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Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed infectious disease control, enhancing rapid diagnosis and antibiotic discovery. While conventional tests delay diagnosis, AI-driven methods like machine learning and deep learning assist in pathogen detection, resistance prediction, and drug discovery. These tools improve antibiotic stewardship and identify effective compounds such as antimicrobial peptides and small molecules. This review explores AI applications in diagnostics, therapy, and drug discovery, emphasizing both strengths and areas needing improvement.

Societal Impact Statement Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) impact the relationships between plants, aphids (insects that feed on plant phloem), and their natural enemies (insects that prey on or parasitize aphids). The presence of AMF influences the growth and population of different aphid species and affects the development of aphid‐killing wasps and their attraction to plants. This research has been conducted also considering the insects' feeding strategy and their feeding specialization. This study provides novel perspectives on how these fungi shape interactions in the natural world, offering potential insights for the development of sustainable pest management strategies in agriculture. Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are major root symbionts regulating plant physiology. Their presence affects the performance of aboveground insect herbivores in relation to their feeding strategy and their feeding specialization. For example, the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on chewing insects, positive for specialists and negative for generalists, has been previously demonstrated. Conversely, the impact of AMF on phloem‐suckers with relatively different levels of specialization remains unexplored. We tested the influence of the AM Funneliformis mosseae on the fitness of the specialist aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and the generalist aphid Myzus persicae on Vicia faba plants. Further, we investigated the effects of AMF on the higher trophic level, the aphid parasitoids Aphidius ervi (specialist) and Aphidius colemani (generalist), by evaluating plant attractiveness and parasitoid fitness. To support the results of behavioral and biological bioassays we characterized the photosynthetic parameters, the volatilome and the transcriptome of tested plants. Mycorrhizal plants proved unsuitable for the generalist M. persicae but enhanced the fitness of the specialist A. pisum. The AM symbiosis had no effects on the behavioral response of A. colemani and enhanced the attraction and fitness of A. ervi. Volatilome and transcriptome profiling corroborated the results of bioassay highlighting a bottom‐up effect of the AMF across a plant–aphid–parasitoid system.

Effective support for autistic individuals is lacking in Brazil. Few centres offer services and those that do are limited in therapeutic options and geographical location. Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy is a low-intensity, evidence-based parent-mediated social-communication intervention that may be useful for this scenario. This implementation study aimed to assess the acceptability and feasibility of Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy for young autistic children (aged 2-10 years) in Brazil. Parents (n = 18) of 2- to 10-year-old autistic children and clinicians (n = 20) who work with autistic children in Brazil were interviewed and the data analysed using thematic analysis to explore their perceptions concerning the acceptability and feasibility of Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy. In addition, Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy was delivered to a case series of 15 further parent-child dyads; these parents were interviewed at the end of the therapy, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. All parents and clinicians had favourable opinions about the acceptability, feasibility and perceived effectiveness of a parent-mediated intervention conducted mainly in the home. However, they also highlighted obstacles concerning the implementation of Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy in Brazil, especially related to engaging Brazilian parents in a parent-mediated model of therapy. Based on these data, minor adaptations were made to the original Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy protocol to facilitate the implementation of the intervention in Brazil.

Contexte : Au Sénégal, le système semi-intensif est de plus en plus mis en exergue pour accroitre la production laitière. Il s’agit d’un système de production encadré qui vise l’amélioration du système traditionnel par le biais de l’alimentation, la santé et la génétique. Cette semi-intensification se caractérise par une promotion de la stabulation avec l’installation de mini-fermes composées d’un noyau de 4 vaches de races maures ou métissées. Objectif : L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la durabilité de la semi-intensification de la production laitière dans le contexte sénégalais. Méthodes : Dans un premier temps, une enquête auprès de 25 mini-fermes installées en 2019 a été conduite dans le rayon de collecte d’une laiterie à Richard-Toll au Sénégal. La durabilité de ces exploitations a été évaluée à l’aide de la méthode des Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles (IDEA4) adaptée à la réalité sénégalaise. Elle permet une double lecture : la première lecture selon les dimensions agroécologique, socio-territoriale et économique ; la seconde lecture selon les propriétés d’autonomie, de robustesse, de capacité productive et reproductive, d’ancrage territorial et de responsabilité globale. Résultats : Les résultats qui découlent de cette étude montrent que la durabilité de ces mini-fermes est limitée par la dimension agroécologique qui affiche une moyenne de 53/100. En revanche, les dimensions socio-territoriale et économique affichent respectivement des scores moyens de 59/100 et 69/100. Pour les propriétés « Capacité productive et reproductive de biens services » et « Responsabilité globale », les mini-fermes présentent des avantages considérables. En revanche, pour les propriétés « Ancrage territorial », « Autonomie » et « Robustesse », des améliorations sont à envisager. Conclusions : La sensibilisation dans les démarches environnementales, la diversification des produits, la mutualisation du travail ainsi que la contribution de revenus issus d’autres activités permettraient d’améliorer la durabilité des exploitations. De plus, ces mini-fermes doivent travailler sur l’autonomie pour les intrants, la robustesse pour faire face aux imprévus et l’ancrage territorial c’est-à-dire leur capacité à contribuer à un processus de co-production et de valorisation de ressources territoriales.

