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Xiaohui Zhu,1,2 Dongmei Jiang,1 Hongjie Zhang,3 Ruyuan Cai,3 Yuying Wang,1 Fei Hua2 1Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng, 224000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng, 224000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fei Hua, Email huafeihf@21cn.comObjective: The study aimed to explore the correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) with blood biochemical indicators and cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the possible mechanism, thereby providing more theoretical basis for the occurrence and prevention of diabetes related complications.Methods: Eighty T2DM patients treated in our hospital from March 2022 to September 2022 were selected as the study subjects, and the clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) to analyze the changes in retinal blood vessels. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided as the diabetic retinopathy (DR) group (n=46) and simple diabetes group (n=34). The RNFLT, blood biochemical indexes and changes in cognitive functions of the patients were detected. The correlation between RNFLT with blood biochemical indexes and cognitive dysfunction was analyzed.Results: Compared with the simple diabetes group, patients in the DR group had much lower mean, nasal, inferior and superior thicknesses (P< 0.01). There existed no significant difference in blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), blood lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) between the two groups (P> 0.05). Compared with the simple diabetes group, patients in the DR group had much higher fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) (P< 0.001). Besides, the DR group had sharply lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale and higher levels of the Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A) and TMT-B (P< 0.001). Spearman correlation analysis confirmed that the mean RNFLT was negatively correlated with the levels of FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR index, TMT-A and TMT-B (P< 0.05), positively correlated with the score of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (P< 0.05), and was no significant correlation with FINS and ApoB/ApoA1 (P> 0.05).Conclusion: DR patients had significantly reduced RNFLT, elevated levels of blood glucose related indicators, and cognitive dysfunction. There existed a correlation between RNFLT and FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR index, TMT-A, TMT-B and MMSE.Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, retinal nerve fiber thickness, blood biochemical indicators, cognitive dysfunction, correlation

Qianyu Bai,1,&ast; Yichi Zhang,1,&ast; Runqiu Cai,1 Haiyan Wu,1 Huiqun Fu,2 Xuemei Zhou,2 Jie Chai,3 Xuepeng Teng,3 Tianlong Liu1 1National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2 101 Institute of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xuemei Zhou, 101 Institute of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, South Fourth Ring West Road No.188, Beijing, 100070, Email zxmcaur@126.com; Tianlong Liu, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Beijing, 100193, Email liutianlong@cau.edu.cnBackground: In the past decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a major threat to global public health. Long-term, chronic otitis media is becoming more challenging to treat, thus the novel antibiotic alternative agents are much needed.Methods: ZnO@TiO2@AMP (ATZ NPs) were synthesized through a solvothermal method and subjected to comprehensive characterization. The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effect and biocompatibility of ATZ NPs were evaluated. For the antibacterial mechanism exploration, we utilized the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectrometer to detect and analyze the hydroxyl radicals produced by ATZ NPs.Results: ATZ NPs exhibited a spherical structure of 99.85 nm, the drug-loading rate for ZnO was 20.73%, and AMP within ATZ NPs was 41.86%. Notably, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of ATZ NPs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) were 10 μg/mL, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value of ATZ NPs against S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae were 50 μg/mL. In comparison to the model group, the treatment of otitis media with ATZ NPs significantly reduces inflammatory exudation in the middle ear cavity, with no observable damage to the tympanic membrane. Both in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests indicating the good biocompatibility of ATZ NPs. Moreover, EPR spectroscopy results highlighted the superior ability of ATZ NPs to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) compared to ZnO NPs.Conclusion: ATZ NPs exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties both in vivo and in vitro. This innovative application of advanced ATZ NPs, bringing great promise for the treatment of otitis media.Keywords: nanoparticles, otitis media, zinc oxide, mesoporous titanium dioxide, antimicrobial peptide, antimicrobial, hydroxyl radical

