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The development of historical archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula has opened new and stimulating avenues of research into its most recent times. One of these has been the archaeology of the Carlist Wars, a series of nineteenth-century conflicts related to the overarching process of the emergence of liberal governments in Europe and, contemporarily, of counter-revolutionary movements. This paper will describe recent excavations at Carlist sites in the southern part of the Basque Country in order to tackle two interrelated questions: the limits and possibilities of a Carlist archaeology and the close connection of the specific materialities of these events and the politics of memory surrounding them. It is argued that the Carlist War materiality has not been considered in the process of the construction of the Basque heritage because these conflicts are not introduced into the legitimating narratives of the failed-state formation project of the Basque identity.

The development of guerrilla warfare in Spain (1936–1952) has, until very recently, received very limited academic attention, especially from an archaeological perspective. This paper presents some results from an ongoing archaeological project regarding the guerrilla movement in northwestern Iberia. We specifically discuss how the archaeological record may inform understanding of a more general process, that of the emergence of industrial and modern societies in peripheral territories. We argue that by addressing the material remains of guerrilla warfare we can delve into the dialectic between guerrilla groups and the local peasant communities and trace their mutual impacts. The paper concludes that guerrilla warfare was an active agent in the introduction of different aspects of industrial and modern economies.

We present a geophysical survey work in the Roman site of Proendos, Sober, Lugo, Spain, which has been carried out on 27,000 square meters of surface area. From a methodological perspective, two different techniques have been compared on the same plot, Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometry, showing the pros and cons of each one in granite substrate environments. The results of the chosen method (GPR) have shown a complex and long-term urban reality, part of which can be placed in the Roman period SI