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The average volumes of normal heart chambers in computed tomography (CT) are used not only as clinical criterions for heart disease diagnosis, but also as references in cardiology. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), numerous CT data can be analyzed and segmented automatically. This study aimed to determine the average volumes of the four chambers in healthy adult hearts and present surface models with the average volume. Coronary CT angiographs of 508 Korean individuals (330 men and 178 women, 20 – 39 years old) were obtained. An automatic segmentation module for 3D Slicer was developed using machine learning in Anatomage KoreaTM. Using the module, the four chambers and heart valves in the CT were segmented and reconstructed into surface models. Surface models of the four chambers of identical hearts in the CT were produced using SimplewareTM. The volumes of structures were measured using Sim4life Light and statistically analyzed. After determining the average volumes of the four chambers, surface models of the average volumes were constructed. In both software measurements, the atrial volumes of females increased with age, and the ventricular volumes of males decreased significantly with age. The atrial and ventricular volumes of Simpleware were larger and smaller than those of Anatomage, respectively, because of errors in the Simpleware. Regarding the volume measurement, our module developed in this study was more accurate than the Simpleware. The average volume and three-dimensional models used in this study can be used not only for clinical purposes, but also for educational or industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical case reports and research regarding the mental spines and their associated structures create a detailed picture of the floor of the mouth for assessment during clinical treatment. This compilation of information covers the mental spines, the attached geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles, the lingual foramina, and the veins and arteries of the jaw and floor of the mouth. It is important to consider the variations in the mental spines for oral and maxillofacial treatment involving the mandible. Differences in anatomy of the mental spine, including their number, location, and size, can impact diagnosis and treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many students regard neuroanatomy as a terrifying subject due to the complicated neuronal connections. Purpose of this research was to promote the easy and logical learning of neuroanatomy by systematizing a rule "three neurons of afferent nerves." The rule, in which the second neuron decussates and reaches the thalamus, was applied to as many structures as possible. The three neurons are drawn in a constant pattern to intuitively demonstrate the rule. The rule could be applied not only to the spinothalamic tract, medial lemniscus pathway, sensory cranial nerves (visual pathway, trigeminothalamic tract, taste pathway, and auditory pathway) and ascending reticular activating system, but also to the pontocerebellum (afferent to cerebrum), basal nuclei (direct pathway), and limbic system (medial limbic circuit). Exceptionally, some afferent nerves do not exactly follow the suggested rule. This simple rule, which corresponds to many pathways of the neuroanatomy, is expected to make the learning by novice students easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In Visible Korean Project (VK), the sectioned images and three-dimensional (3D) models of various cadavers of human, dog, cat, and monkey have been produced for digital anatomy. Using the sectioned images, minute structures could be observed in real color. Using 3D models of VK, structures were visible stereoscopically. The purpose of this study was to introduce all products of VK from the sectioned images of various cadavers during the past 20 years for digital anatomy. Methods: Human and animal cadavers were serially sectioned and photographed. In Photoshop, structures were segmented in the sectioned images. In Mimics, segmented images were reconstructed into surface models. In Maya, virtual joints were placed in surface models to simulate movements. In MRIcroGL, volume models were produced using the sectioned images. Results: Sectioned images (≥0.05 mm intervals ≥0.024 mm sized pixel; 48 bits color) of humans (whole bodies of two males and two females, male head, female pelvis) and animals (whole bodies of one female beagle, one female cat, one rhesus monkey) were produced. Using sectioned images, analogue and digital atlases were presented. Various surface models were produced for anatomy education. In movable surface models, movements of bones and muscles could be scrutinized with joint axes. Real color volume models of cadavers could be cut freely even in oblique planes. The 3D models were utilized for virtual electromagnetic wave experiments. Conclusion: The sectioned images and 3D models of this study will be helpful for digital anatomy. Funding resource: This research was supported by the Ministry of Education (NRF-021R1F1A1063044). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]