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Objective: There has been an observable trend towards developing medical competency frameworks across the globe. These competency frameworks are intended to improve societal trust in the medical education system in developing appropriately competent medical practitioners. A framework developed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons; Canada has been widely accepted by several institutions across the world. Medical Council of India has also published a similar framework of medical competencies. Most of these frameworks does not consider ancient Indian frameworks which have existed for several thousand years. Current paper examines the medical competency frameworks from ancient India and compares it with current frameworks. Method: A review of literature available in reputable libraries and online on the medical competency framework from ancient India has been attempted. Key words including 'competency framework, medical framework, ancient India and fully equipped physician' were used. Results: A medical competency framework was written and implemented more than two thousand years ago. The framework identified key competencies including: Medical expertise, Communication skills, Scholar, Health advocacy and Professionalism. This framework was used for medical practitioners at the time and used during the training and subsequent medical practice. Conclusion: There is striking similarity between ancient Indian and current model of competency framework. Teachings and wisdom from ancient India can prove invaluable while developing future medical competency frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking and chewing tobacco carry significant risks for the development of oral cancer and premalignant lesions. The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of tobacco-related habits in Hazaribagh population and its association with oral mucosal lesion. Methodology: The present study was carried out on patients who visited the Department of Oral Medicine And Radiology, Hazaribagh College of Dental Sciences And Hospital. A total of 5,000 subjects were screened for tobacco-related habits and associated mucosal changes. Detailed clinical history about tobacco-related habits was obtained. Oral mucosal lesions were screened using the WHO format for diagnosis of oral lesions. The findings were tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 5,000 subjects enrolled for the study, 1,085 (21.7%) used tobacco in some forms. Habit of smoking tobacco was present among 273 (25.2%) and using smokeless tobacco among 811 (74.7%) individuals. Tobacco pouch keratosis (46.1%) was found to be most common lesion, followed by oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) (16.1%), lichenoid reaction (14.1%), smokers palate/melanosis (12.2%), leukoplakia (7.2%), erythroplakia (2.3%), and oral cancer in (2%). Conclusion: The results provide insight into prevalent tobacco habits and associated oral mucosal lesions in Hazaribagh population. These may act as baseline data for the formulation of preventive programs and help future studies explore the prevalence of tobacco-associated lesions in vulnerable populations. Current knowledge, including findings from the present study, about the prevalence of tobacco use and various oral lesions associated with it may help primary health care physicians to promote among patients visiting them the awareness about the adverse effects of tobacco consumption and treatment options available for tobacco-related lesions at the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a serious biotic constraint for chickpea production in Rajasthan. For the management of soil borne disease like dry root rot of chickpea, by using fungicides alone is not feasible due to environmental and health hazards. Hence integrated management of the disease by using bio-agents and fungicides is the best alternative. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to identify best fungicide and bio-agent for management of dry root rot in chickpea. Methods: Eight fungicides and four bio-agents were evaluated against dry root rot pathogen (M. phaseolina) in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at instructional farm, COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi-2019 on most popular cv. GNG-1581 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment and soil application of different bio-agents and fungicides at different concentrations against dry root rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among all the bio-agents, T. harzianum was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Under field condition, tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% WG as seed treatment @ 1.5 g/kg along with T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha as soil application gave maximum (83.76 %) disease control with highest pod yield (19.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 39,826/ha). These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of dry root rot disease for chickpea cultivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]