Yue Wang,1,2 Jun Li,3 Jianming Wu,3 Shihong Gu,3 Huishu Hu,3 Rongjuan Cai,2 Man Wang,4 Yue Zou3 1Institute of Shanghai Oriental Beauty Valley, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yue Zou, R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Building 2, No. 333, Guiping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China, Email zouyue3@jala.com.cnIntroduction: Sensitive scalp is one of the most frequent complaints related to sensitive skin syndrome, characterized by unpleasant sensory reactions in the absence of visible signs of inflammation. In this study, the effects of topical application of postbiotic Himalaya-derived Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus ferment complex (SLFC) on the bacterial and fungal scalp microbiome at the taxonomic level and alleviation of sensitive skin syndrome were investigated.Methods: Firstly, healthy female participants (aged 30– 45) were classified into a healthy scalp group and a sensitive scalp group based on the questionnaire. Thereafter, topical application of SLFC on sensitive scalp as well as scalp microbiome was evaluated, with the difference in the distribution of microbial taxa between healthy and sensitive scalp communities was assessed using 16S rRNA and ITS1 sequencing analysis. In addition, the effect of SLFC on scalp microbiome at the species level for Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia restricta was evaluated by the qPCR assessment.Results: After treatment with SLFC for 28 days, the abundance of Staphylococcus, Lawsonella, and Fusarium in the sensitive scalp group was highly significantly increased (p < 0.001), while the abundance of Cutibacterium and Malassezia was highly significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the self-assessment questionnaire indicated a syndrome alleviation effect of 100% after 28 days with a twice-daily application of the SLFC.Discussion: The obtained results would help to better understand the microbial community of the sensitive scalp and provide useful information on utilization of SLFC for maintaining a healthy scalp and modulating the scalp microbiome.Keywords: sensitive scalp, scalp microbiome, postbiotics, microbial diversity, questionnaire analysis

Yaling Li,1,&ast; Kaiyang Shao,1,&ast; Ruyi Cai,1 Yi Liu,2 Xiaojing Liu,2,3 Feihua Ni,1 Huiyan Zheng,1 Ruying Hu,1 Ting Sun1 1Department of Health Management Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 3Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ting Sun, Department of Health Management Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Email 1195037@zju.edu.cnBackground: The coexistence of blaNDM-1 with other resistance determinants is rarely reported for Providencia rettgeri. Therefore, this study investigates the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of a multidrug-resistant P. rettgeri strain YQ150713.Methods: P. rettgeri YQ150713 was identified as carrying blaNDM-1. S1-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), Southern blotting, and conjugation experiments were used to determine plasmid characteristics. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted. The complete genomic sequence of YQ150713 was obtained using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Oxford nanopore platforms. To further characterize the phylogenetic structure of P. rettgeri YQ150713, average nucleotide identity (ANI) and phylogenetic analyses were conducted.Results: The S1-PFGE, Southern blot, and conjugation assays have confirmed that the isolate P. rettgeri YQ150713 contains the blaNDM-1 gene on a conjugative plasmid pYQ150713-NDM-1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing has indicated that strain YQ150713 was resistant to various common antibiotics, except aztreonam and fosfomycin. Bioinformatics analysis has further shown that pYQ150713-NDM-1 was a novel plasmid with a size of 265,883 bp, and blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-10 were co-located on it. Phylogenetic analysis suggesting P. rettgeri has spread widely throughout the world.Conclusion: In this study, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-10 were co-localized on a novel plasmid pYQ150713-NDM-1 with a horizontal transfer function. To reduce the risk of the dissemination of such P. rettgeri isolates in clinical settings, more surveillance will be required in the future.Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-10, Providencia rettgeri, carbapenemase-producing, average nucleotide identity, phylogenetic

