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Human resource (HR) managers hire conscientious employees because they are both productive and are viewed as upholding high ethical standards due to their propensity to engage in voice. Organizations may strive to create a work context conducive to all employees acting ethically, not just conscientious ones, by centralizing decision‐making authority and promoting formalization through a higher hierarchy of authority. Yet, we propose that from the social information processing perspective, in higher hierarchy of authority contexts, peers may view their highly conscientious colleagues as less ethical. We hypothesize these effects through the lens of trait activation theory, according to which in a higher hierarchy of authority context, others are less likely to notice the voice behaviors of conscientious employees. Problematically, when others fail to notice conscientious employees' voice, they may perceive these workers as being less ethical. We tested our hypothesized moderated mediation model in a matched sample of employees (N = 820), their supervisors (N = 445), and peers (N = 529). As predicted, hierarchy of authority moderated the positive relationship between conscientiousness and voice, which in turn explained others' perceptions of their ethicality. Conscientiousness was positively related to peer assessments of ethicality via promotive (not prohibitive) voice when hierarchy of authority was lower (but not higher), partially supporting our hypotheses. These results suggest HR practitioners should be cognizant of the differential evaluations of highly conscientious employees in contexts with different levels of hierarchy of authority, and continuing challenges associated with balancing flexibility and formalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a reply to critics discussing the author's book "Kingdom of Darkness," which argues that between 1450 and 1700, European knowledge was dephilosophized due to the impact of humanism. The author examines the shift in theological method, the critique of pure reason, and the influence of mathematicians and physicians on natural philosophy during this period. The author also explores how thinkers like Pierre Bayle and Isaac Newton were products of these historical developments. The document emphasizes a social history of knowledge and aims to study the human reality behind early modern thought, challenging traditional philosophical narratives. [Extracted from the article]

In Dust in the Blood, Jessica Coblentz notes the insufficiency of theodical approaches to theology to account for depressive suffering. Instead, she proposes a theology of depression that makes use of narrative-phenomenological portraits and draws new insights on what Christian discipleship means in the context of depressive suffering. In this article, I employ Coblentz's framework to interrogate another area of contemporary theology. Debates about the moral authority of conscience are largely unresolved. In order to confront some points of intractable disagreement in these debates and consider a way beyond them, I study firsthand experiences of moral injury. Jonathon Shay, the clinical psychiatrist who coined the term, defined moral injury as "a betrayal of what's right by someone who holds legitimate authority in a high stakes situation." From patterns in firsthand experiences of moral injury, I propose a respective understanding of conscience. I argue that this understanding of conscience can direct theologians beyond impasses in Catholic moral theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the rise of American neorealism in early twentieth-century philosophy, examining the perspectives of Perry, Montague, and Holt. Neorealism challenges idealist views by emphasizing the relational nature of consciousness and rejecting the concept of an independent mind. Despite facing challenges in explaining perceptual errors, neorealism's discussions on consciousness laid the groundwork for further philosophical debates. The text also critiques neorealism's limitations in addressing errors, leading to the emergence of Critical Realism, while noting a recent resurgence of interest in neorealism in contemporary philosophy of mind discussions. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Personality traits and affective disorders are both related to functional limitations. It is unknown whether personality traits have an additional effect on functioning in older adults with affective disorders. We studied the association between personality traits and functioning within this group. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 180 older patients referred to outpatient specialized geriatric mental health care centers with a depressive, anxiety and/or somatic symptom disorder according to DSM-criteria. We studied the association between the Big Five personality traits and functional limitations assessed with the WHO-DAS II, adjusting for potential confounders, including the severity of various affective disorders. Results: The 180 patients (57.1% female, mean age 69.2 years) had an average WHO-DAS II score of 31.3 (SD 15.1). Lower scores on Conscientiousness were associated with more overall functional limitations (p =.001), particularly limitations in self-care (p =.001) and household activities (p =.001). Lower Extraversion scores were associated with more limitations in getting along with others (p =.001). Conclusions: Personality traits are related to functional limitations independent of the severity of affective disorders in older adults. Clinical implications: Personality traits may be used as predictive factors for functioning in older adults with affective disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Stephen Wolfe's book "The Case for Christian Nationalism" and its impact on debates surrounding the concept of Christian nationalism in American politics. Wolfe's vision of a Christian nation is analyzed through the lens of Oakeshottian concepts of civil association and enterprise association. The article also explores Oakeshott's distinction between civil and enterprise associations, highlighting how civil law can coexist with individual freedom. The analysis compares Wolfe's Christian nationalism with Oakeshott's views on government and individual autonomy, offering a critical perspective on the theological and political implications of Wolfe's thesis. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores Michael Oakeshott's early conception of authority, focusing on his 1929 essay "The Authority of the State." Oakeshott's review of Philip S. Belasco's book "Authority in Church and State" is critiqued, highlighting Belasco's historical study and theoretical shortcomings. Oakeshott delves into the nature of authority, the purpose of the state, and the role of authority within the state, emphasizing the distinction between external coercion and internal belief. The article also discusses Oakeshott's responses to criticisms from G. E. G. Catlin, showcasing Oakeshott's evolving perspectives on authority and the state. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Physicians’ refusal to perform medical procedures that they deem contrary to their conscience may threaten basic human rights and public health. This study aims to investigate the thoughts and attitudes of future physicians on conscientious objection (CO) and thus contribute to the discussions from a country more heavily influenced by Eastern values. Methods: A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted among medical students country-wide, where 2,188 medical students participated via an online survey. The methodology was in accordance with the CHERRIES. Results: Nearly half of the students think that CO should be a right. If a medical intervention that conflicts with their personal values is requested, two-thirds would request an assignment to take another action if possible, and 8.2% stated that they would refuse to participate at all costs. If CO is recognized as a right, one-third of the participants would not refer the patient. Male participants, the ones who are more religious, and who have chosen medicine for pragmatic reasons, were more supportive of the right to refuse medical interventions that may contradict their moral values, culture, or beliefs (p = 0.000, 0.000, 0.021, respectively). Also, students who thought that conscience is a voice within us that has existed since we were born and who believed everyone must pay for all healthcare services were statistically more likely to agree that CO should be a right (p = 0.000, 0.008, respectively). The participants stated that they would most frequently object to requests for extreme aesthetic interventions (splitting the tongue in half − 39.1%, changing eye color – 28.2%, removing the lowest rib – 26.8%), euthanasia (23.2%), hymen restoration (17.3%), gender change (16.5%), and optional pregnancy termination (14.0%). Conclusions: Developing undergraduate and post-graduate education that integrates CO as a specific topic, clarifying the conceptual definitions, and improving/developing protocols for exercising CO seem crucial to prevent possible violations of rights and to protect health professionals’ integrity. These interventions should be carried out with the participation of all parties to come together in open communication and respectful dialogue in this delicate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growing shortage of General Practitioners (GPs) is a Europe-wide challenge, particularly in rural areas. In Germany, the situation is worsened by an ageing workforce of GPs and insufficient training of new doctors. Many newly qualified physicians choose careers outside primary care or prefer to work part-time to balance work and family life. To address this problem, it is essential to understand the factors that influence medical students' specialty choice, and then to take action to encourage them to specialise in General Practice (GP). In addition to medical school experiences, rural placements, or characteristics of the specialty, personality traits have been shown to influence students' specialty decisions. A well-researched approach to assessing personality is the Five-Factor Model, which measures personality on the dimensions openness (to experience), conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Using the findings about the links between students' personalities and an increased interest in a career in General Practice may be an approach to raising the number of GPs. Objectives: We aimed to examine how students' personality traits influence their interest in General Practice and their current intention to pursue General Practice as a specialty. Methods: In March 2021, we started an ongoing online survey among medical students at the University of Würzburg and assessed cross-sectional data about the 'Big Five' personality traits and aspects of career choice. Until December 2022, we invited three cohorts of first-year beginners, and one cohort each of third-, fifth- and sixth-year students via email to participate in the survey. For statistical analysis, we performed linear regression and extended it into a path model to examine the relationship between students' personality traits, their interest in General Practice, and whether they would currently choose General Practice for their future specialty. We controlled for possible confounding effects of age, gender, and current semester by using covariates. Results: Higher levels of agreeableness and neuroticism predicted greater interest in GPs, whereas higher levels of conscientiousness and openness predicted less interest in GPs. The effects of extraversion were unclear. Age was a significant predictor of interest, with older age associated with greater interest in General Practice. Gender was not a significant predictor of interest in General Practice, and the results for semester were inconclusive. The interest in General Practice is a predictor of the intention to choose GP as a specialty. The personality dimensions show an indirect predictive effect on the intention to choose GP, mediated by interest in GP. In total, R² = 7.7% of the variance of the interest in GP was explained by the combination of personality dimensions and covariates. Conclusion: Our study reveals that students' personality traits predict their interest in General Practice and their intention to choose it as a specialty. Personality assessments can be integrated into counselling services to help students better understand their traits. Our findings highlight the great potential of considering personality in career counselling during medical education or even the extent of admission criteria to medical school by personality-related criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the author's study of the place of lawyer ethics in the system of elements of the lawyer 's legal status. Systematic analysis of established international standards and legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights indicate the decisive role of lawyer ethics in the formation of the authority of the lawyer profession and public trust in it. However, they are generally absorbed by the authority of justice in the state, the burden of ensuring which rests not only on the court, but also on the lawyer as one of the participants in the legal process. The unworthy behavior of these subjects discredits the idea of justice, which gives a special theoretical and practical meaning to ethics. That is why a lawyer must be moral and ethically oriented. This is supported by a set of ethical obligations and responsib ility. However, in domestic scientific doctrine, the approach prevails, according to which the legal status of a lawyer includes such elements as: professional rights and duties, the lawyer's responsibility and guarantees of his professional activity. At the same time, some scientists note the ethical nature of a lawyer's professional duties. The ethical nature of a lawyer's professional duties is closely related to the independent and autonomous character of a lawyer's professional activity. Its effectiveness depends on his own ideas, personal views and understanding of such categories as conscience, justice, responsibility to others, as well as beliefs about proper behavior. Therefore, ethics is the immanent basis of a lawyer's duties. However, it is not limited to them. Ethics determines not only