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Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe, epileptic encephalopathy.In recent years, a variety of drugs have been approved for the treatment of LGS. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved clobazam and cannabidiol as adjunctive therapy for LGS in October 2011 and June 2018, respectively. This article provides an overview of clobazam and cannabidiol, including their chemical structures, pharmacological actions, curative effects, safety profile, drug interactions, to introduce the current state of research and the achievements of both drugs.

Infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) is a new concept proposed recently. IESS is a unique and age-specific refractory epilepsy syndrome. The recent advances in molecular biology, neuroimmunology and the in-depth study of anti-epileptic mechanism in antiepileptic drugs have led to the achievements in the definition and treatment of infantile epileptic spasm. At present, the use of traditional antiepileptic drugs is decreasing, while the use of new antiepileptic drugs is increasing. In this paper, based on the relevant literature in recent years, the authors discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, therapeutic drugs, clinical progress, efficacy, and safety of infantile epileptic spasm, hoping to introduce the latest status in research and achievements of IESS.

Neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a serious inflammatory demyelinating disease. Clinical treatment of NMOSD mainly involves acute phase treatment and remission phase prevention treatment. Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in remission phase of NMOSD can effectively reduce disease recurrence and delay disability progression. At present, the drugs commonly used for DMT at home and abroad include classical immunosuppression, B-cell surface antigen monoclonal antibody, complement targeting monoclonal antibody, IL-6 receptor-targeting monoclonal antibody, etc. This paper mainly reviews the DMT drugs efficacy, safety, as well as the marketing status of NMOSD.

Introduction: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung (HAL) is a special type of adenocarcinoma originating from the lung with adenoid- and hepatocyte-like differentiation. HAL is rare in clinical practice. Here, we present the case of a patient with HAL. Case presentation: A 59-year-old man was admitted to the hospital 4 days because of lung mas observed. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a lobulated mass shadow in the right lower lobe, approximately 3.5 × 3.3 cm in size. CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of the right lower lung was performed. The pathological results indicated a moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent thoracoscopic right middle and lower lobectomy and systematic lymph node dissection. The postoperative pathology was primary HAL, with the staging of T2bN2M0 (stage III A). Recurrence-free survival and overall survival were 6 and 19 months, respectively Preoperatively, the level of alpha-fetoprotein was negative; however, after recurrence, it increased to 87.8. Conclusion: Pulmonary hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of malignant lung tumor, combined silicosis is more rare. Early surgical intervention can benefit patients in the early stages of the disease, whereas chemotherapy remains the main systemic treatment modality for postoperative and advanced stages. With the increasing popularity of genetic testing, it is important to focus on improving genetic examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered MAX phases possess distinctive chemical, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties due to their amalgamation of metallic and ceramic characteristics. Understanding the corrosion mechanisms of MAX phases in various extreme environments is crucial. This paper commenced by scrutinizing synthesis techniques for MAX phase powders, thin films, and bulk materials, with a focus on fabrication processes and formation mechanisms. Subsequently, it delved into corrosion & oxidation mechanisms in diverse environments, emphasized their unique self-healing properties, and outlined future research directions. This comprehensive and systematic review aims to furnish researchers with effective guidance for selecting MAX phases based on different application environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]