Yongai Xiong,1,2 Tingting Chen,1,2 Lei Chen,1,2 Rongshan Cai1,2 1Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yongai Xiong, Email yaxiong@zmu.edu.cnIntroduction: Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the fundamental causes of myelosuppression in cancer patients, which usually induce a serious hematopoietic system toxicity, causing the hemocytes and immunity decline of patients. Ziyuglycoside I (ZgI), an active ingredient isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Sanguisorba officinalis L, has been demonstrated to increase the leucocytes and protect hematopoietic stem cells, which is related to its promotion of autophagy in hematopoietic stem cells.Methods: In the present study, we formulated the SH-PEG-NH2-coated gold nanoparticles loading ZgI (ZgI-AuNPs) with a enhanced autophagy promotion in hematopoietic stem cells. ZgI-AuNPs were prepared by HAuCl4-sodium citrate reduction method, and the synthesis of ZgI-AuNPs was validated by XRD, FT-IR, DSC, and TEM findings. Furthermore, the drug loading rate and the release of ZgI were evaluated, and the ZgI-AuNPs’ effects on autophagy and immunofluorescence staining for LC3B were tested. Finally, the effect of ZgI-AuNPs on the autophagy and hematopoietic ability of HSCs in vivo was also carried out.Results: The prepared ZgI-AuNPs have an irregular cubic crystal structure by TEM observation, and the average particle size was 340 ± 16.5 nm determined by DLS. The XRD, FT-IR and DSC detection showed that the ZgI had been well loaded in AuNPs, and the AuNPs can load the ZgI at a content of 160.63 ± 1.35 μg·mg− 1. Meanwhile, the AuNPs can reduce the drug release rate of ZgI. Importantly, the ZgI-AuNPs enhanced autophagy of HSCs both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, the gold nanoparticles enhance the hematopoietic effect of ZgI on mice HSCs.Conclusion: Our research suggests that SH-PEG-NH2-coated gold nanoparticles loading ZgI has potential application in myelosuppression therapy.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: myelosuppression, HSCS, autophagy, gold nanoparticles, Ziyuglycoside I

Rongqin Cai,1,&ast; Ya Tan,1,&ast; Mingming Wang,2 Huijun Yu,1 Jing Wang,1 Zhuo Ren,1 Zhe Dong,1 Yiwen He,1 Zhi Li,1 Li Lin,1 Ying Gu1,3 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China; 2Be Creative Lab (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, 101111, People’s Republic of China; 3Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Li Lin; Ying Gu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13683047582 ; +86-18705130302, Email linli488@aliyun.com; guying@pkuih.edu.cnBackground: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect with strong genetic heterogeneity. To date, about 400 genes have been linked to CHD, including cell signaling molecules, transcription factors, and structural proteins that are important for heart development. Genetic analysis of CHD cases is crucial for clinical management and etiological analysis.Methods: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify the genetic variants in two independent CHD cases with DNA samples from fetuses and their parents, followed by the exclusion of aneuploidy and large copy number variations (CNVs). The WES results were verified by Sanger sequencing.Results: In family A, a compound heterozygous variation in PLD1 gene consisting of c.1132dupA (p.I378fs) and c.1171C>T (p.R391C) was identified in the fetus. The two variants were inherited from the father (c.1132dupA) and the mother (c.1171C>T), respectively. In family B, a hemizygous variant ZIC3: c.861delG (p.G289Afs&ast;119) was identified in the fetus, which was inherited from the heterozygous mother. We further confirmed that these variants PLD1: c.1132dupA and ZIC3: c.861delG were novel.Conclusion: The findings in our study identified novel variants to the mutation spectrum of CHD and provided reliable evidence for the recurrent risk and reproductive care options to the affected families. Our study also demonstrates that WES has considerable prospects of clinical application in prenatal diagnosis.Keywords: congenital heart disease, whole-exome sequencing, PLD1, ZIC3, prenatal diagnosis