the moral basis of his duties, but also his rights and guarantees of activity, because the latter are directly related to certain privileges. And in this aspect, the presence of certain advantages should be justified not only by the specifics of a person's professional status, the tasks he performs, but also by the presence of high moral values and guidelines. In addition, as follows from the practice of the ECHR, ethics in relation to a lawyer regulates a much broader category than rights, duties, or guarantees. We are talking about the behavior of a lawyer, which includes not only the traditional elements of his legal status, but also such manifestations as gestures, facial reactions, intonation of statements, etc. As a result, it was concluded that ethics is a necessary and mandatory component of the legal status of a lawyer. Being immanently inherent in its components such as rights, duties, responsibilities, guarantees of professional activity, which in the relationship and interaction form a single system, ethics is not absorbed by them and deserves to take a separate place in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the institute of medical chaplaincy in the countries of the Visegrad Group. The current state of regulation and functioning of the institute of medical chaplaincy in Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland is analyzed. The constitutional provisions enshrining the right to freedom of conscience and religion are outlined. The similarity of the definition of this fundamental right in the basic laws of the states, which is the basis for the implementation of pastoral care in health care institutions, is established. The author analyzes the legal acts that enshrine the possibility of exercising the right to pastoral care in health care facilities, the legal status of chaplains, the conditions of their activities, and the interaction of religious organizations with hospitals or hospitals in order to provide patients and other persons with pastoral care. The author identifies differences in the legal regulation of this institution in the analyzed countries, in particular, in terms of the level of legal acts and the scope of regulation. The peculiarities of the chaplaincy institute in the countries of the Visegrad Group are determined, depending on the model of church-state relations and the status of religious organizations. Some aspects of the functioning of the institute of medical chaplaincy in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland are investigated, namely the range of tasks, powers of chaplains and sources of financing their work from the funds of health care institutions or at the expense of religious organizations. The differences in the status of medical chaplains in terms of qualification characteristics are outlined. For example, in Hungary there are no requirements for chaplains. In contrast, the Czech Republic clearly establishes the requirement of higher education and further spe cialization. The conclusions emphasize the key role of chaplains in ensuring the rights of patients and healthcare professionals to freedom of religion. The author emphasizes the need for further improvement of the institute of medical chaplaincy in Ukraine, taking into account the experience of the Visegrad countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of a number of scientific positions and the regulatory framework in the area of granting a citizen the right to conscientious objection to military service, the article examines the problematic legal issues relating to the exercise of this right as one of the forms of performing of the constitutional duty of citizens to defend the Motherland. The constitutional duty of citizens to defend the Fatherland envisages several forms of performing: performing of the duty to defend the Fatherland in the form of exercising the right to resist undemocratic rule which encroaches on the principles of constitutional democracy; performing of the duty to defend the Fatherland in the form of military service under conscription; performing of the duty to defend the Fatherland in the form of alternative civilian (non-military) s ervice. The author notes that it is expedient and logical to consider part 4 of Article 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which states that 'if the performance of military duty contradicts the religious beliefs of a citizen, the performance of this duty should be replaced by alternative (non-military) service', as one of the forms of performing of the constitutional duty of a citizen to protect the Motherland. In other words, alternative civilian service has features or properties of two different legal constructs, on the one hand, as a subjective right and, on the other hand, as a legal obligation of a citizen. The obligation to perform alternative civilian service can be compared to the obligation to perform military duty. Each of the duties is a requirement imposed on a person and a citizen and is related to the need for his/her participation in ensuring the interests of society and the stat e. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the exercise by a citizen of the right to alternative civilian service allows, on the one hand, a citizen to fulfill his/her duty to the State, to society, and to other (non-military) types of socially useful activities, and, on the other hand, allows for the full exercise of freedom of conscience, religion, and beliefs of an individual in society, which are the basic elements for the free development of his/her personality. By affirming and ensuring the right to alternative service, the State thereby shows respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens without forcing them to go against their conscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the connections between poet Andrew Marvell and non-Trinitarianism, particularly Socinianism, through an analysis of his father's manuscript sermon book. The text delves into the possible influence of English Socinian Paul Best on Marvell's family, suggesting that Marvell himself may have compiled a booklist in the late 1640s. The article raises questions about Marvell's potential involvement with non-Trinitarian views and highlights his interest in religious toleration, as evidenced by the booklist's contents. [Extracted from the article]

