I+ ETEC strain H10407 following an overnight fast. Subjects were assessed for moderate-to-severe diarrhea for 5 days post-challenge. Results. A total of 52 volunteers received all three vaccinations; 41 vaccinated and 43 unvaccinated subjects were challenged and assessed for moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Naïve attack rates varied from 45.5% to 64.7% across the cohorts yielding an overall efficacy estimate of 27.8% (95% confidence intervals: −7.5–51.6%). In addition to reducing moderate–severe diarrhea rates, the vaccine significantly reduced loose stool output and overall ETEC disease severity. Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate protection against ETEC challenge after intradermal vaccination with an ETEC adhesin. Further examination of the challenge methodology is necessary to address the variability in naïve attack rate observed among the three cohorts in the present study.

C27H26P2S2, tetragonal, I4 (no. 79), a = 16.9196(12) Å, c = 9.4187(8) Å, V = 2696.3(4) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0341, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0726, T = 173(2) K.

Transboundary livestock diseases are a high priority for policy makers because of the serious economic burdens associated with infection. In order to make well informed preparedness and response plans, policy makers often utilize mathematical models to understand possible outcomes of different control strategies and outbreak scenarios. Many of these models focus on the transmission between herds and the overall trajectory of the outbreak. While the course of infection within herds has not been the focus of the majority of models, a thorough understanding of within-herd dynamics can provide valuable insight into a disease system by providing information on herd-level biological properties of the infection, which can be used to inform decision making in both endemic and outbreak settings and to inform larger between-herd models. In this study, we develop three stochastic simulation models to study within-herd foot and mouth disease dynamics and the implications of different empirical data-based assumptions about the timing of the onset of infectiousness and clinical signs. We also study the influence of herd size and the proportion of the herd that is initially infected on the outcome of the infection. We find that increasing herd size increases the duration of infectiousness and that the size of the herd plays a more significant role in determining this duration than the number of initially infected cattle in that herd. We also find that the assumptions made regarding the onset of infectiousness and clinical signs, which are based on contradictory empirical findings, can result in the predictions about when infection would be detectable differing by several days. Therefore, the disease progression used to characterize the course of infection in a single bovine host could have significant implications for determining when herds can be detected and subsequently controlled; the timing of which could influence the overall predicted trajectory of outbreaks.

The spread of infectious livestock diseases is a major cause for concern in modern agricultural systems. In the dynamics of the transmission of such diseases, movements of livestock between herds play an important role. When constructing mathematical models used for activities such as forecasting epidemic development, evaluating mitigation strategies, or determining important targets for disease surveillance, including between-premises shipments is often a necessity. In the United States (U.S.), livestock shipment data is not routinely collected, and when it is, it is not readily available and mostly concerned with between-state shipments. To bridge this gap in knowledge and provide insight into the complete livestock shipment network structure, we have developed the U.S. Animal Movement Model (USAMM). Previously, USAMM has only existed for cattle shipments, but here we present a version for domestic swine. This new version of USAMM consists of a Bayesian model fit to premises demography, county-level livestock industry variables, and two limited data sets of between-state swine movements. The model scales up the data to simulate nation-wide networks of both within- and between-state shipments at the level of individual premises. Here we describe this shipment model in detail and subsequently explore its usefulness with a rudimentary predictive model of the prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) across the U.S. Additionally, in order to promote further research on livestock disease and other topics involving the movements of swine in the U.S., we also make 250 synthetic premises-level swine shipment networks with complete coverage of the entire conterminous U.S. freely available to the research community as a useful surrogate for the absent shipment data.

