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Adipose tissue is mainly composed by adipocytes. Moreover, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), macrophages, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix components are present. The variety of molecules as cytokines and growth factors of its structure very rich in blood vessel makes it also similar to a true endocrine organ that however needs still to be fully investigated. In our study, we used human lipoaspirate to obtain mechanically microfragmented fat (MiFAT) which was washed and then devitalized by freezing-thawing cycles. In our experiments, thawed MiFAT was used to stimulate cultures of MSCs from two different sources (adipose tissue and gingiva papilla) in comparison with a traditional stimulation in vitro obtained by culturing MSCs with adipogenic medium. MSCs stimulated with MiFAT showed a very early production of lipid droplets, after only 3 days, that correlated with an increased expression of adipokines. Furthermore, a significant upregulation of PPAR gamma 1 alpha coactivator (PPARGC1A) was observed with an overexpression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that suggest a pattern of differentiation compatible with the beige-brown fat., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Valentina Coccè et al.)

Background: Bibrachial amyotrophy associated with an extradural CSF collection and infratentorial superficial siderosis (SS) are rare conditions that may occasionally mimic ALS. Both disorders are assumed to be due to dural tears., Case Presentation: A 53-year-old man presented with a 7-year history of slowly progressive asymmetric bibrachial amyotrophy. Initially, a diagnosis of atypical motor neuron disease (MND) was made. At re-evaluation 11 years later, upper limb wasting and weakness had further progressed and were accompanied by sensorineural hearing loss. MRI of the brain and spine demonstrated extensive supra- and infratentorial SS (including the surface of the whole spinal cord) as well as a ventral longitudinal intraspinal fluid collection (VLISFC) extending along almost the entire thoracic spine. Osteodegenerative changes were observed at C5-C7 level, with osteophytes protruding posteriorly. The bony spurs at C6-C7 level were hypothesized to have lesioned the dura, causing a CSF leak and thus a VLISFC. Review of the MRI acquired at first evaluation showed that the VLISFC was already present at that time (actually beginning at C7 level), whereas the SS was not. 19 years after the onset of upper limb weakness, the patient additionally developed parkinsonism. Response to levodopa, brain scintigraphy with 123 I-ioflupane and brain MRI with nigrosome 1 evaluation were consistent with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). On the latest follow-up 21 years after symptom onset, the VLISFC was unchanged, as were upper arm weakness and wasting., Conclusions: Based on the long-term follow-up, we could establish that, while the evidence of the VLISFC was concomitant with the clinical presentation of upper limb amyotrophy and weakness, the radiological signs of SS appeared later. This suggests that SS was not per se the cause of the ALS-like clinical picture, but rather a long-term sequela of a dural leak. The latter was instead the causative lesion, giving rise to a VLISFC which compressed the cervical motor roots. Dural tears can actually cause several symptoms, and further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological correlates of "duropathies". Finally, as iron metabolism has been implicated in PD, the co-occurrence of PD with SS deserves further investigation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Mindfulness practice has gained interest in the management of Chronic Migraine associated with Medication Overuse Headache (CM-MOH). Mindfulness is characterized by present-moment self-awareness and relies on attention control and emotion regulation, improving headache-related pain management. Mindfulness modulates the Default Mode Network (DMN), Salience Network (SN), and Fronto-Parietal Network (FPN) functional connectivity. However, the neural mechanisms underlying headache-related pain management with mindfulness are still unclear. In this study, we tested neurofunctional changes after mindfulness practice added to pharmacological treatment as usual in CM-MOH patients., Methods: The present study is a longitudinal phase-III single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial (MIND-CM study; NCT03671681). Patients had a diagnosis of CM-MOH, no history of neurological and severe psychiatric comorbidities, and were attending our specialty headache centre. Patients were divided in Treatment as Usual (TaU) and mindfulness added to TaU (TaU + MIND) groups. Patients underwent a neuroimaging and clinical assessment before the treatment and after one year. Longitudinal comparisons of DMN, SN, and FPN connectivity were performed between groups and correlated with clinical changes. Vertex-wise analysis was performed to assess cortical thickness changes., Results: 177 CM-MOH patients were randomized to either TaU group or TaU + MIND group. Thirty-four patients, divided in 17 TaU and 17 TaU + MIND, completed the neuroimaging