Yangyang Dong,1,2 Ling Bai,1,2 Rongrong Cai,1,2 Jinyu Zhou,1,2 Wenqing Ding1,2 1School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wenqing DingSchool of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13519598269Email dwqdz@163.comPurpose: The predictive capacity between children’s lipid accumulation product (CLAP) combining visceral adiposity index (VAI), CLAP, and VAI with metabolically unhealthy phenotype remained unclear. This study aimed to compare the ability of CLAP combining VAI, CLAP, VAI and traditional adiposity indicators (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) to predict metabolically unhealthy phenotype among Chinese children and adolescents.Patients and Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 1714 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 were selected by random cluster sampling, underwent a questionnaire survey, physical examination, biochemical tests and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Participants were divided into four phenotypes according to BMI and metabolic syndrome components. The logarithmic CLAP (LnCLAP), VAI, BMI, WC, WHtR and WHR were standardized for sex and age using the z-score method (standardized variables: LnCLAP-z, VAI-z, BMI-z, WC-z, WHtR-z and WHR-z).Results: LnCLAP-z ≥ 1, VAI-z ≥ 1, WC-z ≥ 1, and WHR-z ≥ 1 increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy normal-weight phenotype (the OR and 95% CI were 4.18 (1.75– 10.02), 24.05 (12.79– 45.21), 6.17 (1.14– 33.51), 2.69 (1.07– 6.72), respectively), LnCLAP-z ≥ 1, VAI-z ≥ 1 and WC-z ≥ 1 increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy overweight or obese phenotype (the OR and 95% CI were 2.67 (1.40– 5.09), 10.30 (3.03– 35.03), 2.19 (1.18– 4.09), respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CLAP combining VAI in the prediction of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype were 0.837 (0.776– 0.899) and 0.876 (0.834– 0.918) for boys and girls with normal-weight, 0.853 (0.803– 0.903) and 0.794 (0.711– 0.878) for boys and girls with overweight and obese (all P < 0.001), which were higher than CLAP, VAI, BMI, WC, WHtR and WHR.Conclusion: Among Chinese children and adolescents, CLAP combining VAI was a more effective indicator than CLAP, VAI and traditional adiposity indicators in predicting unhealthy metabolic phenotype.Keywords: children’s lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index, unhealthy metabolic phenotype, traditional adiposity indicators, children and adolescents

Objective·To investigate the impact of KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and the regulation of downstream gene expression, and explore the potential role and mechanism of KHSRP in the transition of prostate cancer from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent.Methods·Recombinant lentivirus was used to infect androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells and androgen-independent prostate cancer DU145 cells to establish stable cell lines with functional deficiency/acquisition of KHSRP, and the functional differences of KHSRP between the two cell types were compared. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of KHSRP, androgen receptor (AR), and ankyrin 3 (ANK3) in the stable cell lines. Cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, and mouse xenograft assay were performed to assess the impact of KHSRP on the proliferation ability of LNCaP cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify downstream genes affected by KHSRP, and the mRNA expression levels of these genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression of ANK3 and KHSRP in prostate tissue samples and the difference of ANK3 expression in different prostate cancer cell lines were analyzed by combining Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases.Results·GEO data analysis showed that KHSRP was upregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared to benign prostate tissues, suggesting its association with prostate tumorigenesis. Cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, and mouse xenograft assay demonstrated a negative correlation between KHSRP expression and the proliferation ability of LNCaP cells, indicating that KHSRP can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, with a stronger effect on LNCaP cells than on DU145 cells. Western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis of the stable LNCaP cell lines showed that KHSRP overexpression led to a decrease in AR protein level without affecting its mRNA level, suggesting that KHSRP can indirectly regulate AR protein level. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results showed KHSRP was positively correlated with the expression of ANK3, a regulatory factor affecting AR protein stability, and subsequent Western blotting confirmed an increase in ANK3 protein expression after KHSRP overexpression. TCGA data analysis further supported the correlation between KHSRP and ANK3 mRNA expression. Interestingly, according to CCLE and GEO data, the expression of ANK3 was closely related to prostate cancer malignancy.Conclusion·KHSRP may indirectly regulate AR protein stability through ANK3, thereby influencing the proliferation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and mediating the altered responsiveness to androgen in prostate cancer cells.

