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An effective volcanic risk management is a collective responsibility for all individuals and groups who work or live in areas with volcanic activity. This includes scientists, authorities, civil protection specialists, communication professionals, sociologists, psychologists, health specialists, urban and territorial planners, economists, educators, and the general public. While some may have more specific roles and responsibilities in this effort, communication professionals can make a significant contribution to volcanic risk management efforts.Journalists and the media have the ability to impact the success of volcanic risk management efforts and can potentially save lives by accurately reporting on and informing the public about volcanic hazards. In order to fulfill this role effectively, media professionals should be knowledgeable about the unique characteristics of volcanoes and the methods used to volcanic risk management. However, it is important to note that the media also has a responsibility to critically evaluate and report on the effectiveness of risk management efforts. This dual role of the media can be complex, but it is essential for ensuring transparency and accountability.This research aims to assess the level of understanding and interest that media professionals have about volcanoes and volcanic risk managment in Spain, and to examine the potential and desired role of the media in enhancing the effectiveness of volcanic risk management efforts. In order to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists regarding volcanoes, volcanic risk management, and communication in Spain, we developed an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of approximately 25 questions and can be completed in about 15 minutes. Approximately 24% of the questionnaire consists of general questions such as residence, gender, age, education level, etc. Questions and comments related to volcanoes and volcanic risk management make up approximately 42% of the questionnaire, while the remaining 32% focus on communication and the role of the media in volcanic risk management in Spain. The questionnaire was released on December 26 and by the end of the year 2022, a total of 105 journalists had completed it. Here we present some preliminary results obtained including qualitative data on needs and sentiment towards volcanic risk.

The authors acknowledge Francisca Castillo Pérez for her technical assistance, Ethical approval. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the university where the study was conducted (no. 1076 CEIH/2020)., Objectives: The impact of conservative instrumentation on the disinfection of root canals with different curvatures has not yet been determined. This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of conservative instrumentation with TruNatomy (TN) and Rotate and a conventional rotary system, ProTaper Gold (PTG), on root canal disinfection during chemomechanical preparation of straight and curved canals. Materials and methods: Ninety mandibular molars with straight (n = 45) and curved (n = 45) mesiobuccal root canals were contaminated with polymicrobial clinical samples. Teeth were divided into three subgroups (n = 14) according to the file systems and the curvature. Canals were instrumented with TN, Rotate, and PTG, respectively. Sodium hypochlorite and EDTA were used as irrigants. Intracanal samples were taken before (S1) and after (S2) instrumentation. Six uninfected teeth were used as negative controls. The bacterial reduction between S1 and S2 was measured by ATP assay, flow cytometry, and culture methods. Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests were followed by the Duncan post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Bacterial reduction percentages were similar for the three file systems in straight canals (p > 0.05). However, PTG showed a lower reduction percentage of intact membrane cells in flow cytometry than TN and Rotate (p = 0.036). For the curved canals, no significant differences were obtained (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Conservative instrumentation of straight and curved canals using TN and Rotate files resulted in similar bacterial reduction compared to PTG. Clinical relevance: The disinfection efficacy of conservative instrumentation is similar to conventional instrumentation in straight and curved root canals., Universidad de Granada/CBUA., Research Group CTS‑167 of the Junta de Andalucía, Spain.

There is a need to explore new alternatives for root canal disinfection in regenerative endodontics, since the current strategies are far from ideal. Currently, the potential use of diclofenac (DC) is being investigated for controlling root canal infections. The objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of novel DC-based hydrogels (DCHs) against polymicrobial biofilms grown in radicular dentine and root canals and to compare results with triantibiotic (TAH) and diantibiotic (DAH) hydrogels, and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]The in vitro antimicrobial activity of intracanal medicaments was evaluated against 3-week-old polymicrobial root canal biofilms grown on human radicular dentine. Dentine samples were obtained and randomly divided into the study groups (n = 4/group): (1) 1 mg/ml TAH; (2) 1 mg/ml DAH; (3) 5% diclofenac (DCH); (4) 2.5% DCH; (5) 1.25% DCH; (6) 1 mg/ml DAH + 5% DCH; (7) Ca(OH)Confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis indicated that the greatest effectiveness was obtained with 5% DCH, showing significant differences with respect to the other groups (p .001). In root canals, the highest LogSodium DC hydrogels demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy against endodontic biofilms.

In this perspective piece, we reflect on scientific progress in volcanic risk reduction and its prospects for future development. In spite of recent advances, a dichotomy still exists between the products of academic research and the desire for practical applications. The main themes to emerge are (1) the need to find the most effective ways to explain the ever growing amount and complexity of volcanological data to non-specialist stakeholders, and (2) how to transfer to future generations of applied scientists the lessons from practical experience that are often missed by theoretical guidelines. Recommendations for sustaining progress in these fields include improving the accessibility of knowledge and data, embracing novel tools to communicate volcanic risk and uncertainty for decision making, and investing effort on transferring practical experience across generations.En este breve artículo, reflexionamos sobre los adelantos científicos para la reducción del riesgo de erupciones volcánicas y en las oportunidades para continuar progresando. A pesar de avances recientes, todavía existe un desfase entre los resultados de investigaciones científicas y su aplicación práctica. Los temas clave que identificamos son (1) la necesidad de encontrar maneras más efectivas de explicar la cantidad incremental de información volcanológica (y su creciente complejidad) a todos los grupos interesados, especialmente los no-especialistas y (2) cómo transmitir y transferir, a futuras generaciones de cientificos, la experiencia y los aprendizajes prácticos que no figuran en directrices y manuales. Recomendaciones para mantener avances en estos campos incluyen: mejorar la accesibilidad de la información y datos científicos, adoptar nuevas técnicas para comunicar: el riesgo volcánico, la incertidumbre en información científica y para apoyar la toma de decisiones, e invertir en transferir experiencia práctica a las generaciones futuras.