Set in the totalitarian society of Gilead, The Handmaid’s Tale (2017 – ongoing) meticulously explores the intersection of power, gender and politics. Through the lens of protagonist Offred, viewers witness the systematic erosion of individual rights and freedoms in the name of societal order: echoing themes of authoritarianism, misogyny and resistance. In relation with the latter, the authors use surveillance studies to analyse political control practices and employ the lens of ecofeminism to read the handmaids’ collective action. The article highlights how the TV series serves as a poignant commentary on contemporary political discourse. Through its vivid portrayal of dystopia, the TV series underscores the imperative of political vigilance and collective action in safeguarding human rights and civil liberties. As viewers confront the harsh realities of Gilead, they are compelled to recognise parallels and implications within their own socio-political contexts, thereby igniting discourse and advocacy for a more just and equitable world.

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Objective: The treatment of Hemophilia A and B has significantly evolved. Study design: we conducted a retrospective, observational study among patients with HA and HB managed in a Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit for almost 22 years for a total of 34 patients. Results: Until 2009, more than 80 % of patients were treated only on demand, while in 2022,100 % of patients with moderate and severe disease were receiving continuous prophylaxis. The median age at the start of prophylaxis passed from 10,9 to 1,65 years. In 2022, only one patient was on Standard-half-life-rFVIII, 7 patients were on Extended Half-Life (EHL)-rFVIII/rFIX and 7 patients were on Emicizumab; 1 patient was on Concizumab. The mean ABR passed from 5,7 in the period 2001–2009 to 0,8 in the period 2019–2022. We performed 106 ultrasonographic exams in 19 patients to evaluate the HEAD-US score: a percentage of 45,3 % of these exams revealed a score of 0 and the HEAD-US score resulted inferior in patients who started prophylaxis at an age below the median age at the initiation of prophylaxis. The score showed a tendency to correlate with the number of previous hemarthrosis. In our cohort, the overall prevalence of inhibitors is 0,09 among all patients, and 0,14 in severe HA/HB. 4 patients needed a Central Venous Line (CVL), and 3 patients developed at least one severe complication. Before 2017, we observed 4 cases of life-threatening bleeding in children less than 2 years old not on prophylaxis. Results: our real-life experience reflects the changes in hemophilia management in the last two decades. In the future, other drugs are expected.

Benign endobronchial tumors are rare clinical entities characterized by considerable variability in etiology and clinical presentation. The authors report four cases of endobronchial hamartomas treated and followed up from 2018 to 2023. Three of these cases, with identical endobronchial localization in the right lower lobe, were radically treated in flexible bronchoscopy with the only use of biopsy forceps. Another case with a different localization in the left main bronchus was treated with a laser through rigid bronchoscopy. In addition, the authors outline the main interventional pulmonological strategies for the treatment of benign tumors with endobronchial growth based on the existing literature.

Pre-heat trains (PHTs) significantly reduce refinery fuel consumption and carbon emissions. However, these benefits are diminished by fouling in heat exchangers (HEXs). Current methods for optimizing cleaning schedules often report high computation times due to the transient nature of the fouling process and do not consider shell-side fouling, which can be significant for some oil fractions. This paper addresses these issues by adding shell-side fouling to the model and by transforming cleaning time variables into integers, reducing the problem of optimizing cleaning schedules to an integer nonlinear programming (INLP) problem. The reformulated problem is solved using integer particle swarm optimization (PSO) coupled with a simple search strategy, where the number of cleaning actions is preset and their timing is optimized. The adopted approach achieved up to 84% lower computation times compared to previous ones. Additionally, the relationship between cleaning actions and PHT performance is nonlinear, with diminishing returns from additional cleaning, and optimal cleaning schedules are often asymmetric for different HEXs within the same PHT. The proposed approach effectively reduces operating costs and provides a framework for future optimization enhancements.