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Fertilizer and water management practices have short‐ and long‐term effects on soil chemical and physical properties and, in turn, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The goal of this 4‐yr field study was to establish the relationships between soil properties, agronomic practices, and GHG (CO2and N2O) emissions under different fertilizer and water table management practices. There were two fertilizer treatments: inorganic fertilizer (IF) and a mix of solid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer (SCM), combined with tile drainage(DR) and controlled drainage with subirrigation(CDS). The cropping system was a maize (Zea maysL.)–soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation. Nitrogen in biomass (BMN) and N in grain (GRN) were measured and used to calculate other plant N parameters. Nitrous oxide and CO2fluxes were collected weekly, and their respective cumulative emissions were calculated. The results show that soil organic matter (OM), soil total carbon (C), and soil total nitrogen (N) were greater in SCM than IF by 23.7, 35.2, and 24.4%, respectively. Water table management did not significantly affect soil N and C. Increased CO2emissions were witnessed under higher soil OM, soil total C, and total N. Plant N uptake parameters were negatively correlated with N2O and CO2emissions. Higher plant N uptake can reduce environmental pollution by limiting N2O and CO2emissions. Cattle manure increases organic matter, total N, and total C in soils.Cattle manure reduces N2O emissions and increases CO2emissions.Carbon dioxide emissions positively correlate to organic matter, total C, and total N in soils.Nitrous oxide and CO2emissions negatively correlate with plant N uptake in maize–soybean rotations.

CD8+T cells are key antiviral effectors against hepatitis B virus (HBV), yet their number and function can be compromised in chronic infections. Preclinical HBV models displaying CD8+T cell dysfunction showed that interleukin-2 (IL-2)–based treatment, unlike programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade, could reverse this defect, suggesting its therapeutic potential against HBV. However, IL-2’s effectiveness is hindered by its pleiotropic nature, because its receptor is found on various immune cells, including regulatory T (Treg) cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which can counteract antiviral responses or contribute to toxicity, respectively. To address this, we developed a cis-targeted CD8-IL2 fusion protein, aiming to selectively stimulate dysfunctional CD8+T cells in chronic HBV. In a mouse model, CD8-IL2 boosted the number of HBV-reactive CD8+T cells in the liver without substantially altering Tregor NK cell counts. These expanded CD8+T cells exhibited increased interferon-γ and granzyme B production, demonstrating enhanced functionality. CD8-IL2 treatment resulted in substantial antiviral effects, evidenced by marked reductions in viremia and antigenemia and HBV core antigen–positive hepatocytes. In contrast, an untargeted CTRL-IL2 led to predominant NK cell expansion, minimal CD8+T cell expansion, negligible changes in effector molecules, and minimal antiviral activity. Human CD8-IL2 trials in cynomolgus monkeys mirrored these results, achieving a roughly 20-fold increase in peripheral blood CD8+T cells without affecting NK or Tregcell numbers. These data support the development of CD8-IL2 as a therapy for chronic HBV infection.

Ionospheric storm enhanced density (SED) has been extensively investigated using total electron content deduced from GPS ground and satellite‐borne receivers. However, dayside in situ electron density measurements have not been analyzed in detail for SEDs yet. We report in situ electron density measurements of a SED event in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) at the noon meridian plane measured by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) polar‐orbiting satellite at about 390 km altitude during the 20 November 2003 magnetic storm. The CHAMP satellite measurements render rare documentation about the dayside SED's life cycle at a fixed magnetic local time (MLT) through multiple passes. Solar wind drivers triggered the SED onset and controlled its lifecycle through its growth and retreat phases. The SED electron density enhancement extended from the equatorial ionization anomaly to the noon cusp. The midlatitude electron density increased to a maximum at the end of the growth phase. Afterward, the dayside SED region retreated gradually to lower magnetic latitudes. The observations showed a hemisphere asymmetry, with the NH electron density exhibiting a more significant enhancement. The simulations using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation model show a good agreement with the CHAMP observations. The simulations indicate that the dayside midlatitude electron density enhancement has a complicated dependence on vertical ion drift, neutral wind, magnetic latitude, MLT, and the height of the F2 layer. Finally, we discuss the notion of using the mean cross‐polar cap electric field as a proxy for assessing the effects of solar wind drivers on producing midlatitude electron density enhancement. Ground radar and GPS stations have frequently detected enhancement of ionospheric electron density at midlatitudes and in the polar cap during magnetic storms. However, the storm enhanced density (SED) structure onset has not been observed before. We report in situ satellite observations of the SED onset near 400 km at the noon meridian plane during an intense magnetic storm. It provides clear evidence about the life cycle of ionospheric electron density enhancement, starting from its onset at noon midlatitudes, building up to a maximum value, and retreating to lower latitudes. The midlatitude ionospheric electron density was mainly enhanced in the Northern Hemisphere, triggered by the passage of a solar wind dynamic pressure shock front. Global circulation modeling suggests that ion drift and meridional neutral wind are crucial in transporting midlatitude plasmas during a magnetic storm. As a result, the plasma transport produces the observed dayside enhanced density structure. The first report on satellite in situ measurements of the dayside midlatitude storm enhanced electron density at the noon meridian planeSolar wind drivers triggered the storm enhanced density onset and controlled its lifecycle through its growth and retreat phasesUpward vertical ion drift and meridional neutral wind are vital in producing dayside midlatitude electron density enhancement The first report on satellite in situ measurements of the dayside midlatitude storm enhanced electron density at the noon meridian plane Solar wind drivers triggered the storm enhanced density onset and controlled its lifecycle through its growth and retreat phases Upward vertical ion drift and meridional neutral wind are vital in producing dayside midlatitude electron density enhancement