Objectives: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is implementing a model of healthcare known as Whole Health (WH). The goal of WH is to shift from a disease-oriented system to one that emphasizes health promotion and disease prevention as well as promotes the use of Complementary and Integrative Health. The aim of this project was to investigate utilization and outcomes of WH programming among Veterans with psychiatric disorders. Design: This was a retrospective study. Subjects were 7138 Veterans who had a mental health diagnosis. Descriptive data, as well as within- and between-subjects analyses were conducted to investigate utilization and outcomes. Setting: The study was conducted at a large VHA medical center. Interventions: Whole health interventions considered in this study were mindfulness training, health education, wellbeing, and nutrition classes as well as health coaching. Other whole health interventions, such as acupuncture and message were not evaluated. Main outcome measures: Utilization of mental health treatment services, medication prescriptions, pain scores and suicide-related behaviors were the primary outcome measures. Results: There were 305 Veterans with at least one WH appointment. The existence of several specific psychiatric disorders was associated with WH utilization. The mean number of appointments completed per individual was 6.9 for all WH programming. Finally, WH participation was associated with decreased risk of suicide as well as reduced use of mental health services. There were no significant changes to other outcome variables. Conclusions: WH programming shows promise to reduce suicide risk and the need for mental health services among this population. Additionally, WH services were underutilized and there was a lack of treatment engagement.

C26H22N2O2, monoclinic, P21/n (No. 14), a = 6.2362(2) Å, b = 16.3148(6) Å, c = 20.0521(7) Å, β = 94.308(1)°, V = 2034.38(12) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0439, wRref(F2) = 0.1088, T = 173 K.

Transboundary animal diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD) pose a significant and ongoing threat to global food security. Such diseases can produce large, spatially complex outbreaks. Mathematical models are often used to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics and create response plans for possible disease introductions. Model assumptions regarding transmission behavior of premises and movement patterns of livestock directly impact our understanding of the ecological drivers of outbreaks and how to best control them. Here, we investigate the impact that these assumptions have on model predictions of FMD outbreaks in the U.S. using models of livestock shipment networks and disease spread. We explore the impact of changing assumptions about premises transmission behavior, both by including within-herd dynamics, and by accounting for premises type and increasing the accuracy of shipment predictions. We find that the impact these assumptions have on outbreak predictions is less than the impact of the underlying livestock demography, but that they are important for investigating some response objectives, such as the impact on trade. These results suggest that demography is a key ecological driver of outbreaks and is critical for making robust predictions but that understanding management objectives is also important when making choices about model assumptions.

C12H12I4Os2, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 11.9720(5) Å, b = 10.4991(4) Å, c = 13.2810(6) Å, V = 1669.36(12) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0349, wRref(F2) = 0.0848, T = 173(2) K.

Being able to adapt our movements to changing circumstances allows people to maintain performance across a wide range of tasks throughout life, but it is unclear whether visuomotor learning abilities are fully developed in young children and, if so, whether they remain stable in the elderly. There is limited evidence of changes in motor adaptation ability throughout life, and the findings are inconsistent. Therefore, our goal was to compare visuomotor learning abilities throughout the lifespan. We used a shorter, gamified experimental task and collected data from participants in 5 age groups. Young children (M = 7 years), older children (M = 11 years), young adults (M = 20 years), adults (M = 40 years) and older adults (M = 67 years) adapted to a 45° visuomotor rotation in a centre-out reaching task. Across measures of rate of adaptation, extent of learning, rate of unlearning, generalization, and savings, we found that all groups performed similarly. That is, at least for short bouts of gamified learning, children and older adults perform just as well as young adults., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Clayton et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Purpose: To explore the effect of joint hypermobility on acuity, and precision, of hand proprioception., Materials and Methods: We compared proprioceptive acuity, and precision, between EDS patients and controls. We then measured any changes in their estimates of hand position after participants adapted their reaches in response to altered visual feedback of their hand. The Beighton Scale was used to quantify the magnitude of joint hypermobility., Results: There were no differences between the groups in the accuracy of estimates of hand location, nor in the visually induced changes in hand location. However, EDS patients' estimates were less precise when based purely on proprioception and could be partially predicted by Beighton score., Conclusions: EDS patients are less precise at estimating their hand's location when only afferent information is available, but the presence of efferent signalling may reduce this imprecision. Those who are more hypermobile are more likely to be imprecise.