Objective·To investigate the pathological and physiological changes underlying noise-induced cochlear nucleus damage and the regulating function of astrocytes on the damage, using a combination of morphological analysis, and molecular biology techniques.Methods·Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups and exposed to 110 dB SPL (sound pressure level) broadband noise for 2 hours. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests were performed on the mice on days 1, 7, 14, 30, and 90 after the noise exposure. Immunofluorescence staining of cochlear nuclear tissue was conducted to observe cochlear nuclear neurons and auditory synapses, as well as astrocyte activation levels. In addition, the damage to the cochlear nuclear neurons and synapses caused by noise was verified through Western blotting.Results·A significant decrease in cochlear nuclear Bushy cells after noise exposure was observed. The Western blotting results showed that there was severe loss of nerve fibers in cochlear nuclear neurons, indicating that noise caused significant damage to cochlear nucleus neurons. Moreover, a significant loss of auditory synapses labeled with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (Vglut1) was observed, which was the severest on day 14 after noise exposure and slowly recovered on day 90. Interestingly, astrocytes in the cochlear nucleus displayed obvious clustering and activation after noise exposure. By staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), most astrocytes were distributed around the cochlear nucleus, granule cell area, and auditory nerve root before noise exposure, and they had a small size. However, on day 14 after noise exposure, a large number of activated astrocytes aggregated in the ventral cochlear nucleus, and they all showed a pattern of growth around the synapses.Conclusion·Noise exposure leads to significant damage in the cochlear nucleus, and it is possible that astrocytes are involved in its damage and repair processes. These findings will provide a crucial foundation for further understanding the mechanisms of sound signal analysis, integration, and neural plasticity in the cochlear nucleus.

Water is one of essential resources of modern society. Employing cost-effective technologies to treat water and wastewater is of vital importance for household uses, industries and the environment. Water-stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising innovative materials for water treatment, due to their versatility and properties such as large internal surface area, designable pore sizes, and chemical functionalities. In highly porous MOFs, metal center(s)/cluster(s) and organic ligands are linked with coordination bonds. This review paper presents the most recent developments in the industrial-scale synthesis of MOFs and applications in water purification. MOFs can be fabricated by several approaches; the microwave assisted continuous flow synthesis technologies can lead to higher production yields. The fabricated MOFs are then purified by the organic solvent and/or the solid separation, and activated by a few technologies (e.g., supercritical C O 2 ). Process safety in production, reactors design, and process optimization are important in production. The shaping techniques for MOFs on supporting materials via surface grafting/coating or embedment can be used to fabricate the MOFs-based materials with the better stability suitable for industrial applications. MOFs demonstrate much better performances than the commercially available materials in adsorption, filtration, sensing, and catalysis. Toxicity from MOFs is mainly due to the chemicals involved in the production and nano-size effects on human cells. Mitigation strategies like environmental-friendly processes for fabrication of MOFs and shaping using polymer are suggested. Various advantages from MOFs make them suitable for water treatment in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the similarity between Mongolian medicine prescriptions included in the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia) and Tibetan medicinal compounds according to the Drug Standards of the Ministry of Public Health of the People’s Republic of China: Tibetan Medicine (Volume I) (hereinafter referred to as the Ministerial Standards). Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted between Mongolian medicine prescriptions contained in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the corresponding Tibetan medicinal compounds included in the Ministerial Standards using Jaccard similarity coefficients and Hellinger distance algorithms across three dimensions: composition, shared drug dosage ratio, and efficacy. Different weights were applied to calculate the comprehensive similarity between the formulas. Simultaneously, we collated and verified the original source literature, and determined the era of composition for each formula. Results: The overall similarity between the Mongolian medicine prescriptions from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Tibetan medicinal compounds from the Ministerial Standards was over 50%. Notably, the composite similarity for the pairings Sanwei Jili San and Sanwei Jili Tangsan, as well as Wuwei Qingzhuo San and Shiliu Anzhi Jinghua San, exceeded 90%. Additionally, six sets of formulas achieved a similarity of over 75%. Literature research has revealed that all 13 sets of formulas first appeared in Tibetan medical literature and were long-standing practices in Tibetan medicine clinics, significantly predating their initial documentation in Mongolian medical literature. Conclusion: The 13 sets of Mongolian medicine prescriptions originated from Tibetan medicinal compounds. Throughout their evolution, the sets adhered to the principles of similar origins and/or properties and effects, leading to the emergence of both commonly used and alternative items. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the formulas has remained highly consistent. The phenomenon of ingredient substitution in the formulas could be attributed to various factors, such as resource availability and cognitive differences among inheritance schools. This study has important implications for further comparative research on content quantification and pharmacological activity. Such research could uncover new medicinal varieties, fostering the sustainable development of Tibetan and Mongolian medicine.