follow-up. At the follow-up, both groups showed an improvement in most clinical variables, whereas only TaU + MIND patients showed a significant headache frequency reduction (p = 0.028). After one year, TaU + MIND patients showed greater SN functional connectivity with the left posterior insula (p-FWE = 0.007) and sensorimotor cortex (p-FWE = 0.026). In TaU + MIND patients only, greater SN-insular connectivity was associated with improved depression scores (r = -0.51, p = 0.038). A longitudinal increase in cortical thickness was observed in the insular cluster in these patients (p = 0.015). Increased anterior cingulate cortex thickness was also reported in TaU + MIND group (p-FWE = 0.02)., Conclusions: Increased SN-insular connectivity might modulate chronic pain perception and the management of negative emotions. Enhanced SN-sensorimotor connectivity could reflect improved body-awareness of painful sensations. Expanded cingulate cortex thickness might sustain improved cognitive processing of nociceptive information. Our findings unveil the therapeutic potential of mindfulness and the underlying neural mechanisms in CM-MOH patients., Trial Registration: Name of Registry; MIND-CM study; Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0367168; Registration Date: 14/09/2018., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Since the beginning of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it has become evident that vaccinated subjects exhibit considerable inter-individual variability in the response to the vaccine that could be partly explained by host genetic factors. A recent study reported that the immune response elicited by the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine in individuals from the United Kingdom was influenced by a specific allele of the human leukocyte antigen gene HLA-DQB1., Methods: We carried out a genome-wide association study to investigate the genetic determinants of the antibody response to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in an Italian cohort of 1351 subjects recruited in three centers. Linear regressions between normalized antibody levels and genotypes of more than 7 million variants was performed, using sex, age, centers, days between vaccination boost and serological test, and five principal components as covariates. We also analyzed the association between normalized antibody levels and 204 HLA alleles, with the same covariates as above., Results: Our study confirms the involvement of the HLA locus and shows significant associations with variants in HLA-A, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1 genes. In particular, the HLA-A*03:01 allele is the most significantly associated with serum levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Other alleles, from both major histocompatibility complex class I and II are significantly associated with antibody levels., Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that HLA genes modulate the response to Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and highlight the need for genetic studies in diverse populations and for functional studies aimed to elucidate the relationship between HLA-A*03:01 and CD8+ cell response upon Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Purpose: Inhibition of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) for IgG is a promising new therapeutic strategy for antibody-mediated disorders. We report our real-life experience with efgartigimod (EFG) in 19 patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) along a clinical follow-up of 14 months., Methods: EFG was administered according to the GENERATIVE protocol (consisting of a Fixed period of two treatment cycles [given 1 month apart] of four infusions at weekly intervals, followed by a Flexible period of re-cycling in case of worsening). Eight patients were positive for acetylcholine receptor antibody, four for muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody, and two for lipoprotein-related protein 4 antibody, and five were classified as triple negative. Efficacy of EFG was assessed by the Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living, Myasthenia Gravis Composite, and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis scales., Results: Fifty-three percent of patients needed three treatment cycles, 26% needed four, and 21% needed five along the 14-month clinical follow-up. Meaningful improvement was observed at the end of each cycle with the clinical scores adopted. EFG had a dramatic effect on disease course, as during the year before treatment eight of 19 patients (42%) were hospitalized, and 15 of 19 (79%) needed treatment with plasma exchange or immunoglobulins; three of 19 (16%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. During EFG, none of the patients was hospitalized and only one patient required plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins. No major side effects or infusion-related reactions occurred., Conclusions: We observed that EFG was safe and modified significantly the course of the disease along a 14-month follow-up. Our experience strengthens the role of FcRn inhibition as an effective new tool for long-term treatment of gMG., (© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.)