In comparative philosophy, the study of Fichte and Wang Yangming has been largely overlooked. This article compares their views on the highest good and their approaches to the human–world relationship. Fichte sees the highest good as the realization of practical reason, achievable through religious faith and love for God, enabling individuals to transcend sensual desires and unify with God. Religious faith connects individuals to a higher existence, fostering moral actions. Wang Yangming, however, defines the highest good as the manifestation of conscience within, emphasizing internal cultivation and moral practice to achieve the unity of knowledge and action. Fichte's approach relies on religious faith, while Wang Yangming's focuses on self-cultivation. This study reveals the complementarity between Chinese and Western perspectives on the highest good, offering a new lens for cross-cultural dialogue and insights into the complex relationship between humans and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teología is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Purpose: Surgical conscience is a concept well known to perioperative nurses, yet it is rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically validate an original instrument called the Surgical Conscience Scale with perioperative nurses. Methods: The Surgical Conscience Scale was designed after a review of the literature, the creation of a concept analysis, content validity, and pilot testing. Validity was explored by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with separate groups of participants. Results: EFA results explained 55% of the variance with three factors: Foundational Components, Barriers to Surgical Conscience Action, and Required Attributes. The CFA findings did not support goodness-of-fit indices in total; however, a valid and reliable subscale was discovered that measures barriers to using one's surgical conscience. This six-item scale, now referred to as the Barriers to Surgical Conscience Action Scale, had all six items of this factor (.734,.754,.806,.689, and.573) with strong loadings (>.5). Additionally, a good reliability coefficient of the subscale (α =.874) supports the recommendation to use this subscale on its own to measure barriers of surgical conscience. Conclusion: The use of the Barriers to Surgical Conscience Action Scale can promote awareness about the harmful consequences of failed action on behalf of perioperative nurses and help promote proficient surgical conscience usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Moreana is the property of Edinburgh University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today's medical ethics involve two different viewpoints based on how we understand the role of conscience in medicine and the purpose of healthcare. The first view, called the health-directed model, sees medicine as a way to improve health and promote healing, while also respecting the values of both patients and doctors. In this model, doctors need some discretionary space to decide how to achieve the best health outcomes in their practice. On the other hand, the service-provider model sees the main goal of medicine as providing a service, especially healthcare, with a strong focus on protecting patient autonomy. In this view, doctors are required to provide care even when it goes against their personal beliefs. The goal of this article is to explore the foundations and arguments of these two medical models. Understanding the key ideas behind these models is important for deciding whether to support or oppose conscientious objection in medical ethics. Additionally, the article aims to figure out which model makes a stronger case and to offer advice on how to engage with the opposing view from a virtue ethics perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Caring for patients at the end of life can involve issues that are ethically and legally fraught: withholding or withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration, pain control that could hasten death, aggressive treatment that is continued when it seems only to be prolonging suffering, patients who request medical assistance in dying, and so forth. Clinicians may find that their deeply held ethical principles conflict with law, institutional policy, or patients' choices. In these situations, they may consider either refusing to participate in procedures that they find morally abhorrent (conscientious refusal) or providing care that they believe to be ethically obligatory despite being contrary to law or policy (conscientious commitment). Methods: This paper reviews the ethical issues involved. Results: Each of the usual policies for handling conscientious refusals faces serious challenges. Conclusions: Healthcare providers who refuse to provide medical services should be expected to explain their reasons, make prompt referrals, and bear some of the resulting costs or burdens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the role and impact of Franco Ferrarotti in defining the nature, boundaries and methods of modern sociology. Considered as the “founder of the Italian sociology”, Ferrarotti definitively represented a strong contributor in shaping the definition, methodology and practices of the modern sociology, a science capable to understand, address and forecast today’s global societies challenges and dialectics. The discussion on the role of scientific research in the social development of todays and tomorrow’s humanity, the attention that must be given on the duality between knowledge and conscience as a marker of this development, is a rare inherence Ferrarotti left to all researchers of our times who deal with the individual and its behavior, its social interactions, the world they create and the future orientation of mankind.

Abstract Background Physicians’ refusal to perform medical procedures that they deem contrary to their conscience may threaten basic human rights and public health. This study aims to investigate the thoughts and attitudes of future physicians on conscientious objection (CO) and thus contribute to the discussions from a country more heavily influenced by Eastern values. Methods A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted among medical students country-wide, where 2,188 medical students participated via an online survey. The methodology was in accordance with the CHERRIES. Results Nearly half of the students think that CO should be a right. If a medical intervention that conflicts with their personal values is requested, two-thirds would request an assignment to take another action if possible, and 8.2% stated that they would refuse to participate at all costs. If CO is recognized as a right, one-third of the participants would not refer the patient. Male participants, the ones who are more religious, and who have chosen medicine for pragmatic reasons, were more supportive of the right to refuse medical interventions that may contradict their moral values, culture, or beliefs (p = 0.000, 0.000, 0.021, respectively). Also, students who thought that conscience is a voice within us that has existed since we were born and who believed everyone must pay for all healthcare services were statistically more likely to agree that CO should be a right (p = 0.000, 0.008, respectively). The participants stated that they would most frequently object to requests for extreme aesthetic interventions (splitting the tongue in half − 39.1%, changing eye color – 28.2%, removing the lowest rib – 26.8%), euthanasia (23.2%), hymen restoration (17.3%), gender change (16.5%), and optional pregnancy termination (14.0%). Conclusions Developing undergraduate and post-graduate education that integrates CO as a specific topic, clarifying the conceptual definitions, and improving/developing protocols for exercising CO seem crucial to prevent possible violations of rights and to protect health professionals’ integrity. These interventions should be carried out with the participation of all parties to come together in open communication and respectful dialogue in this delicate matter.

