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Background: The present study was conducted to estimate gender from 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry taken from participants by using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 88 men and 96 women between the ages of 18 and 30 who did not have any pathology, deformity or surgical interventions on their hands. Hand width (HW), hand length (HL), second digit length (2D), and fourth digit length (4D) of the individuals were measured as the right (R) and left (L) side by using digital calliper and recorded in Excel. In addition, the ratio between the second digit and fourth digit (2D:4D) of each individual was also recorded. Results: As a result of ML modelling, 0.92 accuracy was obtained with Random forest (RF) algorithm. With RF algorithm, all of the 16 women and 18 of the 21 men in the test set were estimated accurately. With SHAP analyzer of RF algorithm, HW-L parameter was found to have the highest contribution in estimating gender. The accuracy rates of the other ML models used in the study were found to vary between 0.78 and 0.89. Conclusions: It was found that 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry measurements, which are frequently preferred in gender determination, have higher accuracy rate when examined with ML algorithms. In our study, we concluded that using 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry in estimating gender provides accurate and reliable data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the 2nd and 4th finger measurement ratio (2d:4d) ratio of university students' internet addiction level through phone use. Material and Method: 322 students were questioned about their demografic data, dominant extremity, and the device while using the internet. Hand width (HW), length (HL), grip strength (HGS), 2d:4d measurements were taken. Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) was used for internet addiction, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form (SAS) was used for smartphone addiction. Results: In men, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Right-Left HL, Left HGS, Right/4d, YIAS and SAS values. In addition, it was determined that the device preference, HL right, HL left, HGS left and Right/4d parameters originated from normal and dependent groups. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in women in terms of Left HL, Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d, Young and SAS values. It was determined that the device preference was due to individuals falling into the normal group of Left HL according to the YIAS, and the statistical difference of the Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d and Left/4d parameters. It was determined that there was a moderately strong negative correlation between SAS and Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d parameters in addicted men. Conclusion: The gender relations of the accepted scales regarding phone and internet addiction may be due to the length of the left hand and the movement function of the right 4d to provide control in phone use, rather than the 2d:4d finger ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to create reference values of common iliac arteries (CIA) for the diagnosis of vascular diseases such as aneurysm and atherosclerosis and to contribute to preoperative evaluation and the literature for open or endovascular interventions. Abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) images of 299 (156 F, 143 M) patients which were taken for various reasons at Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 2015 and 2023 and which met the criteria were selected. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 49.85±18.74 years. Diameter measurements were made on two-dimensional images, while length and angle measurements were made on three-dimensional images. As a result of the analysis, the mean right CIA (RCIA) anteroposterior diameter was 1.12±0.66 cm and the mean transverse diameter was 1.21±0.74 cm; while the mean left CIA (LCIA) value was 1.12±0.68 cm in the anteroposterior axis and 1.13±0.73 cm in the transverse axis. In terms of length measurements, the mean right common iliac artery (RCIA) was found as 5.63±1.61 cm and the mean LCIA was found as 6.19±1.65 cm; in angle measurements of right and left CIA with the abdominal aorta (AA), mean RCIA was found as 23.3±9.84° and mean LCIA was found as 19.66±9.18°. While a significant difference was found between genders in terms of diameter values (p<0.05), no difference was found in length and angle values (p>0.05). In terms of correlations with age, correlation was found in diameter values of both sides and RCIA angle. It is thought that morphometric measurements of the common iliac arteries will contribute to interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons and the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: An abnormal condition resulting from the absence or improper functioning of an organ in the body is called physical disability. Individuals with physical disabilities face mobility phobia and pain throughout their lives. Based on this hypothesis, this study was conducted to evaluate kinesiophobia and pain levels in physically disabled individuals. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 individuals with neurological and orthopedic disabilities between the ages of 10-83. The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale and McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire were administered to the individuals and their kinesiophobia and pain levels were evaluated. Results: As a result of the study, it was observed that the majority of the individuals' pain was localized in the trunk (12.27% in the head, 33.74% in the trunk, 23.31% in the upper extremities, 30.67% in the lower extremities), they described the pain as tiring, and they were afraid of pain recurrence. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was determined that individuals with physical disabilities face challenges related to pain in their daily lives and have concerns about experiencing pain again. Based on these findings, further research should be conducted to explore effective strategies for managing pain in this population. We believe that such research will contribute to the broader body of knowledge in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In endovascular surgery, knowing the morphometry of the aortic arch increases the success of surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the angle and morphometry of aortic arch in COVID 19 patients and to compare these with healthy individuals to find out the effect of the disease on the vessel. Material and Methods: A total of 120 individuals - 60 COVID 19 (30 females, 30 males) patients and 60 healthy (30 females, 30 males) individuals participated in the study. In the study, the parameters of aortic arch angle (AAA), aortic arch diameter (AAD), aortic arch (AA) branches of brachiocephalic trunk diameter (BTD), left common carotid artery diameter (LCCAD), left subclavian artery diameter (LSAD), transverse superior thoracic aperture length (TR-STAL) and anteroposterior superior thoracic aperture length (AP-STAL), transverse inferior thoracic aperture length (TR-ITAL) and anteroposterior inferior thoracic aperture length (AP-ITAL) were measured from thoracic computed tomography images. Results: As a result of the study, when female and male patients with COVID-19 were compared, LCCAD, LSAD, AP-ITAL, TR-ITAL values were found to be higher in favour of male patients. While Proximal AAD, BTD, LCCAD and LSAD values were higher in female patients with COVID 19 when compared with control group female patients, Proximal AAD, BTD, LCCAD, LSAD, AP-STAL, TR-STAL, AP-ITAL, TR-ITAL values were higher in male patients with COVID 19 when compared with control group male patients. When the measurements of COVID 19 and control group individuals were compared, Proximal AAD, BTD, ACCS, LSAD, TR-STAL, AP-ITAL and TR-ITAL values were found to be higher in favour of COVID 19 patients. Conclusion: COVID 19 is an important disease that causes dilatation of the AA and its branches. We think that diseases that can change oxygen saturation such as COVID19 can change aortic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Patellafemoral angle (Q angle) and Hamstring length are important measurements to evaluate balance. This study aims to examine the effects of Q angle and Hamstring length on balance performance in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LDH). Material and Methods: LDH (n=32) and control group (CG)(n=30) were included in the study. Q angles and hamstring muscle lengths of the participants were measured. Balance was evaluated with Y balance test. Results: As a result of our study, no difference was found between LDH patients and CG groups in terms of hamstring muscle length; Q angle decreased in LDH patients and there was a negative high correlation between Q angle and R-Anterior, R-Posteromedial, R-Posterolateral values on the right and between Q angle and L-Anterior, L-Posteriolmedial, L-Posterolateral values on the left. Conclusion: It was found that Q angle measurements decreased in LDH patients, causing genu varum and leading to impairment in balance, especially in the left anterior, anteromedial and anterolateral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It is known that bodybuilders suffer from shoulder injuries frequently. Therefore, it is important to determine the most appropriate form of movement during shoulder exercises. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the most accurate form of movement by examining the deltoid muscle activation of bodybuilders from different angles. Methods: The survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used in this study. 53 athletes (44 men, 9 women) with an age of 25.77±9.13 years, height of 177.07±8.40 cm, body weight of 78.06±14.16 kg, and body mass index of 24.78±3.43 kg/m2 who regularly attended bodybuilding gyms were included in the study. The deltoid activations of the participants was measured, while the glenohumeral joint is at 90°, the cubital joint is in abduction at 180°, 150° and 120°. surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback was determined using the Neurotrac Myoplus Pro device. Joint angles were determined with a goniometer. Statistical analyses of the study were performed using the SPSS 25 package program. It was found that the data were normally distributed and the Repeated measures Anova test was applied for comparisons. Results: As a result of statistical analysis, in male participants, mean deltoid sEMG values and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC [%]) significantly decreased with decreasing angle size (p<0.05). In female participants, the average