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Objective To investigate the role and physiological significance of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 4 (TRPV4) in regulation of calcium influx in rat intestinal glial cells. Methods The expression of TRPV4 at mRNA and protein levels and its localization were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay in rat enteric glial cell line CRL-2690, rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC6 and human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T. The CRL-2690 cells were divided into GSK1016790A (GSK, TRPV4-specific agonist) group and GSK+HC067047 (HC, TRPV4-specific inhibitor) group, hypotonic group and hypotonic+HC group, GdCl3 group and GdCl3+HC group, and CaCl2 group and CaCl2+HC group, while the activity of TRPV4 channel was assessed by Fura-2 fluorescent probe and single-cell fluorescent calcium ion assay. CRL-2690 cells were also divided into control group, GSK group and GSK+HC group, and the level of cellular ATP release was measured by luciferin-luciferase assay, and the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes GFAP, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were detected by RT-qPCR. Results TRPV4 was expressed at mRNA and protein levels in rat intestinal glial cell line CRL-2690. GSK and low osmolarity stimulation significantly enhanced intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity in CRL-2690 cells, which was inhibited by HC (0.430 38±0.063 65 vs 0.004 23±0.005 78, P < 0.000 1). Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation-induced Ca2+ influx was also inhibited by HC (P < 0.05). Functionally, activation of TRPV4 promoted ATP release, expression of EGC reactive proliferation marker, GFAP, and inflammatory factors IL-1 β as well as IL-6, and inhibited the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 respectively. But all these effects were inhibited by HC treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Activation of TRPV4 induces extracellular Ca2+ influx and promotes ATP release and expression of inflammatory cytokines in enteric glial cell, which may be closely involved in the underlying mechanisms of bowel inflammation.

Electrified railroad has the characteristics of high safety factors, high comfort, large transportation capacity, and less time-consuming, which is an effective means to solve traffic congestion. However, with the rapid development of China’s electrified railroad, harmonic, negative sequence and other power quality problems have also been widely concerned, while more and more regenerative braking energy in the traction power supply system can not be effectively utilized. The input of railroad power regulators makes the power quality problem be solved effectively, this paper studies the control strategy of traditional railroad power regulators. Combined with the actual working conditions of railroad vehicles, the simulation model of traction network, vehicles, and railroad power conditioner is established, and the load characteristics of traction substation are simulated by this model. Secondly, for a domestic substation field collection data processing to obtain the actual train operation load changes, to the battery energy storage device life within the maximum economic returns as the optimization goal, for the peak load reduction judgment threshold and the capacity of the battery energy storage device through the genetic algorithm to process the data of previous years to optimize the design.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical application of the preoperative prealbumin-to-fibrinogen ratio (PFR) in the clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and its prognostic value. Methods: The clinical and laboratory data of 269 HCC patients undergoing surgical treatment from January 2012 to January 2017 in Taizhou Hospital were retrospectively analysed. The Cox regression model was used to analyse the correlation between the PFR and other clinicopathological factors in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results: Cox regression analysis showed that the PFR (hazard ratio (HR)=2.123; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.271-3.547; P=0.004) was an independent risk factor affecting the OS of HCC patients. Furthermore, a nomogram was built based on these risk factors. The C-index for the OS nomogram was 0.715. Conclusions: Nomograms based on the PFR can be recommended as the correct and actual model to evaluate the prognosis of patients with HCC.

Elevating cut-off voltage is an efficient approach to boost the energy density of Li-ion batteries. However, the failure of conventional carbonate-based electrolyte at high voltage necessitates fundamental understandings of the formation mechanism of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI), especially the contribution from skeleton solvents. In the present work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the disparity in the productivity and oxidative stability of organic components in the CEI associated with ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). These two indicators could jointly determine the existence of lithium alkyl carbonates in the CEI, suggested by the species with a m/z of 95 detected with time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). That disparity results in a prominent difference in the capacity retention at high voltage associated with EC, PC and FEC, respectively. These understandings of cyclic carbonates could shed light on bottom-up strategies in electrolyte engineering for the high-voltage electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]