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Diverse applications of nanoparticles due to their unique properties has rapidly increased human exposure to numerous nanoparticles such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ), and yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles almost in all aspect of daily life. However, very limited data are available on the effect of these nanoparticles on genomic DNA integrity and inflammation induction in the gastric tissues. Hence, this study estimated the effect of Ca(OH) 2 , CaTiO 3, or/and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles multiple oral administration on the genomic DNA damage and inflammation induction in the mice gastric tissues. A suspension containing 50 mg/kg b.w of Ca(OH) 2 , CaTiO 3, or Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles were given orally to male mice separately or together simultaneously three times a week for two consecutive weeks. Multiple oral administration of Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles led to significant elevations in DNA damage induction and ROS generation, in contrast to the non-significant changes observed in the level of induced DNA damage and generated ROS after administration of CaTiO 3 or Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles separately or in combination with Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles. Oral administration of Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles alone also highly upregulated INOS and COX-2 genes expression and extremely decreased eNOS gene expression. However, high elevations in eNOS gene expression were detected after multiple administration of CaTiO 3 and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles separately or together simultaneously with Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, non-remarkable changes were noticed in the expression level of INOS and COX-2 genes after administration of CaTiO 3 and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles separately or simultaneously together with Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles. In conclusion: genomic DNA damage and inflammation induced by administration of Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles alone at a dose of 50 mg/kg were mitigated by about 100% when CaTiO 3 and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles were coadministered with Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles until they reached the negative control level through altering the expression level of eNOS, INOS and COX-2 genes and scavenging gastric ROS. Therefore, further studies are recommended to investigate the toxicological properties of Ca(OH) 2 , CaTiO 3 and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles and possibility of using CaTiO 3 and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles to mitigate genotoxicity and inflammation induction by Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Intensive uses of Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 NPs), calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 NPs) and yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 NPs) nanoparticles increase their environmental release and human exposure separately or together through contaminated air, water and food. However, too limited data are available on their genotoxicity. Therefore, this study explored the effect of Ca(OH) 2 NPs, CaTiO 3 NPs or/and Y 2 O 3 NPs administration on the genotoxicityand oxidative stress induction in mice hepatic tissue. Mice were orally administered Ca(OH) 2 NPs, CaTiO 3 NPs and Y 2 O 3 NPs separately or simultaneously together at a dose level of 50 mg/kg b.w. for two successive weeks (3 days per week). Marked induction of DNA damage noticed after oral administration of Ca(OH) 2 NPs or CaTiO 3 NPs alone together with high Ca(OH) 2 NPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a slight CaTiO 3 NPs induced ROS production were highly decreased after simultaneous coadministration of administration of Y 2 O 3 NPs with Ca(OH) 2 NPs and CaTiO 3 NPs up to the negative control level. Oral administration of Y 2 O 3 NPs alone also did not cause observable changes in the genomic DNA integrity and the ROS generation level compared to the negative control levels. Similarly, significant elevations in P53 gene expression and high reductions in Kras and HSP-70 genes expression were observed only after administration of Ca(OH) 2 NPs alone, while, remarkable increases in the Kras and HSP-70 genes expression and non-significant changes in p53 gene expression were noticed after administration of CaTiO 3 NPs and Y 2 O 3 NPs separately or simultaneously together with Ca(OH) 2 NPs. Conclusion: Ca(OH) 2 NPs exhibited the highest genotoxic effect through oxidative stress induction and disruption of apoptotic (p53 and Kras) and protective (HSP-70) genes expression. Slight DNA damage was noticed after CaTiO 3 NPs administration. However, administration of Y 2 O 3 NPs alone was non-genotoxic and coadministration of Y 2 O 3 NPs with Ca(OH) 2 NPs and CaTiO 3 NPs restored genomic DNA integrity and normal expression of apoptotic p53 and protective HSP-70 genes disrupted by Ca(OH) 2 NPs and CaTiO 3 NPs. Thus co-administration of Y 2 O 3 NPs with Ca(OH) 2 NPs and CaTiO 3 NPs is recommended to counter Ca(OH) 2 NPs and CaTiO 3 NPs induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the solubility, pH, antimicrobial action, and cytotoxicity of ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes for use as intracanal medications., Methods: Solubility was determined by micro-CT, based on the paste volume remaining after immersion in water for 7 days. pH was measured by immersing acrylic tubes containing the pastes in ultrapure water and then measuring pH after 3 hours, 3 days, and 7 days. Antimicrobial action against Enterococcus faecalis was assessed based on the percentage of living cells, using the live/dead staining method under confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed based on the cell viability of L929 fibroblast-like cells after 6, 24, and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity data were compared using the ANOVA and Tukey tests, and the antimicrobial data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The significance level used was 5% (α=0.05)., Results: The solubility values for all the study groups were significantly different (P<0.05), where the highest values were for NAC, followed by AMB, and then CH. Likewise, the pH levels were all significantly different (P<0.05), where NAC and AMB levels were acidic, and CH levels were alkaline. The antimicrobial action of AMB was significantly higher than that of CH (P<0.05), and that of NAC was also higher than that of CH, albeit not significantly. AMB and NAC were more cytotoxic than CH, and higher dilutions of CH promoted higher cell viability levels than lower dilutions of the same paste (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The NAC and AMB pastes were more soluble and cytotoxic than the CH paste and had acidic pH levels. The AMB paste displayed the highest antimicrobial action against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.