Abstract Background The swift advancement of intensive care medicine, coupled with technological possibilities, has prompted numerous ethical inquiries regarding decision-making processes concerning the withholding or withdrawal of treatment due to medical futility. This study seeks to delineate the decision-making approaches employed by intensive care physicians in Türkiye when faced with medical futility at the end of life, along with an ethical evaluation of these practices. Methods Grounded theory, a qualitative analysis method was employed, conducting semi-structured, in-depth interviews with eleven intensive care physicians in Türkiye. The subsequent text analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software. Results Participants assert that the decisions made by Turkish physicians determine whether treatment is futile, rely on medical consensus, and lack a standardized decision-making process. The decisions are influenced by legal and social pressures, resource constraints, and occasional conflicts of interest. The significance of professional hierarchy is notable, with limited consideration given to the opinions of nurses and other staff. The unstructured medical consensus processes are shaped by normative concepts such as benefit, age, justice, and conscience. Furthermore, it was observed that the conscientious opinions of physicians carry more weight than adherence to ethical principles and guidelines. Conclusion To create optimal conditions for doctors to make ethically justifiable decisions, the dynamics within the treatment team should be improved, emphasizing the minimization of hierarchy, and ensuring the active participation of all team members in the decision-making process. Additionally, efforts should be directed toward narrowing the gap between the conscience of the individual doctor and established ethical principles. A potential solution lies in the nationwide implementation of clinical ethics committees and the establishing of clinical ethics guidelines, aiming to address, and overcome the identified challenges.

David J Browning Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USACorrespondence: David J Browning, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA, Email djbrowni@wakehealth.eduPurpose: To highlight gaps in the professional ethics of ophthalmology.Design: Perspective.Methods: Presentation of problematic cases in ophthalmologic ethics with juxtaposition of ethical, legal, and conscientious viewpoints informed by relevant literature.Results: What is legal, ethical, and conscientious overlap but are not identical. Professional ethical guidelines, when they exist, are stricter than what the law requires, but are silent on several contemporary controversies. Conscientious guidelines can vary from loosest to strictest as they apply to individuals with wide variability. The relationship of ophthalmology to society changes, and ethical guidelines lag for some of the interactions.Conclusion: The rules of ethics for ophthalmology need to be updated and evidence of activity and oversight made public. Failure to do so invites greater external regulation.Keywords: ethics, ophthalmology, law, conscience, free press, conflict of interest, financial disclosure

During the round table discussion “Teaching the Novel Crime and Punishment in Schools and Universities,” which concluded the 3rd International Online Academic Conference “Crime and Punishment: Current State of Research” (February 28, 29 – March 1, 2024), in-depth researchers, who have been teaching the novel for a long time, shared their reflections and provided answers to questions posed by teachers at all levels during the conference preparation and the conference itself. The discussion covered various topics, including where to begin the conversation about the novel with a class and how students might start their own independent research. Other points of discussion included whether the phrase “Raskolnikov was tormented by his conscience” is a factual error, how to talk about Dostoevsky’s biography, how to engage students in reading, what young people gain from reading the novel, the importance of reading (and reading Dostoevsky) for life rather than for “aesthetic development” or “enhancing educational levels,” the character of Razumikhin as a role model, the meaning of “breaking circumstances” versus “adapting to circumstances,” the price of transfiguration, and much more.

Introduction. The work is aimed at revealing the dialectical relationship between the sense of conscience and historical memory, the conditionality of both by the dominant ideals of culture. Theoretical analysis. Using a psychoanalytic approach and the method of critical philosophical reflection, the author focuses on the conditionality of the cognition of history, and at the same time historical memory, by the restrictive framework of conscience, set by the specific orientation of an individual to the ideals of culture. Empirical analysis. The consequences of the predominant emphasis in the media and educational environment on the negative aspects of the Soviet stage of history, which was one of the main reasons for the moral and spiritual disorientation of the inhabitants of the post-Soviet space, are analyzed. This disorientation, right up to moral degradation to Nazi ideals, with the corresponding framework of shame and conscience, manifested itself most clearly in modern Ukraine. Conclusion. The selectivity of this knowledge of history, and, consequently, this memory of the past, depends on the characteristics of the manifestations of a sense of conscience, coupled with the requirements of moral ideals that guide a person in his actions and thoughts. For the successful development of Russia, it is necessary to enrich the historical memory with positive, significant events of the past, building a line of continuity of ideals that orient towards social justice, past and present.

