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The suitable preload design of cylindrical roller bearing with triple-lobe raceway can avoid effectively bearing sliding damage. To realize the preload characteristics analysis of bearing, the quasi-static numerical model of cylindrical roller bearing with triple-lobe raceway is established and solved by the improved Newton-Raphson method. Taking a cylindrical roller bearing with triple-lobe raceway as an example, the effects of mounting radial clearance, outer raceway waveform value, radial load and rotational speed on maximum contact load and preload of the bearing are analyzed. The results show that the preload of cylindrical roller bearing with triple-lobe raceway can be controlled by adjusting the mounting radial clearance and outer triple-lobe raceway waveform value according to the radial load and rotational speed conditions. The bearing temperature trend predicted by the preload characteristic is verified by the test. It indicates the numerical model can effectively guide the preload quantitative design of cylindrical roller bearing with triple-lobe raceway.

Diagnostic markers for myasthenia gravis (MG) are limited; thus, innovative approaches are required for supportive diagnosis and personalized care. Gut microbes are associated with MG pathogenesis; however, few studies have adopted machine learning (ML) to identify the associations among MG, gut microbiota, and metabolites. In this study, we developed an explainable ML model to predict biomarkers for MG diagnosis. We enrolled 19 MG patients and 10 non-MG individuals. Stool samples were collected and microbiome assessment was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Untargeted metabolic profiling was conducted to identify fecal amplicon significant variants (ASVs) and metabolites. We developed an explainable ML model in which the top ASVs and metabolites are combined to identify the best predictive performance. This model uses the SHapley Additive exPlanations method to generate both global and personalized explanations. Fecal microbe–metabolite composition differed significantly between groups. The key bacterial families were Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, and the top three features were Lachnospiraceae, inosine, and methylhistidine. An ML model trained with the top 1 % ASVs and top 15 % metabolites combined outperformed all other models. Personalized explanations revealed different patterns of microbe–metabolite contributions in patients with MG. The integration of the microbiota-metabolite features and the development of an explainable ML framework can accurately identify MG and provide personalized explanations, revealing the associations between gut microbiota, metabolites, and MG. An online calculator employing this algorithm was developed that provides a streamlined interface for MG diagnosis screening and conducting personalized evaluations.

Background and Objectives: The rising prevalence of myopia is a significant global health concern. Atropine eye drops are commonly used to slow myopia progression in children, but their long-term use raises concern about intraocular pressure (IOP). This study uses SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to improve the interpretability of machine learning (ML) model predicting end IOP, offering clinicians explainable insights for personalized patient management. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1191 individual eyes of 639 boys and 552 girls with myopia treated with atropine. The average age of the whole group was 10.6 ± 2.5 years old. The refractive error of spherical equivalent (SE) in myopia degree was base SE at 2.63D and end SE at 3.12D. Data were collected from clinical records, including demographic information, IOP measurements, and atropine treatment details. The patients were divided into two subgroups based on a baseline IOP of 14 mmHg. ML models, including Lasso, CART, XGB, and RF, were developed to predict the end IOP value. Then, the best-performing model was further interpreted using SHAP values. The SHAP module created a personalized and dynamic graphic to illustrate how various factors (e.g., age, sex, cumulative duration, and dosage of atropine treatment) affect the end IOP. Results: RF showed the best performance, with superior error metrics in both subgroups. The interpretation of RF with SHAP revealed that age and the recruitment duration of atropine consistently influenced IOP across subgroups, while other variables had varying effects. SHAP values also offer insights, helping clinicians understand how different factors contribute to predicted IOP value in individual children. Conclusions: SHAP provides an alternative approach to understand the factors affecting IOP in children with myopia treated with atropine. Its enhanced interpretability helps clinicians make informed decisions, improving the safety and efficacy of myopia management. This study demonstrates the potential of combining SHAP with ML models for personalized care in ophthalmology.

This study explores a supply chain product-inventory problem with advance sales under the omni-channel strategies (physical and online sales channels) based on the brand owner’s business model and develops corresponding models that have not been proposed in previous studies. In addition, because the brand owner is a member of the supply chain, and has different handling methods for defective products or products returned by customers in various retail channels, defective products or returned products are included in the supply chain models to comply with actual operating conditions and fill the research gap in the handling of defective/returned products. Regarding the mathematical model’s development, we first clarify the definition of model parameters and relevant data collection, and then establish the production-inventory models with omni-channel strategies and advance sales. The primary objective is to determine the optimal production, delivery, and replenishment decisions of the manufacturer, physical agent, and online e-commerce company in order to maximize the joint total profits of the entire supply chain system. Further, this study takes the supply chain system of mobile game steering wheel products as an example, uses data consistent with the actual situation to demonstrate the optimal solutions of the models, and conducts sensitivity analysis for the proposed model. The findings reveal that increased demand shortens the replenishment cycle and raises order quantity and shipment frequency in the physical channel, similar to the online channel during normal sales. However, during the online pre-order period, higher demand reduces order quantity and cycle length but still increases shipment frequency. Rising ordering or fixed shipping costs lead to higher order quantity and cycle length in both channels, but variable shipping costs in the online channel reduce them. Market price increases boost order quantity and frequency in the online channel, while customer return rates significantly impact inventory decisions.