ObjectiveTo introduce the basic design， development plan and objectives of a population-based birth cohort in Shanghai， and further present the main data and baseline characteristics of enrolled participants in the cohort， and to provide key information for reproductive health-related studies.MethodsThe Shanghai population-based birth cohort initiated on January 1， 2005， included newborns born in Shanghai every year and their parents， and collected information on reproductive health， reproductive treatment， birth characteristics， growth and development status， as well as the incidence， treatment and death of diseases by employing data linkage technology and investigations. This formed a birth cohort spanning the entire life cycle.ResultsAs of October 2022， a total of 2 978 538 newborns and their parents were included in the cohort. Among them， 2 905 135 （97.54%） were naturally conceived （NC）， and 73 403 （2.46%） were born through assisted reproductive technologies （ART）. The average age of parents was （32.56±4.12） years old for females and （34.62±5.34） years old for males in the ART group， which was higher than （28.02±4.71） years and （30.07±5.54） years for parents in the NC group. Among parents， females and males aged 30 and above accounted for 77.12% and 85.08%， respectively， which were higher than that of parents （35.28% for females and 49.66% for males） in the NC group. Furthermore， the percentage of parents with a college degree or above in the ART group was 73.23% for females and 73.66% for males， which were higher than those in the NC group （49.98% and 50.91%， respectively）. The multiple births rate in the ART group was 33.81%， which was higher than that in the NC group （1.88%）. The incidence of premature birth and low birth weight in the ART group were 24.47% and 19.08%， respectively， which was higher than that in the NC group （5.47% and 3.73%）.ConclusionThe comprehensive collection of reproductive health-related information in the birth cohort in Shanghai can provide essential resources to determine the influence of genetics， environment， reproductive treatment and other related factors on the health of offspring after birth.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the principles and methods of the Bayesian probabilistic linkage model， and to demonstrate the effect of applying the model in linking birth and death data.MethodsThrough the Shanghai birth and death registration system， data of 199 025 infants born in 2017 and 1 512 infants who died in 2017 and 2018 were collected. After cleaning the data， the data were divided into monthly blocks and fully linked. The Jaro-Winkler algorithm and Euclidean distance were employed to measure the similarity of fields for matching. A Bayesian probabilistic linkage model was constructed and the linking effect was evaluated using a confusion matrix.ResultsUsing the Bayesian probabilistic linkage model， the birth and death data of infants were effectively linked， revealing that 36.71% of infants who died in Shanghai were born outside the city， and the probability of infant death was 2.6‰. The confusion matrix of the test set showed a recall rate of 0.86， precision of 0.76， and an F-score of 0.81.ConclusionThe practical application of Bayesian probabilistic linkage demonstrates a good model performance， enabling the establishment of birth-death cohorts that more accurately reflect the true levels of infant mortality. Utilizing this technique to integrate data from different departments can effectively improve research efficiency in the field of public health.