The article discusses Jesuit spirituality in the context of contemporary pluralistic classrooms, emphasizing the importance of caring for the whole person and recognizing the complexities of individuals beyond the classroom setting. It explores the intersectionality of gender, sexuality, class, and race in educational settings and advocates for a more authentic spirituality of education. The text also delves into the Jesuit principles of discernment, listening to resistance, and striving for the indifference of love as essential components of true education. The author reflects on the need to embrace vulnerability, complexity, and both/and logic in educational practices, drawing inspiration from Ignatian spirituality and Jesuit pedagogy. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The question of the role of personal values in the constitution of and recovery from mental illness is a divisive subject discussed in contemporary psychopathology. This article critically examines the psychopathological theories and contributions of Antoni Kępiński – a seminal yet internationally under-recognized Polish psychiatrist. Summary: Drawing upon a multilayered framework incorporating biological, affective-emotional, and sociocultural dimensions, Kępiński posited mental disorders as disturbances in the energy and information metabolism with the environment leading to an increase in entropy. Kępiński’s work also contributes to a richer understanding of schizophrenia (whose essence he metaphorically described as the plasma membrane rupture) and the complexities inherent in the decision-making processes of patients. In a quasi-phenomenological vein, Kępiński encouraged to re-evaluate delusions and hallucinations as opportunities to access unfiltered insights into reality. He also argued for the potential for moral growth within psychiatric treatment. Key Messages: Kępiński’s theories anticipated many concepts now foundational in neuroscientific research and clinical psychiatry, showcasing his role as a forward-thinking figure in the history of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, nous avons pour objectif de décrire un modèle interdisciplinaire de psychothérapie assistée par psychédéliques (PAP) que nous avons développé dans un cadre institutionnel aux hôpitaux universitaires de Genève. La psychothérapie assistée par psychédéliques (PAP) est une approche psychothérapeutique exploitant l'altération de l'état de conscience induite par une substance psychédélique. Cette approche, longtemps négligée pour des raisons historiques non scientifiques, fait de nouveau l'objet de recherches grâce à des résultats préliminaires importants concernant son potentiel thérapeutique dans divers troubles mentaux. En Suisse, depuis 2014, il est possible d'obtenir des autorisations médicales exceptionnelles pour traiter des patients avec du LSD et de la psilocybine. Nous soutenons que l'altération de la conscience induite par les psychédéliques est un outil thérapeutique puissant qui pourrait être développé pour appuyer la psychothérapie traditionnelle basée sur le dialogue afin de relancer le processus psychothérapeutique. In this article, we aim to describe an interdisciplinary model for psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) that we have developed at the Geneva University Hospitals, in an institutional setting. Our model integrates the collaborative efforts of psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses establishing a structured framework for administering PAP in a safe, controlled, and standardized manner. Psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a psychotherapeutic approach that utilizes the profound alteration of the state of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This innovative approach, which has been neglected due to historical biases rather than empirical evidence, is now experiencing a renewed interest among clinicians. Contemporary research, equipped with advanced methodologies and a rigorous scientific approach, is showing significant therapeutic potential for a range of mental health disorders. In Switzerland, the legal framework authorizes the medicinal use since 2014 for exceptional authorizations for the medicinal use of LSD and psilocybin for therapeutic purposes, under strict regulations. We provide a comprehensive description of the PAP protocol implemented at the Geneva University Hospitals, beginning with its inception in September 2020. Our methodological outline includes the administrative and clinical selection criteria for patient eligibility; the preparatory sessions designed to introduce the patients with psychoeducation interventions and the analysis of intention and therapeutical objectives; the controlled administration of psychedelics in a supportive environment; and the integration sessions that follow psychedelic experiences. Our protocol emphasizes safety, ethical considerations, and the importance of a supportive therapeutic relationship throughout the process. We also describe questionnaires we use to qualify and assess the alteration in the state of consciousness, namely The Five Dimension Altered States of Consciousness (5AD-ASC) and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ). Since the start of the program in September 2020 and up to February 2024, a total of 224 personal authorizations (114 LSD, 110 Psilocybin) have been issued to the Geneva University Hospital PAP team, for a total of 396 individual sessions. The core argument presented in this article is that the psychedelic-induced alteration of consciousness is a novel therapeutic tool, which works as a potent catalyst that can be synergistically combined with traditional dialogue-based psychotherapy. This combination has the potential to support the psychotherapeutic processes and enable breakthroughs in cases where conventional therapy has reached its limits. We discuss the implications of this approach, reflecting on both its challenges and its transformative potential within its clinical application. The conclusion of our article is an endorsement of the continued basic and clinical research on PAP. By presenting a detailed framework of the PAP process, including its preparatory, experiential, and integrative phases, we advocate for a structured and scientifically grounded exploration of its therapeutic efficacy. Our conclusion calls for a broader acceptance and integration of PAP within clinical practice, provided it is underpinned by ongoing research, ethical practice, and institutional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proclamation of the Republic, as part of the modernisation of society, the abolition of dervish lodges was one of the measures taken