Dysfunctions of lipid metabolism are associated with tumor progression and treatment resistance of cutaneous melanoma. BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistance is linked to alterations of melanoma lipid pathways. We evaluated whether a specific lipid pattern characterizes plasma from melanoma patients and their response to therapy. Plasma samples from patients and controls were analyzed for FASN and DHCR24 levels and lipidomic profiles. FASN and DHCR24 expression resulted in association with disease condition and related to plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients at different disease stages ( n = 144) as compared to controls ( n = 115). Untargeted lipidomics in plasma ( n = 40) from advanced disease patients and controls revealed altered levels of different lipids, including fatty acid derivatives and sphingolipids. Targeted lipidomics identified higher levels of dihydroceramides, ceramides, sphingomyelins, ganglioside GM3, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and dihydrosphingosine, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. When melanoma patients were stratified based on a long/short-term clinical response to kinase inhibitors, differences in plasma levels were shown for saturated fatty acids (FA 16:0, FA18:0) and oleic acid (FA18:1). Our results associated altered levels of selected lipid species in plasma of melanoma patients with a more favorable prognosis. Although obtained in a small cohort, these results pave the way to lipidomic profiling for melanoma patient stratification., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Metastatic dissemination is still one of the major causes of death of melanoma's patients. KiSS1 is a metastasis suppressor originally identified in melanoma cells, known to play an important physiological role in mammals' development and puberty. It has been previously shown that expression of KiSS1 could be increased in lung cancer cells using epigenetic agents, and that KiSS1 could have a pro-apoptotic action in combination with cisplatin. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine in human melanoma vemurafenib sensitive- and -resistant BRAF mutant cells characterized by different mutational profiles and KiSS1, KiSS1 receptor and KiSS1 drug-induced release, if peptides derived from KiSS1 cleavage, i.e., kisspeptin 54, could increase the sensitivity to vemurafenib of human melanoma, using cellular, molecular and biochemical approaches. We found that kisspeptin 54 increases vemurafenib pro-apoptotic activity in a statistically significant manner, also in drug resistant cellular models. The efficacy of the combination appears to reflect the intrinsic susceptibility of each cell line to PLX4032-induced apoptosis, together with the different mutational profile as well as perturbation of proteins regulating the apoptotic pathway, The results presented here highlight the possibility to exploit KiSS1 to modulate the apoptotic response to therapeutically relevant agents, suggesting a multitasking function of this metastasis suppressor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Guzzetti, Corno, Vergani, Mirra, Ciusani, Rodolfo, Perego and Beretta.)

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease  (AD) is characterized by decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Aβ peptides can now be measured also in plasma and are promising peripheral biomarkers for AD. We evaluated the relationships of plasma Aβ species with their CSF counterparts, kidney function, and serum/CSF albumin ratio (Q-Alb) in AD patients., Materials and Methods: We measured plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40, as well as CSF AD biomarkers, with the fully automated Lumipulse platform in a cohort of N = 30 patients with clinical and neurochemical diagnosis of AD., Results: The two plasma Aβ peptides correlated strongly with each other (r = 0.7449), as did the corresponding CSF biomarkers (r = 0.7670). On the contrary, the positive correlations of plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio with their CSF counterparts and the negative correlation of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio with CSF P-tau181 were not statistically significant. Plasma levels of both Aβ species negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Aβ42: r = -0.4138; Aβ40: r = -0.6015), but plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio did not. Q-Alb did not correlate with any plasma Aβ parameter., Discussion: Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 are critically influenced by kidney function; however, their ratio is advantageously spared from this effect. The lack of significant correlations between plasma Aβ species and their CSF counterparts is probably mainly due to small sample size and inclusion of only Aβ + individuals. Q-Alb is not a major determinant of plasma Aβ concentrations, highlighting the uncertainties about mechanisms of Aβ transfer between CNS and periphery., (© 2023. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Background: Mindfulness gained considerable attention for migraine management, but RCTs are lacking. We aimed to assess the efficacy of a six-sessions mindfulness-based treatment added to treatment as usual (TaU) in patients with Chronic Migraine (CM) and Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) on headache frequency, medication intake, quality of life, disability, depression and anxiety, cutaneous allodynia, awareness of inner states, work-related difficulties, and disease cost., Methods: In this Phase-III single-blind RCT carried out in a specialty Italian headache center, 177 patients with CM and MOH were randomized 1:1 to either TaU (withdrawal from overused drugs, education on proper medication use and lifestyle issues, and tailored prophylaxis) or mindfulness-based intervention added to TaU (TaU + MIND). The mindfulness-based intervention consisted of six group session of mindfulness practice and 7-10 min daily self-practice. The primary endpoint was the achievement of ≥ 50% headache frequency reduction at 12 months compared to baseline, and was analyzed on an intention-to-treat principle using Pearson's Chi-Squared test. Secondary endpoints included medication intake, quality of life (QoL), disability, depression and anxiety, cutaneous allodynia, awareness of inner states, work-related difficulties, and disease cost. The secondary endpoints were analyzed using per-protocol linear mixed models., Results: Out of the 177 participants 89 were randomized to TaU and 88 to TaU + MIND. Patients in the TaU + MIND group outperformed those in TaU for the primary endpoint (78.4% vs. 48.3%; p < 0.0001), and showed superior improvement in headache frequency, QoL and disability, headache impact, loss of productive time, medication intake, and in total, indirect and direct healthcare costs., Conclusions: A mindfulness-based treatment composed of six-week session and 7-10 min daily self-practice added on to TaU is superior to TaU alone for the treatment of patients with CM and MOH., Trial Registration: MIND-CM was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03671681) on14/09/2018., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Metastatic brain disease (MBD) has seen major advances in clinical management, focal radiation therapy approaches and knowledge of biological factors leading to improved prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to play a role in tumor cross-talk with the target organ, contributing to the formation of a premetastatic niche. Human lung and breast cancer cell lines were characterized for adhesion molecule expression and used to evaluate their migration ability in an in vitro model. Conditioned culture media and isolated EVs, characterized by super resolution and electron microscopy, were tested to evaluate their pro-apoptotic properties on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3) by annexin V binding assay. Our data showed a direct correlation between expression of ICAM1, ICAM2, β3-integrin and α2-integrin and the ability to firmly adhere to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) model, whereas the same molecules were down-regulated at a later step. Extracellular vesicles released by tumor cell lines were shown to be able to induce apoptosis in HUVEC while brain endothelial cells showed to be more resistant.

Background: We analysed the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin quotient (Q-Alb) and phenotype in a large cohort of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)., Methods: Three hundred twenty-eight single-centre consecutive patients with ALS were evaluated for Q-Alb, basic epidemiological and clinical data, motor phenotype, cognitive/behavioural impairment, clinical staging, clinical and neurophysiological indexes of upper (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) dysfunction, and presence of ALS gene mutations., Results: Q-Alb did not correlate with age but was independently associated with sex, with male patients having higher levels than female ones; the site of onset was not independently associated with Q-Alb. Q-Alb was not associated with motor phenotype, cognitive/behavioural impairment, disease stage, progression rate, survival, or genetic mutations. Among measures of UMN and LMN dysfunction, Q-Alb only had a weak positive correlation with an electromyography-based index of active limb denervation., Conclusion: Previous work has documented increased Q-Alb in ALS compared to unaffected individuals. This, together with the absence of associations with nearly all ALS phenotypic features in our cohort, suggests dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier as a shared, phenotype-independent element in ALS pathophysiology. However, correlation with the active denervation index could point to barrier dysfunction as a local driver of LMN degeneration., (© 2023. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Background: Altered microRNA profiles have been observed not only in tumour tissues but also in biofluids, where they circulate in a stable form thus representing interesting biomarker candidates. This study aimed to identify a microRNA signature as a non-invasive biomarker and to investigate its impact on glioma biology., Methods: MicroRNAs were selected using a global expression profile in preoperative serum samples from 37 glioma patients. Comparison between serum samples from age and gender-matched controls was performed by using the droplet digital PCR. The ROC curve and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic/prognostic values. The functional role of the identified signature was assessed by gain/loss of function strategies in glioma cells., Results: A three-microRNA signature (miR-1-3p/-26a-1-3p/-487b-3p) was differentially expressed in the serum of patients according to the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes mutation status and correlated with both patient Overall and Progression Free Survival. The identified signature was also downregulated in the serum of patients compared to controls. Consistent with these results, the signature expression and release in the conditioned medium of glioma cells was lower in IDH-wild type cells compared to the mutated counterpart. Furthermore, in silico analysis of glioma datasets showed a consistent deregulation of the signature according to the IDH mutation status in glioma tumour tissues. Ectopic expression of the signature negatively affects several glioma functions. Notably, it impacts the glioma invasive phenotype by directly targeting the invadopodia-related proteins TKS4, TKS5 and EFHD2., Conclusions: We identified a three microRNA signature as a promising complementary or even an independent non-invasive diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. The signature displays oncosuppressive functions in glioma cells and impacts on proteins crucial for migration and invasion, providing potential targets for therapeutic intervention., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Epilepsy is the most common symptom in patients with brain tumors. The shared genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms between tumorigenesis and epileptogenesis represent 'two sides of the same coin'. These include augmented neuronal excitatory transmission, impaired inhibitory transmission, genetic mutations in the BRAF, IDH, and PIK3CA genes, inflammation, hemodynamic impairments, and astrocyte dysfunction, which are still largely unknown. Low-grade developmental brain tumors are those most commonly associated with epilepsy. Given this strict relationship, drugs able to target both seizures and tumors would be of extreme clinical usefulness. In this regard, anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are optimal candidates as they have well-characterized effects and safety profiles, do not increase the risk of developing cancer, and already offer well-defined seizure control. The most important ASMs showing preclinical and clinical efficacy are brivaracetam, lacosamide, perampanel, and especially valproic acid and levetiracetam. However, the data quality is low or limited to preclinical studies, and results are sometimes conflicting. Future trials with a prospective, randomized, and controlled design accounting for different prognostic factors will help clarify the role of these ASMs and the clinical setting in which they might be used. In conclusion, brain tumor-related epilepsies are clear examples of how close, multidisciplinary collaborations among investigators with different expertise are warranted for pursuing scientific knowledge and, more importantly, for the well-being of patients needing targeted and effective therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest EA has received honoraria for lectures or advisory boards from UCB and Novartis.AC received support by EISAI pharmaceutical Company for the PERADET STUDY (Investigator Initiated Study 2015). She also received speakers' honoraria from EISAI and Jazz pharmaceuticals, advisory board honoraria from BIAL, and consultant honoraria from EISAI, JAZZ, and UCB. CC has received research support, speaker honoraria, and travel expenses from Bial, Eisai Europe Limited, GW Pharma, Lusopharma, PIAM Pharma, and UCB Pharma. ER has received speaker fees or funding and has participated in advisory boards for Arvelle Therapeutics, Angelini, Eisai, Kolfarma, JAZZ pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, GW Pharmaceuticals, UCB, and Lundbeck. FP is a strict collaborator of Polistudium Srl. AS declares no conflict of interest. MM and EC declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin quotient (Q-Alb) is a marker of the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) and possibly of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The latter is known to be altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on neuropathological and neuroimaging studies. Following investigations performed on clinically diagnosed cohorts, we aimed at comparing Q-Alb in cognitively impaired patients with neurochemical demonstration of AD pathophysiology and neurological disease controls (NDCs)., Methods: We evaluated N = 144 AD patients (MCI, N = 43; AD dementia - ADD, N = 101) and N = 132 NDCs. AD patients were all A + according to the A/T/N framework and were neurochemically classified based on T and N parameters., Results: Q-Alb did not significantly differ between AD patients and NDCs. Moreover, it was not associated with disease stage (MCI vs. ADD), MMSE score, or CSF AD biomarkers., Discussion: Our study indicates that BCSFB dysfunction is not a specific feature of AD. When interpreting Q-Alb as a marker of the BBB, the lack of difference from NDCs might be due to BBB dysfunction widely occurring in other neurological, non-degenerative, conditions or - more probably - to low sensitivity of this biochemical parameter towards subtle BBB alterations causing leakage of molecules smaller than albumin. Furthermore, Q-Alb is not associated with the degree of global cognitive deterioration in AD, nor with CSF AD neurochemical biomarkers., (© 2022. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Moyamoya arteriopathy (MMA) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder that causes recurrent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, leading young patients to severe neurological deficits. The pathogenesis of MMA is still unknown. The disease onset in a wide number of pediatric cases raises the question of the role of genetic factors in the disease's pathogenesis. In these patients, MMA's clinical course, or progression, is largely unclear. By performing a comprehensive molecular and cellular profile in the plasma and CSF, respectively, of MMA pediatric patients, our study is aimed at assessing the levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (cEPC) and the release of selected proteins at an early disease stage to clarify MMA pathogenesis and progression. We employed cytofluorimetric methods and immunoassays in pediatric MMA patients and matched control subjects by age and sex. We detected increased levels of cEPC in peripheral blood and an upregulation of angiogenic markers in CSF (i.e., angiopoietin-2 and VEGF-A). This finding is probably associated with deregulated angiogenesis, as stated by the moderate severity of collateral vessel network development (Suzuki III-IV). The absence of significant modulation of neurofilament light in CSF led us to rule out the presence of substantial neuronal injury in MMA children. Despite the limited cohort of pediatric patients, we found some peculiar cellular and molecular characteristics in their blood and CSF samples. Our findings may be confirmed by wider and perspective studies to identify predictive or prognostic circulating biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for personalized care of MMA pediatric patients.

Translation of cell therapies into clinical practice requires the adoption of robust production protocols in order to optimize and standardize the manufacture and cryopreservation of cells, in compliance with good manufacturing practice regulations. Between 2012 and 2020, we conducted two phase I clinical trials (EudraCT 2009-014484-39, EudraCT 2015-004855-37) on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients, respectively, treating them with human neural stem cells. Our production process of a hNSC-based medicinal product is the first to use brain tissue samples extracted from fetuses that died in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. It consists of selection, isolation and expansion of hNSCs and ends with the final pharmaceutical formulation tailored to a specific patient, in compliance with the approved clinical protocol. The cells used in these clinical trials were analyzed in order to confirm their microbiological safety; each batch was also tested to assess identity, potency and safety through morphological and functional assays. Preclinical, clinical and in vitro nonclinical data have proved that our cells are safe and stable, and that the production process can provide a high level of reproducibility of the cultures. Here, we describe the quality control strategy for the characterization of the hNSCs used in the above-mentioned clinical trials.

Rheumatoid meningitis (RM) is a rare but often aggressive neurological complication of rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis of RM, besides the clinical, radiological, and laboratory criteria, usually requires a cerebral biopsy. Based on the two cases presented in this paper, we propose a new laboratory marker. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) IgG were measured, and the intrathecal synthesis of anti-CCP antibodies (anti-CCP antibody index) was calculated using the hyperbolic function. The anti-CCP antibody index was positive in both cases at first diagnosis and progressively decreased after treatments. Together with clinical and radiological criteria, the calculation of the anti-CCP intrathecal synthesis, more than the simple measurement of serum or cerebrospinal fluid anti-CCP antibody titers, may represent a useful tool for RM diagnosis and, possibly, for treatment response.