sEMG and MVC (%) values did not change at different angles (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the research results, shoulder sEMG activations decrease in direct proportion to the angle in bodybuilders. When the glenohumeral joint is 90° and the cubital joint is 180°, the activation of the medial deltoid muscle is highest. It is suggested that bodybuilders should consider the results of our study when performing exercises to hypertrophy the deltoid muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the kidney morphology and somatotype components of adult patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: The sample consisted of 46 individuals with early-stage CKD (26 men and 20 women, mean age=45.92±16.53 years). The pathological subjects were compared with a control group consisting of 46 healthy subjects (28 men and 18 women, mean age=41.96±11.48 years). The Heath-Carter method was used to determine somatotype components. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) of patients with Stage 2 CKD and healthy volunteers taken within the past 3 months was scanned to determine kidney morphology. Kidney measurements were performed on CTs (length, width, depth, and volume of kidney). Results: Kidney patients (mean somatotype: 6.33-5.37-0.6) were less ectomorphic and more endomorphic than the controls (mean somatotype: 4.35-4.40-3.02). Moderate effect size (ES) was found in endomorphy (ES=0.87; p=0.035) and ectomorphy (ES=1.08; p=0.012) between groups. No significant difference was observed in the kidney morphology (ES=0.04-0.19; p>0.05). Conclusion: In the early-stage CKD, kidney morphology may not be the distinguishing factor. On the other hand, patients differed significantly in terms of endomorph components. Being overweight can also be one of the negative findings for kidney disease. Somatotype classification could be a suitable tool for monitoring kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Morphological features of the trachea are very important in choosing the correct endotracheal tube size for intubation. In this study, it was proposed to reveal the effect of SARSCoV-2 on tracheobronchial morphology and subcarinal angle. Methods: 56 (26 female, 30 male) COVID-19 and 48 (24 female, 24 male) healthy individuals aged 40 and over were included in the study. The mean age of female patients with COVID-19 was 51.30±12.78 years, while the women in the control group were 45.00±11.89 years. The mean age of male patients with COVID-19 was 48.73±13.99 years, while the mean age of men in the control group was 43.76±8.45 years. The trachea length (TL), proximal, middle and distal levels anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (TR) trachea diameters (TD), subcarinal angle (SA), proximal right main bronchus (RMB) and left main bronchus (LMB) diameters were also measured on computed tomography (CT) images. Results: The RMB angle was higher in men with COVID-19 than in the control group (p=0.005). TL was lower in women with COVID-19 than in the control group (p=0.030). Proximal AP-TD was higher in men with COVID-19 than in the control group (p=0.006). Proximal TR-TD was lower in men with COVID-19 than in the control group (p=0.029). TL, proximal, middle, and distal levels of AP and TR-TD, SA, RMB, and LMB angles, and proximal RMB and LMB diameters were found to be lower in women with COVID-19 than in men with COVID-19 (p=0.001). Conclusions: It was deduced that tracheobronchial morphology might change in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. It is clinically important that this situation should not be overlooked, especially in the indication of endotracheal intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It is known that bodybuilders suffer from shoulder injuries frequently. Therefore, it is important to determine the most appropriate form of movement during shoulder exercises. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the most accurate form of movement by examining the deltoid muscle activation of bodybuilders from different angles., Methods: The survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used in this study. 53 athletes (44 men, 9 women) with an age of 25.77±9.13 years, height of 177.07±8.40 cm, body weight of 78.06±14.16 kg, and body mass index of 24.78±3.43 kg/m 2 who regularly attended bodybuilding gyms were included in the study. The deltoid activations of the participants was measured, while the glenohumeral joint is at 90°, the cubital joint is in abduction at 180°, 150° and 120°. surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback was determined using the Neurotrac Myoplus Pro device. Joint angles were determined with a goniometer. Statistical analyses of the study were performed using the SPSS 25 package program. It was found that the data were normally distributed and the Repeated measures Anova test was applied for comparisons., Results: As a result of statistical analysis, in male participants, mean deltoid sEMG values and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC [%]) significantly decreased with decreasing angle size (p<0.05). In female participants, the average sEMG and MVC (%) values did not change at different angles (p>0.05)., Conclusion: According to the research results, shoulder sEMG activations decrease in direct proportion to the angle in bodybuilders. When the glenohumeral joint is 90° and the cubital joint is 180°, the activation of the medial deltoid muscle is highest. It is suggested that bodybuilders should consider the results of our study when performing exercises to hypertrophy the deltoid muscle., Competing Interests: None declared., (©Copyright 2023 by The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the kidney morphology and somatotype components of adult patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD)., Methods: The sample consisted of 46 individuals with early-stage CKD (26 men and 20 women, mean age=45.92±16.53 years). The pathological subjects were compared with a control group consisting of 46 healthy subjects (28 men and 18 women, mean age=41.96±11.48 years). The Heath-Carter method was used to determine somatotype components. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) of patients with Stage 2 CKD and healthy volunteers taken within the past 3 months was scanned to determine kidney morphology. Kidney measurements were performed on CTs (length, width, depth, and volume of kidney)., Results: Kidney patients (mean somatotype: 6.33-5.37-0.6) were less ectomorphic and more endomorphic than the controls (mean somatotype: 4.35-4.40-3.02). Moderate effect size (ES) was found in endomorphy (ES=0.87; p=0.035) and ectomorphy (ES=1.08; p=0.012) between groups. No significant difference was observed in the kidney morphology (ES=0.04-0.19; p>0.05)., Conclusion: In the early-stage CKD, kidney morphology may not be the distinguishing factor. On the other hand, patients differed significantly in terms of endomorph components. Being overweight can also be one of the negative findings for kidney disease. Somatotype classification could be a suitable tool for monitoring kidney disease., Competing Interests: None declared., (©Copyright 2023 by The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital.)

Aim: To examine the morphometric properties of the vessels forming the Willis polygon (WP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) and compare them with healthy individuals., Material and Methods: Cranial Tomography Angiography (CTA) of 168 individuals were analyzed retrospectively. The individuals included in the study were divided into four groups according to the diagnosis. Group 1 included 40 individuals who were diagnosed with HT, Group 2 included 43 individuals who were diagnosed with DM, Group 3 included 42 individuals who were diagnosed with DM and HT, and Group 4 was the control group and included 43 individuals. The diameter and length measurements of the vessels forming the WP were included in our study., Results: According to the results of the Kruskal Wallis H test, in female patients statistically significant differences were detected in the diameter measurements of the right and left A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter measurement of the left A2 segment, the diameter measurements of the right and left P1 and P2 segments of the ACP, the diameter measurements of the right and left AComP. (p < 0.05), in male patients statistically significant differences were found in the diameter of the right A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter and segment length measurements of the right and left P1 segments of the ACP, of the right and left P2 diameter measurements, and segment length measurements of the left AComP (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: We also found that the vessel diameters were similar in the HT, DM and HT+DM groups, and smaller than the control group. In addition, we think that knowing WP morphometric measurements will both guide the radio-anatomical evaluations to be made and increase the level of microanatomical knowledge in surgical treatment.

Objective: Herniated cervical intervertebral disc (cervical disc herniation [CDH]) with radiculopathy is known to occur in seven or eight out of 100 people worldwide. This disease causes movement limitation, loss of strength, and pain of upper extremity. The aim of this study is the effect of conventional physiotherapy agents on predetermined parameters in patients with cervical radiculopathy and to compare the results with healthy controls., Methods: A total of 102 patients with CDH with radiculopathy and 98 healthy controls were included in the study. Visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) measurements were evaluated with reaction timer, while the pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) and handgrip strength (HGS) assessed with hand dynamometer, respectively. Conventional physiotherapy (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hot pack application, and therapeutic ultrasound) agents were applied 5 days/week for 3 weeks as treatment protocol., Results: As a result, VAS, VRT, and ART scores were significantly decreased, and HGS scores increased significantly in both female and male patients post-treatment measures (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between patient group and control group measurements in post-treatment evaluations (p>0.05)., Conclusion: This study presents the conclusion to literature that conventional physiotherapy agents have the effect of decreasing pain and regaining motor function and also a therapeutic effect on VRT and ART in the treatment of patients with CDH with radiculopathy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (Copyright © by by Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Health - Available online at www.northclinist.com.)