to put an end to the regulatory role of dogmatic religious thought in society. The decision to close the dervish lodges was implemented as a reflection of an understanding that prioritises social transformation within a rational framework that neutralises dogmatic thought in the construction of the individual's world of belief and the social sphere. In this context, the importance of the closure of the Dervish lodges as a legal norm emerges at the point of re-transforming the construction of the individual and social spheres with the gains in rights and freedoms within the framework of freedom of religion and conscience, with the unifying effect of the value of faith rather than religious pressure, and with the protection of individual freedoms at the legal level. In this framework, taking into account the constitutional experiences and modernisation practices of the Republic of Turkey, the process of transforming religious structures into a social actor in social life as a normative institution and the conflict between the founding legal norms of the Republic and religious institutions as social norms that prioritise negative social transformation and aim to highlight the old social sub memory in this sense, is essentially observed as a social norm-legal norm conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the prominence of neuroscience and neurotechnologies has generated intensive debates about the normative analysis of the ethical-legal challenges in public opinion and academia, these debates are relatively scarce among law and religion experts. To overcome the shortfall, this contribution describes the impact of the main neuroscientific applications on the right of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Considering how neurosciences techniques can alter the mind, decode thoughts, and enhance cognitive functions, particularly individual thought and conscience, I suggest revising the traditional dichotomy of forum internum and forum externum of the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion and rethinking the protection of the forum internum , which is at risk in the Age of Neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The swift advancement of intensive care medicine, coupled with technological possibilities, has prompted numerous ethical inquiries regarding decision-making processes concerning the withholding or withdrawal of treatment due to medical futility. This study seeks to delineate the decision-making approaches employed by intensive care physicians in Türkiye when faced with medical futility at the end of life, along with an ethical evaluation of these practices. Methods: Grounded theory, a qualitative analysis method was employed, conducting semi-structured, in-depth interviews with eleven intensive care physicians in Türkiye. The subsequent text analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software. Results: Participants assert that the decisions made by Turkish physicians determine whether treatment is futile, rely on medical consensus, and lack a standardized decision-making process. The decisions are influenced by legal and social pressures, resource constraints, and occasional conflicts of interest. The significance of professional hierarchy is notable, with limited consideration given to the opinions of nurses and other staff. The unstructured medical consensus processes are shaped by normative concepts such as benefit, age, justice, and conscience. Furthermore, it was observed that the conscientious opinions of physicians carry more weight than adherence to ethical principles and guidelines. Conclusion: To create optimal conditions for doctors to make ethically justifiable decisions, the dynamics within the treatment team should be improved, emphasizing the minimization of hierarchy, and ensuring the active participation of all team members in the decision-making process. Additionally, efforts should be directed toward narrowing the gap between the conscience of the individual doctor and established ethical principles. A potential solution lies in the nationwide implementation of clinical ethics committees and the establishing of clinical ethics guidelines, aiming to address, and overcome the identified challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article in this journal, Thomas Finegan replies to our earlier article in this journal, which proposes a theological and ethical argument for the Catholic church to recognize same-sex civil unions as a lower-case sacrament. His critique focuses on the theological significance of embodiment as a one flesh union taught by Jesus, defended throughout Catholic tradition, and justified philosophically. We respond that Finegan's critique misrepresents our argument and is mistaken biblically, anthropologically, and sacramentally, and suffers from scotosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the relationship between nurses' personality profiles, perception of conscience, and their tendency to medical error. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 241 nurses between 05.03.2023 and 10.04.2023 in two private hospitals in Türkiye. There was a negative correlation between neuroticism and tendency to medical error (r = −0.348; p < 0.05) and a positive correlation between agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness and tendency to medical error (r = 0.157; r = 0.248; r = 0.276; r = 0.241; p < 0.05, respectively). A positive correlation (r = 0.172; p < 0.05) was revealed between the authority subscale of the Perception of Conscience Questionnaire and hospital infection subdimension. According to the regression analysis conducted to determine the predictive levels of conscience and personality traits, it was found that conscientiousness, neuroticism, and authority explained 17.4% of the tendency to medical error. Accordingly, it was revealed that the neuroticism personality trait (β = −0.260, p < 0.05) increased the tendency to medical error, whereas the conscientiousness personality trait (β = 0.165, p < 0.05) and the authority subscale (β = 0.164, p < 0.05) decreased the tendency to medical error. In this regard, managers should determine the work and responsibility areas of nurses by making personality and perception of conscience evaluations to reduce the tendency to medical error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal rights organisations worldwide fight against live shipments of meat animals. The main Israeli NGOs leading the fight are Animals-Now, Israel against Live Shipments, and Let the Animals Live. Their visual rhetoric highlights the cruelty of these shipments. Combined with written messages, photographs of animal suffering appeal to viewers’ emotions and conscience. This article examined ‘Stop the Death Transports!’ – The most extensive campaign led by these NGOs, together with Animals Australia, in 2016. It analysed the campaign poster from the approaches of photography semiotics and visual contextual analysis, informed by theories of visual culture and animal ethics. The campaign represents an intermediate approach between the hardcore and softcore approaches, using visual and verbal references to the Holocaust and slavery. However, though the use of the Holocaust is highly charged for local Jewish viewers thus contributing to the understanding of the immorality of consuming meat, it may in fact assuage their conscience by shifting the moral burden from the meat eaters to the transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To be human is to be autonomous, yet this is a trait that most of us lack. We are subject to forces external to our being. We are workers; we are citizens; we are needful creatures. Humanity-proper in these times of neoliberal omnipotence is defined differently. The key terms are familiar: personal betterment, personal responsibility, productivity, pleasantness. A forked tongue slithers in our conscience, tells us that these are the traits of the human condition. Through Bataille, this paper argues the substrate of these oft repeated familiar mantras are other. Neoliberal subjects, propelled by need, understand themselves along the axis of the useful choice. The paper turns to myth to understand the interdependence of need and choice, and how this interdependence posits being as always in desire but never in pleasure. Revisiting Don Giovanni, a character central to Acéphalic thought, and the commentary of Søren Kierkegaard, we think in terms of non-abstraction, of pleasurably floating in change, rather than toiling in desire. For it is by grace in the form of chance, that at the very time of transgression, that we – in and for an instant – become human, become as the sacred in the flesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars pay great attention to sociopsychological factors that predict attitudes toward military action, but they rarely address personality variables. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between the Dark Triad traits, general moral disengagement, and military attitudes. We conducted three surveys between May and November 2022 in three samples of Russian residents (N = 736, 795, and 752). The results showed that the Dark Triad was only marginally related to attitudes toward military action abroad, but emerged as a consistent positive predictor of support for violence against civilians with psychopathy showing the strongest effect. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by moral disengagement. At the same time, Big Five traits and sociopsychological variables predicted the attitudes toward military action, but were generally unrelated to the attitudes toward violence against civilians. The findings suggest the existence of distinct pathways underlying the support of general military action and unethical military action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the literary contributions of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Russian Nobel Laureate, and his belief in the power of literature to convey the truth of the human soul. Solzhenitsyn's most famous work, "The Gulag Archipelago," is described as a blend of memoir, history, indictment of the Soviet gulag system, and philosophical and spiritual meditation. The article highlights Solzhenitsyn's critique of totalitarianism and his emphasis on moral self-improvement and the care of the soul. It also discusses his belief in the importance of free will, Providence, and moral conscience. [Extracted from the article]

This article considers the impact that part 4 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) may have on the internal workings of the office of trusteeship. It is argued that where more than one trustee has been involved in an imprudent breach of trust that has caused loss, the claims are likely to be apportionable under part 4, with the effect that the trustees are no longer jointly and severally liable for the loss, each being liable severally only, and each liable only for the proportion of the loss for which they are responsible. It is suggested that this conclusion indicates the potential for the statutory regime to operate as something of an opiate on the conscience of trustees, undermining the incentive structures that equitable doctrine traditionally deployed to keep trustees up to their duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some forms of commercial conduct, such as price gouging, are technically 'legal' but nevertheless condemned by most as reprehensible. This article pushes equity's envelope and explores the opaque line separating immoral commercial conduct from legally unconscionable commercial conduct. It explores the cases in which unconscionability has been alleged but not proven, analysing the evaluative method in each to extrapolate those features or qualities of the conduct involved to determine how the courts delineate the merely unreasonable from the unlawful. This informs the posited 'spectrum' of commercial behaviour, identifying what appears to be the 'default' judicial perception of the gravity of various forms of business conduct. Such a spectrum not only serves to guide and inform the behaviours and strategies of market players and their counsel but helps us better understand how equity gauges the lawfulness of commercial behaviour, and the role conscience and morality play in this normative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrine in Baumgartner v Baumgartner -- the joint endeavour principle -- is now a firmly entrenched feature of Australian equity jurisprudence. However, substantial uncertainties remain as to its remedial operation. It is unclear when the principle can override other doctrines, such as resulting trusts and equitable estoppel, in providing a remedy. It is also unclear if the quantum and form of such a remedy can be determined in accordance with legal principle, including where interested third parties are present. These obscurities have led to significant academic criticism of the doctrine. This article argues that these uncertainties can be resolved by attention to the minimum equity rule: the notion that equity will only grant the minimum remedy necessary to relieve the conscience of the defendant. In so arguing, the joint endeavour principle is upheld, contrary to the academic commentary, as an example, par excellence, of the principled development of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]