Background: The secreted products of the metastasis suppressor gene KiSS1 may represent useful biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but their levels in patients have remained poorly investigated. We previously found that forced expression of KiSS1 decreased the invasive capability of NSCLC drug-resistant cells and a pro-apoptotic role for KiSS1 has been proposed in head and neck cancer. Thus, we designed a translational investigation including a pilot study to analyze KiSS1 levels in liquid biopsies, and in vitro experiments to explore the biological relevance of KiSS1 modulation., Methods: KiSS1-derived peptide levels in liquid biopsies from 60 NSCLC patients were assayed by ELISA. Preclinical experiments were carried out using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), ELISA, annexin V-binding and caspase activation assays., Results: We compared KiSS1 release in 3 different matrices (serum, plasma and urine) and the highest levels were detectable in serum (range, 0-4.5 ng/mL). We observed increased levels of seric KiSS1 in NSCLC patients as compared to healthy donors. KiSS1 serum concentrations, after surgical procedure and/or adjuvant therapy. We observed differences among disease stages in urine samples. In preclinical models, KiSS1 mRNA levels were increased by short term exposure to azacytidine, enhanced KiSS1 release was induced by the combination of azacytidine and cisplatin and KiSS1-derived peptides enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. KiSS1 increase was observed upon exposure neurons-enriched cultures to tumor cell conditioned medium., Conclusions: Our results showing a peculiar modulation of KiSS1 levels in liquid biopsies of NSCLC patients and a regulation of cisplatin-induced apoptosis by KiSS1-derived peptides support an involvement of KiSS1 in cell response to treatment and highlight its promising features as a potential biomarker in NSCLC., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tlcr-22-52/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2022 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

Pericytes (PCs) are mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that function as support cells and play a role in tissue regeneration and, in particular, vascular homeostasis. PCs promote endothelial cells (ECs) survival which is critical for vessel stabilization, maturation, and remodeling. In this study, PCs were isolated from human micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) obtained from fat lipoaspirate and were characterized as NG2 + /PDGFRβ + /CD105 + cells. Here, we tested the fat-derived PCs for the dispensability of the CD146 marker with the aim of better understanding the role of these PC subpopulations on angiogenesis. Cells from both CD146-positive (CD146 + ) and negative (CD146 - ) populations were observed to interact with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). In addition, fat-derived PCs were able to induce angiogenesis of ECs in spheroids assay; and conditioned medium (CM) from both PCs and fat tissue itself led to the proliferation of ECs, thereby marking their role in angiogenesis stimulation. However, we found that CD146 + cells were more responsive to PDGF-BB-stimulated migration, adhesion, and angiogenic interaction with ECs, possibly owing to their higher expression of NCAM/CD56 than the corresponding CD146 - subpopulation. We conclude that in fat tissue, CD146-expressing cells may represent a more mature pericyte subpopulation that may have higher efficacy in controlling and stimulating vascular regeneration and stabilization than their CD146-negative counterpart.

Background: Patients with neuroimmunological conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) often receive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) or immunosuppressants which may reduce the response to vaccines. BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) is the first COVID-19 vaccine authorized in Italy. Its clinical efficacy and serological response were not evaluated in MS patients receiving DMTs or immunosuppressants. This early multicenter study evaluated serological response to BNT162b2 and safety in these patients., Methods: From February 2021 we enrolled consecutive MS patients, treated with at least one DMT and all healthcare workers (HCWs), having received or being scheduled to receive the first dose of BNT162b2. Blood samples were collected after the second vaccine dose and analyzed to quantitatively detect the presence of anti-Spike antibodies. Serological response was compared to the one from a control population of HCWs, with neither neuroimmunological conditions nor receiving immunosuppressants. Patients receiving treatments associated with a possible reduced response (Under-scrutiny treatment group) were also compared to those undergoing other treatments. Anti-Spike levels were described as median and interquartile range (IQR). Comparisons were performed with Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were collected., Results: 39 MS patients and a control population of 273 HCWs were included. One patient, under treatment with ocrelizumab, did not respond to BNT162b2, while all the remaining patients and all controls developed a serological response to the vaccine. Median anti-Spike levels were similar between patients (1471.0 BAU/ml; IQR 779.7 to 2357.0) and controls (1479.0 BAU/ml; IQR 813.1 to 2528.0) (p = 0.53). Patients included in the Under-scrutiny treatments group showed reduced anti-Spike levels (156.4 BAU/ml; IQR 33.4 to 559.1) compared to those receiving other treatments (1582.4 BAU/ml; IQR 1296.5 to 2219.0) (p = 0.001). Solicited AEs were all mild to moderate in severity, generally reported in the first days after vaccination, and resolved in the following days. Two MS patients reported a clinical relapse after the second vaccine dose., Conclusion: BNT162b2 induced a serological response in MS patients treated with DMTs similar to controls not receiving DMTs or immunosuppressants. Some treatments were associated with reduced levels of anti-Spike antibodies in patients. These observations have relevant implications for treated patients receiving BNT162b2 and the community., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)