This study uses Stackelberg game theory, considering different combinations of carbon emission reduction policies and that high-carbon-emission enterprises may face various carbon emission reduction regulations, to explore the production inventory problems in a multinational supply chain system. The purpose is to determine the manufacturer’s optimal production, shipping, carbon reduction investment, and the retailer’s replenishment under the equilibrium for different carbon emission policy combinations. To develop the production inventory models, this study first develops the total profit and carbon emission functions of the supply chain members, respectively, and then obtains the optimal solutions and total profits of the manufacturer and the retailer under different carbon emission policy combinations through the mathematical analysis method. Further, this study used several numerical examples to solve and compare the proposed models. The results of numerical analysis show that regardless of the increase in carbon price or carbon tax, the manufacturer and retailer will adjust their decisions to reduce carbon emissions. Specifically, an increase in the carbon price contributes to an increase in the total profit of manufacturers, while an increase in the carbon tax reduces the total profit of manufacturers. This study also explores a sensitivity analysis on the main parameters and has yielded meaningful management insights. For instance, in cases where low-carbonization strategies are required, the manufacturer or retailer can effectively reduce the carbon emissions resulting from production or purchasing activities, thereby significantly reducing overall carbon emissions. It is believed that the results of this study can provide enterprises/supply chains with reference to their respective production, transportation, carbon reduction investment, and inventory decisions under carbon emission policies, as well as information on partner selection and how to adjust decisions under environmental changes.

Nitrile-containing insecticides can be converted into their amide derivatives by Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans. N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide (TFNG-AM) is converted to 4-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinoyl glycine (TFNG) using nitrile hydratase/amidase. However, the amidase that catalyzes this bioconversion has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, it was discovered that flonicamid (FLO) is degraded by P. salicylatoxidans into the acid metabolite TFNG via the intermediate TFNG-AM. A half-life of 18.7 h was observed for P. salicylatoxidans resting cells, which transformed 82.8% of the available FLO in 48 h. The resulting amide metabolite, TFNG-AM, was almost all converted to TFNG within 19 d. A novel amidase-encoding gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme, PmsiA, hydrolyzed TFNG-AM to TFNG. Despite being categorized as a member of the amidase signature enzyme superfamily, PsmiA only shares 20–30% identity with the 14 previously identified members of this family, indicating that PsmiA represents a novel class of enzyme. Homology structural modeling and molecular docking analyses suggested that key residues Glu247 and Met242 may significantly impact the catalytic activity of PsmiA. This study contributes to our understanding of the biodegradation process of nitrile-containing insecticides and the relationship between the structure and function of metabolic enzymes.

Predicting the length of hospital stay for myasthenia gravis (MG) patients is challenging due to the complex pathogenesis, high clinical variability, and non-linear relationships between variables. Considering the management of MG during hospitalization, it is important to conduct a risk assessment to predict the length of hospital stay. The present study aimed to successfully predict the length of hospital stay for MG based on an expandable data mining technique, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). Data from 196 MG patients' hospitalization were analyzed, and the MARS model was compared with classical multiple linear regression (MLR) and three other machine learning (ML) algorithms. The average hospital stay duration was 12.3 days. The MARS model, leveraging its ability to capture non-linearity, identified four significant factors: disease duration, age at admission, MGFA clinical classification, and daily prednisolone dose. Cut-off points and correlation curves were determined for these risk factors. The MARS model outperformed the MLR and the other ML methods (including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator MLR, classification and regression tree, and random forest) in assessing hospital stay length. This is the first study to utilize data mining methods to explore factors influencing hospital stay in patients with MG. The results highlight the effectiveness of the MARS model in identifying the cut-off points and correlation for risk factors associated with MG hospitalization. Furthermore, a MARS-based formula was developed as a practical tool to assist in the measurement of hospital stay, which can be feasibly supported as an extension of clinical risk assessment.

Longitudinal data, while often limited, contain valuable insights into features impacting clinical outcomes. To predict the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with metabolic syndrome, particularly those transitioning from stage 3a to 3b, where data are scarce, utilizing feature ensemble techniques can be advantageous. It can effectively identify crucial risk factors, influencing CKD progression, thereby enhancing model performance. Machine learning (ML) methods have gained popularity due to their ability to perform feature selection and handle complex feature interactions more effectively than traditional approaches. However, different ML methods yield varying feature importance information. This study proposes a multiphase hybrid risk factor evaluation scheme to consider the diverse feature information generated by ML methods. The scheme incorporates variable ensemble rules (VERs) to combine feature importance information, thereby aiding in the identification of important features influencing CKD progression and supporting clinical decision making. In the proposed scheme, we employ six ML models—Lasso, RF, MARS, LightGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost—each renowned for its distinct feature selection mechanisms and widespread usage in clinical studies. By implementing our proposed scheme, thirteen features affecting CKD progression are identified, and a promising AUC score of 0.883 can be achieved when constructing a model with them.

Background and Objectives: The rising prevalence of myopia is a significant global health concern. Atropine eye drops are commonly used to slow myopia progression in children, but their long-term use raises concern about intraocular pressure (IOP). This study uses SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to improve the interpretability of machine learning (ML) model predicting end IOP, offering clinicians explainable insights for personalized patient management. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1191 individual eyes of 639 boys and 552 girls with myopia treated with atropine. The average age of the whole group was 10.6 ± 2.5 years old. The refractive error of spherical equivalent (SE) in myopia degree was base SE at 2.63D and end SE at 3.12D. Data were collected from clinical records, including demographic information, IOP measurements, and atropine treatment details. The patients were divided into two subgroups based on a baseline IOP of 14 mmHg. ML models, including Lasso, CART, XGB, and RF, were developed to predict the end IOP value. Then, the best-performing model was further interpreted using SHAP values. The SHAP module created a personalized and dynamic graphic to illustrate how various factors (e.g., age, sex, cumulative duration, and dosage of atropine treatment) affect the end IOP. Results: RF showed the best performance, with superior error metrics in both subgroups. The interpretation of RF with SHAP revealed that age and the recruitment duration of atropine consistently influenced IOP across subgroups, while other variables had varying effects. SHAP values also offer insights, helping clinicians understand how different factors contribute to predicted IOP value in individual children. Conclusions: SHAP provides an alternative approach to understand the factors affecting IOP in children with myopia treated with atropine. Its enhanced interpretability helps clinicians make informed decisions, improving the safety and efficacy of myopia management. This study demonstrates the potential of combining SHAP with ML models for personalized care in ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a supply chain product-inventory problem with advance sales under the omni-channel strategies (physical and online sales channels) based on the brand owner's business model and develops corresponding models that have not been proposed in previous studies. In addition, because the brand owner is a member of the supply chain, and has different handling methods for defective products or products returned by customers in various retail channels, defective products or returned products are included in the supply chain models to comply with actual operating conditions and fill the research gap in the handling of defective/returned products. Regarding the mathematical model's development, we first clarify the definition of model parameters and relevant data collection, and then establish the production-inventory models with omni-channel strategies and advance sales. The primary objective is to determine the optimal production, delivery, and replenishment decisions of the manufacturer, physical agent, and online e-commerce company in order to maximize the joint total profits of the entire supply chain system. Further, this study takes the supply chain system of mobile game steering wheel products as an example, uses data consistent with the actual situation to demonstrate the optimal solutions of the models, and conducts sensitivity analysis for the proposed model. The findings reveal that increased demand shortens the replenishment cycle and raises order quantity and shipment frequency in the physical channel, similar to the online channel during normal sales. However, during the online pre-order period, higher demand reduces order quantity and cycle length but still increases shipment frequency. Rising ordering or fixed shipping costs lead to higher order quantity and cycle length in both channels, but variable shipping costs in the online channel reduce them. Market price increases boost order quantity and frequency in the online channel, while customer return rates significantly impact inventory decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) are expected to be one of the most promising methods of supplying energy to meet the world's increasing energy demand. However, little attention has been paid to the influence of the number of production wells on the heat extraction performance of an EGS. A series of numerical simulations is organized in this work with three cases: Case 1 (one production well), Case 2 (two production wells), and Case 3 (three production wells). The results indicate that a slight temperature difference exists among the three simulation cases at the planes X-Y (Z = 0) and Y-Z (X = 0), while Case 1 ensures a greater cooling area, and the more production wells, the smaller the cooling area during the heat extraction in plane X-Z (Y = 0). In addition, the continuous injection of cooling water from the injection well and its arrival at different reference points enable the temperature at each point to declining with a variable amplitude of variation. This work also sets an efficiency (ef) to investigate the temperature variation in the EGS, where Case 1 exhibits a similar variation as Case 2, which is also similar to Case 3. It is hoped that this work will play a guiding role in EGS-related exploration and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]